Creep / Mulur

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 HIGH TEMPERATURE
MECHANICAL FAILURE - CREEP

Deskripsi dan Fenomena Creep pada Logam:

Creep atau mulur terjadi pada pipa/tube yang beroperasi pada suhu
tinggi seperti pada pipa uap, burner, furnace, boiler, dsb.

Creep dapat mengarah pada kebocoran pipa atau pecah searah sumbu
axial. Jika fluida didalanya flammable dapat terjadi kebakaran atau
ledakan.

Karena itu dari sisi risk, kerusakan komponen akibat creep memiliki
konsekwensi yang tinggi karena dapat menyebabkan interupsi operasi
pabrik dan kerugian material atau jiwa. 2
CREEP

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 DEFINISI:

• Creep adalah deformasi plastik logam pada suhu tinggi berjalan

sebagai fungsi waktu (secara progresif) – time dependent
strain occurring under stress and high temperature.

• Creep hanya terjadi jika pada material bekerja beban / tegangan

(load / stress), beroperasi pada suhu tinggi (T op > ½ TM) , dan
untuk waktu yang waktu yang lama.

Creep = f (σ, T, t)

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 Creep Failure
• Occurs at elevated temperature, T > 0.4 Tmelt
• Deformation changes with time.

Adapted from
Figs. 8.26 and 8.27,
Callister 6e.

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 Creep: deformation under elevated T and static stresses

Secondary creep
Steady-state creep rate d/dt ~ constant
Competition between strain-hardening and recovery

Tertiary creep

Creep strain, 
accelerated creep rate
and failure!

Primary or transient creep

has decreasing creep rate.

time
Rupture time
caused by GB separation, cracks,
Secondary creep important voids, cavities, etc., including necking.
for long-life applications:
Nuclear power plant. Short-life creep:
turbine blades, rocket nozzles.
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 Creep RECOVERY and Vacancy-assisted Climb

• Creep is an anelastic behavior of a material,

i.e. the strain depends on temperature and time effects.

• Creep can be viewed as a manifestation of competitive

work-hardening and recovery (or materials "softening")
in Stage III response, where work-hardening involves
dislocation glide.

• The main mechanism assumed to be important to the

recover for the creep process is non-conservative climb.

(a) How does climb help "soften" a material?

(b) Why is temperature important?
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 Major recover mechanism is non-conservative climb.
• Creep = Work-hardening + Recovery

(a) How does climb help "soften" a material?

Edge Dislocations will move out of one glide plane and
into another via vacancy-assisted climb. By doing so, they can
avoid "hard" obstacles (see diagram), rather than cut through them,
making the system respond effectively "softer".

(b) Why is temperature important?

Climb requires mobile vacancies that can diffuse to the tensile
side of the edge; hence, temperature is important as vacancies
diffuse roughly when T > 0.4 Tmelting.

climb
precipitate
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 Secondary Creep
• Most of component life spent here.
• Strain rate is constant at a given T, s
--strain hardening is balanced by recovery
stress exponent (material parameter)
. n  Q c 
s  K 2s exp   activation energy for creep
strain rate  RT  (material parameter)
material const. applied stress Adapted from Fig. 8.29,
Callister 6e.

200 Stress (MPa)

• Strain rate increases 427C
100
for larger T, s 538C
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Several mechanism suggested for creep.
• stress-induced vacancy diffusion. 20
• GB diffusion and sliding. 649C
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• dislocation motion.
Each gives different slope for 10-2 10-1 1
stress vs. creep rate. Steady state creep rate s (%/1000hr)
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 Secondary Failure
• Failure: • Estimate rupture time
along grain boundaries. S 590 Iron, T = 800C, s = 20 ksi
g.b. cavities Adapted from
Fig. 8.45, Callister 6e.

applied
stress

From V.J. Colangelo and F.A. Heiser, Analysis of

Metallurgical Failures (2nd ed.), Fig. 4.32, p. 87,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1987. (Orig. source:
Pergamon Press, Inc.)
24x103 K-log hr
• Time to rupture, tr
T(20  log t r )  L T(20  log t r )  L
temperature function of 1073K
applied stress
time to failure (rupture) Ans: tr = 233hr
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 Thin Lip Creep Type

Perbedaan struktur mikro perlite dan martensite memberikan

indikasi adanya proses heating dan quenching pada boiler tube.

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 Thick Lip Creep Type

Micro-voids, micro-cracks serta intergranular crack growth pada struktur

memberikan indikasi adanya fenomena creep pada boiler tube diatas.

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Ukuran Creep dinyatakan dengan
Perubahan Regangan sebagai Fungsi waktu.
Ditinjau dari laju regangan, creep memiliki 3 zona :
1. Primary Stage
2. Secondary Stage (Steady State Creep)
3. Ternary Stage

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Mekanisme Mikroskopis/Metalurgis:
• Akibat suhu tinggi, terjadi difusi atom yang meningkat diberbagai
lokasi butiran khususnya pada batas butir mengingat batas butir
adalah daerah yang tidak stabil.
• Dengan kenaikan suhu, difusi atom meningkat secara exponensial
berdasarkan hukum Arrhenius. Karena pada saat yang bersamaan
material mengalami tegangan maka terjadi perlemahan batas butir
melalui mekanisme voids initiation & growing dan atau mekanisme
sliding.
• Sejalan dengan waktu, selanjutnya kekosongan-tersebut dapat
bergabung satu sama lain membentuk retakan mikro (inter-granular
crack) dan pada akhirnya retak makro.

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 Sliding Mechanism pada batas butir
Menyebabkan timbulnya micro-crack

Centrifugal
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 Integrate both side, discard constant integration
So only the steady state creep strain appears

Creep strain at rupture is observed to be fairly constant for a given value of

temperature-compensated time to rupture,qr. Hence qr depend only on stress.

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Show figure:
Values of AE Q for use with S-D parameter obtained by plotting log tr vs 1/T and the
line have slope given by 0.217Q, and each intercept at 1/T=0 is PSD value for that
stress.

Bila diketahui Q, data stress life bisa digunakan untuk memplot PSD vs stress (lihat gbr)
Data2 untuk semua tegangan dan temperatur akan berhimpitan. Dengan gambar tsb bisa
didapat rupture time untuk nilai tegangan dan temperatur tertentu.
Data uji yg digunakan untuk mendapatkan PSD dan stress dari test creep rupture dengan
Waktu yang pendek. Jadi data uji dengan waktu rupture yg pendek dan temperatur creep
Yang tinggi digunakan untuk prediksi prilaku creep pada waktu rupture tr yg lama dan
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Temperatur kerja yang rendah
Contoh
• An engineering component made by alloy steel is subjected to creep under simple
tension at a stress of 150 MPa. What the highest temperature than can permitted if
the component must function for 40 days, and if a safety factor of 10 on life is
required?. The same material was subjected to creep in a test at 150 MPa at 530oC,
in which it ruptured in 260 hours.

• Ans
Same stress in the test, PSD value and parameters of the SD equation can be
calculated from the test data and used for life estimates of component in service

PSD = log tr-0.217Q/T= log (260h)- 0.217*(90000)K/(530+273)K=-21.91

For 40 days and SF 10 its meant 400days=9600 hrs

T= 0.217Q/logtr-PSD= 0.217(90000)/log(9600 h)-(-21.9)=754K=481oC

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 Prediksi Umur Sisa
Larson Miller Parameter (LMP) : Stress Vs LMP
200
Maximum failure line
150 20
Mean failure line
100

Log stress, psi x 10 3

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Log stress, MPa

1 10
60
8
2
40
3
6 LMP = (oF + 460)(C + log t) x 10-3
30 4
Minimum failure line
20

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LMP = T(0R) (20 + log t)

Setiap material suhu tinggi memiliki kurva tersebut yang dibuat oleh
manufakturnya. Nilai C berkisar sekitar 20. Dengan mengetahui dua
faktor dari ; 1) tegangan, 2) suhu dan 3) waktu, maka faktor ketiga
dapat ditentukan. 38
 Metal Temperature Limit
for Creep Consideration
Elastic Temperature
Material Type Limit (0F)

Hole Size Long-Term Short-Term Carbon steel 770

Creep Creep ½ Mo 920
11/4 Cr -1/2 Mo 930
¼ in 0.0 0.0 21/4 Cr - 1 Mo 900
1 in 4.62 x 10-6 4.62 x 10-4 3 Cr – 1 Mo 920
4 in 1.32 x 10-6 1.32 x 10-4 5 Cr – ½ Mo 880
Rupture 6.60 x 10-7 6.60 x 10-5 7 Cr – ½ Mo 850
9 Cr – 1 Mo 960
Furnace Tube Generic 12 Cr 800
Failure Frequencies 304/304H SS 1080
316/316H SS 1120
321 SS 1010
321H SS 1040
347/347H SS 1100
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 Summary
• Engineering materials don't reach theoretical strength.
• Flaws produce stress concentrations that cause
premature failure.
• Sharp corners produce large stress concentrations
and premature failure.
• Failure type depends on T and stress:
-for noncyclic s and T < 0.4Tm, failure stress decreases with:
increased maximum flaw size or rate of loading, or decreased T,

-for cyclic s: cycles to fail decreases as Ds increases.

-for higher T (T > 0.4Tm):

time to fail decreases as s or T increases.

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