Figure 5-1
Different Conversion Schemes
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Digital to Analog Conversion
• Digital data needs to be carried on an analog signal.
• A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs the function of transporting
the digital data in an analog waveform.
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• The analog carrier signal is manipulated to uniquely identify the
digital data being carried.
5.2
Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog conversion
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5.3
Figure 5.2 Types of digital-to-analog conversion
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5.4
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics
of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.
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5.5
• A wave is defined by three characteristics: amplitude, frequency, and phase.
• When we vary anyone of these characteristics, we create a different version of that wave. So,
by changing one characteristic of a simple electric signal, we can use it to represent digital
data.
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Any of the three characteristics can be altered in this way, giving us at least three
mechanisms for modulating digital data into an analog signal:
• amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying
• (PSK).
• In addition, there is a fourth (and better) mechanism that combines changing both the
amplitude and phase, called quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
• QAM is the most efficient of these options and is the mechanism commonly used today
5.6
• Data element (bit, byte)-data element is an atomic unit of data that has
precise meaning
• Signal element -A signal element is the shortest unit of a digital signal.
• Data elements are what we need to send;
• signal elements are what we can send.
• Data elements are being carried; signal elements are the carriers.
• Data rate-The speed with which data can be transmitted from one device to
another.
• Data rates are often measuredYUMS APP
in megabits (million bits) or megabytes
(million bytes) per second. These are usually abbreviated as Mbps and
MBps,respectively.
• Another term for data transfer rate is throughput (maximum rate).
• Number of signal elements transmitted per second is signal rate.
5.7
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• ASK is implemented by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal to
reflect amplitude levels in the digital signal.
• For example: a digital “1” could not affect the signal, whereas a digital
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“0” would, by making it zero.
• The line encoding will determine the values of the analog waveform
to reflect the digital data being carried.
5.8
Figure 5.3 Binary amplitude shift keying
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5.9
Figure 5.4 Implementation of binary ASK
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In telecommunications, a carrier wave, carrier signal, or just carrier, is a
waveform that is modulated with an input signal for the purpose of
conveying information. This carrier wave usually has a much higher
frequency than the input signal does
5.10
Frequency Shift Keying
• The digital data stream changes the frequency of the carrier signal, fc.
• For example, a “1” could be represented by f1=fc +Df, and a “0” could
be represented by f2=fc-DF.
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5.11
Figure 5.6 Binary frequency shift keying
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5.12
Phase Shift Keyeing
• We vary the phase shift of the carrier signal to represent digital data.
• PSK is much more robustYUMS
than ASK as it is not that vulnerable to noise,
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which changes amplitude of the signal.
5.13
Figure 5.9 Binary phase shift keying
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5.14
Note
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Quadrature amplitude modulation is a
combination of ASK and PSK.
5.15
