Lagrangian Interpolation
Mechanical Engineering
Berhe Nerea Kahsay
1
What is Interpolation ?
Given (x0,y0), (x1,y1), …… (xn,yn), find
the value of ‘y’ at a value of ‘x’ that is
not given.
2
Interpolants
Polynomials are the most
common choice of interpolants
because they are easy to:
Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate.
3
Lagrangian Interpolation
Lagrangian interpolating polynomial is given by
n
f n ( x) Li ( x) f ( xi )
i 0
where ‘ n ’ in f n (x) stands for the n th order polynomial that approximates the function y f (x)
given at (n 1) data points as x 0 , y 0 , x1 , y1 ,......, x n 1 , y n 1 , x n , y n , and
n x xj
Li ( x)
j 0 xi x j
j i
Li (x) is a weighting function that includes a product of (n 1) terms with terms of j i
omitted.
4
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a
function of time in Table 1. Find the velocity at
t=16 seconds using the Lagrangian method for
Table linear
Velocity as ainterpolation.
function of time
t (s) v (t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
Figure. Velocity vs. time data
5 for the rocket example
Linear Interpolation
550
517.35
¿Li(t)v(t i)¿¿¿
L0 (t )v(t 0 ) L1 (t )v(t1 )
ys
f ( range)
500
450
f x desired
t 0 15, t 0 362.78 400
t1 20, t1 517.35 362.78 350
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
x s 10 x s range x desired x s 10
0 1
6
Linear Interpolation
(contd)
1 t tj t t1
L0 (t )
j 0 t0 t j t 0 t1
j 0
1 t tj t t0
L1 (t )
j 0 t1 t j t1 t 0
j 1
t t1 t t0 t 20 t 15
v(t ) v(t 0 ) v(t1 ) (362.78) (517.35)
t 0 t1 t1 t 0 15 20 20 15
16 20 16 15
v(16) (362.78) (517.35)
15 20 20 15
0.8(362.78) 0.2(517.35)
393.7 m/s.
7
Quadratic Interpolation
For the second order polynomial interpolation (also called quadratic interpolation), we
choose the velocity given by
2
v (t ) Li ( t ) v(t i )
i 0
L0 (t )v (t 0 ) L1 (t ) v( t1 ) L2 (t ) v( t 2 )
8
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a
function of time in Table 1. Find the velocity at
t=16 seconds using the Lagrangian method for
quadratic interpolation.
Table Velocity as a
function of time
t (s) v (t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
Figure. Velocity vs. time data
9 for the rocket example
Quadratic Interpolation
(contd)
550
t 0 10, v(t 0 ) 227.04 517.35
500
t1 15, v(t1 ) 362.78
t 2 20, v(t 2 ) 517.35 450
ys
400
f ( range)
2 t tj t t1 t t 2
L0 (t )
f x desired 350
j 0 t0 t j t t
0 1 0 2 t t
j 0
300
2 t tj t t0 t t 2
L1 (t )
j 0 t1 t j t1 t 0 t1 t 2 250
j 1
227.04
2 t tj t t 0 t t1 200
10 12 14 16 18 20
L2 (t )
j 0 t2 t j t t
2 0 2 1 t t 10 x s range x desired 20
j 2
10
Quadratic Interpolation
(contd)
t−t1 t−t 2 t−t 0 t−t2 t−t0 t−t 1
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
v ( t )=
t 0 −t 1 t 0 −t 2
v ( t 0) +
t1 −t 0 t 1 −t 2
v ( t1 ) +
t 2 −t 0 t 2 −t 1
v (t 2 )
16−15 16−20 16−10 16−20 16−10 16−15
v ( 16 )= ( )(
10−15 10−20 ) ( 227.04 ) + ( )(
15−10 15−20 )( 362.78 ) + ( )(
20−10 20−15 )
( 517 .35 )
= ( −0.08 ) ( 227.04 ) + ( 0.96 ) ( 362 .78 ) + ( 0.12 )( 527 .35 )
= 392.19 m/s
The absolute relative approximate error |∈ a| obtained between
the results from the first and second order polynomial is
392.19−393.70
|∈ a|=| |×100
392.19
= 0.38410%
11
Cubic Interpolation
For the third order polynomial (also called cubic interpolation), we choose the velocity given by
3
v (t ) Li ( t ) v(t i )
i 0
L0 (t ) v( t 0 ) L1 ( t ) v(t 1 ) L2 ( t ) v(t 2 ) L3 ( t ) v(t 3 )
700
602.97
600
ys 500
f ( range)
f x desired
400
300
227.04 200
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
10 x s range x desired 22.5
12
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a
function of time in Table 1. Find the velocity at
t=16 seconds using the Lagrangian method for
cubic interpolation.
Table Velocity as a
function of time
t (s) v (t ) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67 Figure. Velocity vs. time data
13 for the rocket example
Cubic Interpolation (contd)
t o 10, v t o 227.04 t1 15, v t1 362.78
t 2 20, v t 2 517.35 t 3 22.5, v t 3 602.97
700
602.97
3 t tj t t1 t t2 t t 3
L0 (t ) ;
j 0 t0 t j t t t t
0 1 0 2 0 3 t t 600
j 0
3 t tj t t0 t t 2 t t3 ys 500
L1 (t )
t1 t j t1 t 0 t1 t 2 t1 t 3 f ( range)
j 0
j 1
f x desired
400
3 t tj t t 0 t t1 t t 3
L2 (t ) ;
t2 t j t2 t0 t 2 t1 t 2 t3
300
j 0
j 2
227.04
3 t tj t t 0 t t1 t t 2 200
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
L3 ( t ) 10 x s range x desired 22.5
j 0 t3 t j t3 t 0 t 3 t1 t3 t 2
j 3
14
Cubic Interpolation (contd)
t−t 1 t−t 2 t−t 3 t−t 0 t−t 2 t−t 3
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
v ( t )=
t 0 −t 1 t 0 −t 2 t 0 −t 3
v t1 +
t 1−t 0 t 1 −t 2 t 1−t 3
v t2
t−t 0 t−t 1 t−t 3 t−t1 t−t 1 t−t 2
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
+
t 2 −t 0 t 2−t 1 t 2 −t 3
v t2 +
t 3 −t 1 t 3 −t 1 t 3 −t 2
v t3
16−15 16−20 16−22. 5 16−10 16−20 16−22. 5
v ( 16 )= ( )(
10−15 10−20 10−22. 5 )( ) (
( 227 . 04 ) + )(
15−10 15−20 15−22. 5)( )
( 362 .78 )
16−10 16−15 16−22. 5 16−10 16−15 16−20
+( )(
20−10 20−15 20−22. 5 )( ) (
( 517 . 35 ) + )(
22 .5−10 22 .5−15 22 .5−20 )( )( 602 . 97 )
(−0 . 0416 )( 227 . 04 ) + ( 0 .832 )( 362 .78 ) + ( 0 . 312 ) ( 517 .35 ) + (−0. 1024 )( 602 . 97 )
= 392 . 06 m/s
The absolute relative approximate error |∈ a| obtained between
the results from the first and second order polynomial is
392.06−392.19
|∈ a|=| |×100
392.06
=0.033269%
15
Comparison Table
Order of
1 2 3
Polynomial
v(t=16) m/s 393.69 392.19 392.06
Absolute
Relative 0.38410 0.033269
--------
Approximate % %
Error
16
Distance from Velocity
Profile
Find the distance covered by the rocket from
t=11s to t=16s ?
v (t )=(t 3−57 .5 t 2 +1087 .5 t −6750 )(−0 . 36326 )+(t 3 −52 .5 t 2 +875 t−4500 )(1. 9348 )
+(t 3 −47 . 5 t 2 +712 .5 t−3375)(−4 . 1388 )+(t 3 −45 t 2 +650 t −3000 )(2. 5727 )
v (t ) 4.245 21.265t 0.13195t 2 0.00544t 3 , 10 t 22.5
16
s(16) s (11) v( t ) dt
11
16
( 4.245 21.265t 0.13195t 2 0.00544t 3 ) dt
11
t2 t3 t 4 16
[ 4.245t 21.265 0.13195 0.00544 ]11
2 3 4
1605 m
17
Acceleration from Velocity
Profile
Find the acceleration of the rocket at t=16s given that
v(t ) 4.245 21.265t 0.13195t 2 0.00544t 3 , 10 t 22.5
d d ,
a t v t 4.245 21.265t 0.13195t 0.00544t 3
2
dt dt
21.265 0.26390t 0.01632t 2
a (16) 21. 265 0.26390(16) 0.01632(16) 2
29.665 m / s 2
18
