Rush Down Aulorala, (ppd) qa ¥ The Contert . foe language have @ type ob MWlornatey that dletines them. hk automalon called " push down auromaten” i a extension ef NFA with 6 - RANA Hep + PDA = NFA with @-hansibon +> Stack, ~ * Stock Can bo ead, pushed and ~ popped only at the top. ¥ The presence eh Skate means that, unlike the knits Gutrrmatoo, the PDA Can wmenbe! an thbinile amount~ b whorppakon. SS. * Thee aque too dpberenr wsiens ob pdy F One that accepts by entering fn arcopring inte | 2. One thar accepts by emptying iB Stack , Push Down _Automala a_ eral Accept |refectfe pen ob pushdown Autoreala The push Gown Autormata (PDA) P Us clopenod 8 | pollovo i 52% | [P= (8.8%, 8%. SP) 5 a lO" | @:A xine Sot of Stale, Like Stales Ob 2 4): A Rinite set ob tbpuk Syrobols - | ri A binite stotr alphabet - This (8 Set O, Yak ae altewo2d fo push onto the Stack. &: The tansibon funebon. § takes as asgume, triple . binie Qutomalep , b Symbols Ne a $1G,4+x) 4. a Stale eb a. a: Of & either am snpue symbet & 4 or as €, the eropty Steing x. Strat gymbot tobich ig merobe ob fe ‘ ae : the output oh f a bintls Seb of paus (2), { | Whee p B the neostate, P > Shing ob stack sybale Phat veplaw “Kan the fop bp Stack - | BE 8(40,2,5)= (4%, 08) %: Stark Stale - Ee Sy mbet of Stack. Fos The Seb of awepting a or fa salesBansiion déagvan> for PDA: el _ 0, 0/€ E, Xo] €, 4% correspond fp the states Ob the PDA tert State and deubly eiscleg 1. The poclos 2 An acow jIrdicakts the S Sales ase accepting Stabs” 3 The ares correspond Fp hansibons ob. the PDA wp tho Zollow ng Sense. * AP are labelled frus fom amps 819,40 > Pr) input Ns X on fop ob Stace & placed by ow. a, xo /estantandbg Desuiprons oh 2 PDAd % The Configuration, eh a PDA, Ub tiple (9, w,%) * |: the stak aie aa 7 t+ the remaining i)p # PY) Stack content - This U cated nstantarrous desceipbep or tp 0h PDA. (0.90.46) ~ (pap)Moves 0b PDA the. mos ch the push clown automate Fone étate ton be vepresonied ly the cumont Stale to next Syrnbel Thee aso too types ob Moves. I: Moves by) Consuming an input Syrmbel- y g fe 2- Move by @-bransixpon. Moves by consuming “an input symp. (g,, a2, xX) FH (preter yx) aepresent: Ablix veodlng eppur Sgro bot ‘a’ This move State pl and weplace Statle wm stake '9', reoves to Syrobeh x by YY: Now AY. Epsilon fransibon (P ato, x2) H— (41 at0/ 4x). This move wepresepts that Zmm Stat P14. on put — Symbo ta' by hot Conauro ing any . tpput syrond that & é anel veploces the top Symbad ob Stace x fo. Theo cinporkank principles of instuntaneous Aescuiptirn 0b PDA I. 2b & Computabon is digas gor a PDAP, ten the Computaben formed by adding the Same addipenal foput_ Shing. 0 the gnd ef the input p ach Uistantancous clesceipbon alo gal3-% a Conmputabon & Legal for Ons tantanrous & 2a fellow PDA P, Ther the same add iHoney cach instartancous 2. 2b a Computanon Ago) for computaton Jormed oy adding . Sea Symbols §— pelpw. the Star © desteipron & also Legal: ppa ep, and Some Cb the umed, then- we can tail 0} the ppput &__pok consumecy ‘ s tatl f ; 5 enc Femove this tall form the thput oe Uigtantorcous dlesciphon, and the resulting will still be Leg computaben i. Suppose. the PDA p= (4Pah, $0.1}, $7.79, & 9 RHA) has tre. Following transibrm faunchens & S(4,0,%)= $(9,x%)} a. 8(4,0,x)= £(9,x0F° 3 8 (Huxd= £09, xd? 4. 8(9, 60 = $(pey 5-8(pe,v) = fp OF 6 Slp.xd= Flpxx} 7.8 (plz: $lped}. Stabog fom the Ininas ID, Shew al) eeachable desuipron © wren the Input Srirg © FOF x oon ¥ O10ol (4, 0 2) FE (Give) ped (Pre) (eecepled) pou (4, 001, %e YE (4, OV Aa) EE (41, X¥%—) F~ (4, 1, Xa) L— Bre, xx%) Fe (Pre x) F— (Pr é1%0) Caccep hd) ole —_— 4 - 6, x xk) FPS (4.0107 26) t= (9 ¥Fe) 4, 0-*%) E~ Sa Lp. 6 _ [accepted Q- Suppose, PDE P= (£993, £09, 6X73, B.4ep 2, $92) hag the followin} —pransibon fainebons, I £(%,0,2)= $£4n®F 9+ SC il: 2) = $ (%,xX2)F 3-3 (40,0-x) > f 64,64 4-8 (401,*) = £ Go xx? & 8 (9,02) = FOn YR 6.8 (41,2) = $0e,O4 T 8 (0:¥) = £04, YN} 8+ 8a) =F (9? . Stating fpr the Initial ID ghow all xeachable 28 wher the input © & 9) bovor b> olloor 2) ON ONO) 4) dooo tl (6, ob0011, 2) Fe (4), 000!) 2 re (/00", 2) (4, 01, Yyz) = (4, 11, VY IE (4111, ¥72) (4, €, yx) (4tcepted) 5 on (4¢, 0 007, 2N— (9), N001,BDL—_ (90 1001, Z) E> Ge, 00178) (4, oN!) EG <) Le (mer (accepted) _9) olloilo (Qe, 01101103) (4, N00, I Go,to10, 2) (40,010, x4) 1-(4o. 110,82) (461002) (0, x3) te exd : l| This Shing nog oe 8). off oo! . | (Fe. otioo!,z) — (401 Hoo), 2) (4 100! a ool, 7) (0, 01, XX) H— (901 1,2) (4, é x2). ‘ _ Coot accepted).danguage tb 2 pos > Megpiaoce by Fina} state EP (BBT 8, a,20PD ho a PDA. Then Alp), the Longuage accepted dy p by final Stade, a ALP= feo] Cote) (4,6 od} fox Some Stak 9 & p and any Stace Shing of | 2 Pttepkance by Eoply Stack . Fos cach PDA P=C 84,1 S& %,% X(P) = $00] (4,120) HE (96,62) por any State Z-cner necessaiily ‘final state) Povbloms bs Design a PDA 10 awep the Language be [EWE] co Soup e. 17 { Race ee ater te 5 Assume ~ p1eJ0 . ® : Nelo : TD ob Stack : &% ' : ; wwsh wbput tnlb S4ace apt! WwOds Inputs of} JS P ie oO tho Symbol C.@ Top ob Stack +0 ipso $ Pop rep ob the sae - © tp op Stace) ipo @® ip-e = wach fra) Stale diy pop top Ob the Stack. Transiben fincrsod guoe ae 84, 0, %) = (%, 0%) ininallg eBpuk ar be oO oe) Bete, 1,30) = (16.12 /e : “olelo 840, 0,0) = l%,00) -. ; eee a & (9,11) = (40.1D / eres 8 (40, 0.1) = (40, of) 8(9,10) = (4%; 10)°- tohen ¢’ & hcounterd, don'p Change Stace symbols bub Move fp next stale . 8 (4016, 7) > G1,%) 84,60 = (ID Slgoie,D = Cod 8 (41, 010) = (m9 whee ipput and Stack Sybet Slahiy 2 GO axa Same , the Stalk ; Syrbet iP Ay daasg (Gr 6/%) + 4,2) Ss lohen endieh ijp is \Gwached: §ol tha final stale 9 |R= fo, I 25 4 = fone} P= $%,0,17 fo= $403 % = % Fe $43) The» PDA p= CQiS,T, 8%, zo,FP > Whe | | Transiboo dliagearn : ol? ¢ ojo 0, of i He a C.%ol%o és Aor —@) ro) O,1JoF h of/o Steng acceptance ° \ A ak w= O1e10., oe 4o, of¢t0, Ze) b= Go: clo, 02) PF (45,0401 10%) -—(9g,10; 10%) L (4),0,0%) (46%) 1-( 42, %) The Shing is accopled by PDA. Bavoed (My tect, 2) LE eee i) (tol 1%) K-(4n 1, 01%) undefined, The shing ts not actepled by pa:i 2 ObeauB a pops tp atcepk the’ Language k- farbo/o zis by final slalr- I The PDA Should accept ~ 1’ mumbo ob V9 followed by * 7’ number ob b's, ; : ¥ Rush all the Symbels onte the Stack ant] b’ comes. ¥ Once the Symbol ‘bh’ Kk encountered, Check Whethe fer ee Symba'b, thee Should be corres poneling ‘a! gyrobat oy the State. * AL the tnd of the i/p Shing, ip the Stack 2repky, thon there axe ~n’ numbe Ob as and bie. There foxe the siving 18 acceplee! by PDA. Steps: \ det % be the Stout state . Xp be the inital Stack Syrobet. a As long 4% the next YP Symbad FO be Stanned kk ly : b Lsgespech ve ob te Content &b the Stack,~ Keep Pus re all the Simbel and _ rama th % State. he é 3%, 0.2) = (902%) _ 8 (440 = (4,400 : Step a: : : : S the next ip Symbol & ‘b', then ib top eb | the Stain ts 'a', then “pop the top ob the Stock ary mow +0 hee Stele 9.8 (90,6 4) = (4p © Steps: Now ,; the machere 1s th State 91. APA the next toput Syrmbel to be wed ke ~b’, check ¢orth the top & tre stack - vt For every thput'b!, there Shoutd be correspond’ey al th the grace, which eoill be popped. (9, By a) = (ae) , Step A! When tho oud oh ipput is wached, and ap Stack Contath € 2% Xo, change. te accephing orale 92. Eh, x) = (9989. The PDA Ps C841, & 40, %,F) 1 ‘ Q* F448 ey) ion i 4+ fab} S(1024,2) > (Bor &%) P= $ 0,23 8 (4, axa) = (40-29) Zor 84.60) = Gu) F= $992 89/62) = Gre $9 6170) =(¥2/6)Transiboo diagram {tte He Mert fi, 200% auales. pale Abts o- Q) C1 elo ‘g ahh Alp ae Be Sraing acceptanee 4 lb Q2y 60 = aabb | Ni a 2: iT 20 4%) G. @o, aabb, %) 1 (Fo Abb, az) }-—(40, bb, aa%e).A- (4b: (91 6.2) 42,6) ,Caweptedl) Gaosabb, 2) = Co, bey ais) {41 b-R8). P-[apel nie) The String Ig bot accepted by -PDA- the PDA to. Accept a+ Sting Ob balanced &. obra ‘The pevanthesis to be consideced ase 0, paranthesis - ome Valid Stings oe fOle- ba. Stops: ' ke Gy bo tro. Stat Stal be Eno. inebal, Stace Syrotel c do Geep a: : on tale %, i Scarred Yyrobot & ¢C,C, push the ayrobo} onto tho Slack .8l%, C20) = (4o,C%) 8 (90, Er) = (%, F%) Sepa! Gh the next thpuk Symbol & “YC “I and fop ob the, grare ke ow fy Pep the SAC apres Bl 40, 2 = (HO 8(% 10) * (WO Sips ap the nevt Input HO b(4 7 D = (4) Step 4! ney the lend ob We input ol edached ard) more 2» final Sak 809 4) = (49-6) J and Stade. The PDA P= (84,1, & %, %iF) Q= 4 40,4923 S-(07, 6D T= {G03 FHf¢oo?TransIBOD Luneron- 8( 410, %)= (40, C20) (40, 0,70) = (40, 0%) §( 4,3, © =(9, 6) » §(40, 1D) = @ne) $4190 = (4n€) Sl4n UD = (4,0 §(9,,€,20) =(22,6) Transinsen dinarar \ rut $ C, Ho) C2 de ae ee ‘ » Ye 6,3: Tee Sting Acceptance . w= COD 11, We (461 £3, 2) =" POT LH (40, 3], tL) 6, BD) L- (01 €/4) 12, €) (accopte+) wo~ (TI Saed cae) Cay, &,020) Zo) Ke, J, Ei (e, (3,3) ( %, £3, (20) i ae ) “Ihe. Shring is not accepted by PDA. < *re Ese Tavera ph ge Yi Olly © NTu se Qt Cy Purl, ete -tie Hrrbole «) aed 7 boc ah a Fath = (hore) [ oes J *G, Wr = Lt, Io) So 4 mete eel Ph Alte don gn a By Ww t 7 ¢! ‘y », 0, 0 Sse o J te 7 Choo) E (4%, © 20) = CU, 22 CH 1,0) = Cae cos E(hc of = (4,0) ee Fl, = (4,1) HU, 0, 1) = (god q “8 Gi 6205 = (4420) Gk Hp Steel W 2 Choa = (65 4 Get) =(%,@) aloe ve “ty \r et he ole Mp Qlcto 2 ef” (4) % ACO 0% ole te L1O 10% to lor4 Obtath a PDA tp accept the language ta fabbe? 2=farb9?] nei? . oe = Neve *P’ purnbes of als Should be follovacd! by ‘an’ numbte oh b's * Fox eath a Stack a) 8 40.4, x0) = (9%, 40%) 8(9,a/a) = (4, 44a) Shop a: HIP Symbol > change ® slb 2, Top ob State sa, Pope ona a E140;b, a) = Cn)Slop a iJpob pop top bh Bath Sot a Keron (fame alo An bad’ Gy, €) Llop hy! wher the and bf inpul Be watched, Sok & AOPNY + and frp eh Mak & &, Gow atcepbhng Hale 4a 80M 040) (49, %). the PPA Pe (0, 4,6,8, etn). Bs P4909 459 A SSab4 — rota af S10, a %e) = (4p, 003%) ne % 8 40,0)» 4o, aoa) %>% 8 (4,64) = (yy 0) Fs £494 89, b,ad> Oye) BG ez) (4%) Gye) Tearsinon diag to a, aaa “ by, 70] 00. b,a]e Gybetle_ as 6, A)sing acceptance O= aabbbb. (4, aabbbb,%) + (%, abbbb , aa%) -—~ (4, bbbb. aaaa%e) b= (44, bbb, 200%) L~ (4, bby aaze) H— (4b 4%) H-(9u€/%) 1H 9,%0) — Caccopled) _ Book pr ble rp 2 DH{D A pra tp accept the Janguage d= for) 07] wn 3/9 2 . Steph The Shing Should Contain gual rumba op xolg ith —Sepouatel rm’ pumber ob 18, ltl] 06100.-)), |P=>0 Push ~0° Onto Sack. Stack > 0]xo- (4, 0, 20) * (4c, 2) 8(%, 0,0) = (4,0 D.« Stop 2: p>] Top 0 Statk > p 7 change fo ancther clabe and : does no perpoona aunty atvon. $l%, 1.0) = 410) S41, 1,0) = 40)Step 3: vohen ewe peuk of “ot 3 Ontountered, PoP the hp Oh Fhe Stack and Change td other State $(91, 0.0) = (49,6) £(23,00) = (42, Stepy: cohen end oh wbput i ezached, veplace xo hye. S(42, €rto) = (45,€) - | The PDA Pe (8,40, 6,40, oF), GQ = $40,492,959 oe Bz foro. (47078) = (40, 0%.) Ke $ x0} \5 8 (46,00) > (46.00) oe S(4o,1,0) = (4,0) oa § (41,10) = (4,0) Fe $433 514, 0,0) = (42,e) Transibeo diagrarn ee, ae F By 0,0[D% 100 o,0]€ @ 1,00 ay 0, 0/¢ LAG)sting acopkance w= 90100 ( 0100, %) K— (90, 0100, 0%) J— 1.4, 100, 00%) p~ (%,00,00%0) }H49,0, 0%) b~ C99, 6,26) — (93,0) » Caccepled) , b. Obtath PDA foo language Le f 0PM 0 Pron 217 | sa Nexe PDA Should —_acrept ~r nurnbex ob O% Aollewed ty ~m' pumbe ob i's , 3 Then again tho Shing Contain 'r' nurobs Op ©'s and YY number ob "8. | Steph : nial Slak =F. D>o Pa? Dnibal Hack Symbel = Z , State Syrobel a4. push “0” opto Gace un] ~1’ appears. Sl %, 0/2) = (4o,0%) S40, 0:0.) = (40,00) Step 2: aa ip >! ahange #2) anotha stak and St0uk =>0 push ° onre Stack wnkl 6! Appear. Sl4,1,0) =, 116) BLO. = (ido anoihe Stale» State >] 8%, 0.1) = G21) §(%,0,0 = 48 Step 4: p>! pep Stack Syrmbel and charge to Static > oO another State - 8(42,1,0= 43, &(%3,1,0) = (43, ©) Step 5: When ud eb thpuk wz wWached, % & OM rep of Siack, — golo accepting Stal 8(43,€,%) = (24,0 the PDA P= COST, 8, % dork) & Q= £40,%, 42,1445 ‘ 5(%,0,%) = (4c, 0%) & = foi} §(%,1.0) 8 (4, 0,0) =! (40,00) ici) P= f Olek} 8(Ipht = GW Je = Yo 8 (10.D= ba.) 5(43,¢,26) Xt 8(99,0,0 2G) =64,6) F 2 $4) 80%, 10) £436) Sl 43,110) =( 95,6)a ——— Faansi bon aliagrarm tal¢. ¢ oxo 0, mt) 1, oft 020 Gy) Bo 2 ht sf ae 4, ofto tae shing acceptance . w= Olo?l. 9p 1/070) (ae0101, %) (4 101,00) b- (90 01,1070) (2 H( 45,€:%2) F-(4918) Caceepted) | Am Erophy Stack fo. Hnal Gale « Thegrem: Th b= NCP) for,.Some\ PDP Pu= (8, $, T, Sy, Jo, Zo), then thee BQ PDA Pe Guth that’ x= & (Pp) ©, Yefe () 6) Xo nayas os ‘ : Ce Pe Simulata fp and _accels ‘ah Py Lies te way* USC yo, a now symbol» which & not a Syrebot ob T F Yo & both the statt Gynbel of Pe and a ‘Mauer oD the boltore of the Stach.» Ib Pe sees %» on the top eb Stack, then it Kpows that Py could empty Ike Stuck en the same eoput ¥ We alto weed wo.ctatt sta p, eohose furtdn & FO push Mo, the Sot” Sfrobol ob by > pita dnd op 6b the . State Ane ent ale dy, then sptast, stale o°0b Phe ox sop * Te Siroulater By una tha Shak of Fy te empty, whieh Fe dletects because TES Yoes Sy, ontd —“Hha’’ top eh’ the” Stack | * Finally — we weed another hero State Pr, cohreh & the _ aktepting State 0b. Pe. this PDA. \ fransfeis fo Sale pp COheneviea It Ascoves that. Ry oould have Lmpried jt ack - “he $eeibicareo fe ik as follows Re - (ete, 2, rvtia, 6 Rw thee Sp & deed bg bh SE (Ril -te)= (Fo, %xe) Sp ik Stoxt stale , Pe maker g spontances = Rensikoy 4 the Staut Shab 6b Py, pushing ig StackSypobol X% onlb: the Stack 2 At a =é an .& For all Stale ¢ th ®, toput “al to By ow ARCs d > Skace syrobols yt F ’ S& (4, 4,Y) Contac alt pais ¢P Luly ary 3. In AddiBon go vule le), Sr (% €/%) Contawis (Bye) for every Salis PB. Pena 8\ “1 (ora “1 Design 2 PDA Lohich paveessex Siege of os and 1s and aecepls ih the number of ols &s @pual ro. reunobet ob Ns. Accept it by erophy tack and convet th to ‘PDA Accept it by Binal: stace.; q The PDA Py le acceptance by empiy stack . m= (G41, ive fe, & FP) by i debihea) 2 ™ , $44, 8: - = “Ge02) ; 2 Ne, 0,0) * - (46.00) : bu ( 4110) * = : 2)" . SC 91,1,0) = (4) 8y C4), ¢,%) <9)a: fox all Seals 9 8 &, tput Symbols ah g ov are and y BS Sy l4,a,y) contars every pair that & 0 S 4, 4,Y) Py Simulates 8. Fox ail accepting Stale 9 «BF ard “tact, Symbol Y we OP YE Xo, By (Qpeiy) contains (P,€) a By this, milk, tohonevet Pe accepts, Pry Car Staet emptying ils — Stack Loi thout Consuming any more lhpub. A> For all Stace » syrobels y th F o> ¥2% Su (ney) = (18, One in Skate p tobi ch only oecuns when Pe has accepted , Ix Pops avery sy! bol on ils sack, eon! the Stack & armpty - No fate "A donated: » a9 Ns) srundapns aq | © obtadi a PDA to cap ‘tha "language Le farbr] 0 213 by Binal Skate And fab} Zod. T= {0,203 F243beotdteusery a bp & dofined by Sp (ter 2) = (4,, 026) Srl 404) = Go,a0) $F (4b AD = (4/0 SF (9,60) =(% O Sp (114,20) = (42) %) pnts fuz ( QvtRrs, 4, Tush Se BA) D Here no Anal Sie Tension dia gear Q= £40.41, 92, BPD 4 = $4, b} Te $a Hof ® bak. Sw ts olepened by Su (B,€,x0) = (ee 0%) $y (%, 0,22) = (40, 2%) Sy (90,418) = 40, 2a) Sw (%, b, a) = (46) Sm Car bra) Iu 9 8w (41, €, 20) = (4.,%0) n(42,€,a) = (BO 8u (92,6, 6) =(PO) Su (42,6; 20) =(P2) Su (p.6, a) = (0) Sv Cpe, b) 4h 6) Q, Fo] OX a ae be _ b, ae ay Gi Hl @) © Ee (41y by 07%) H= (41, € 7 vo) Taensiboo diagram. Steirg acceptance wo= aabb (fj, aabb, Xe) b= (Ae, aabbz0xe) -( 49, Abb, Azete) K— (40, bb, ar%eXe) , --( 22, €,%) 1—(P €:%) EU RE),Equivalence ©b RDA's and FG's. Three ways op debining crus. 1 the Cooter - fee fanguages i.e.) te fanguages lepine "9 CFO's 2... The Janguages that aso accepted Py Penal state by Some PDA. §x3or ; s 3. The danguages that we accopiad by empty Stace by Some PDA 1 Q | ibm Gaatomars' fp - Pith Doon Autoroala « det G=(uT,Q.5) be @ CFG. Conshuce & PDAP, that accepts 4(G) by PRY, State follew , P= @, twtr, & 4,9) rohese.( transibon \ funchon , & & depined by 1 Fox “heh vastiable\'A/-° | — Benen) {G6 ] 4>8 B ia produenon ob Pf ae fine ai teamnbal “a”, § (4,44) = SG ORps 1. construct the PDA for the following grammar. E> ELE] E¥E) a. art a 4 we L Uke cae Non- Terminal (v):§E} ‘ oki Termibal (1: f+, ¥, a7 pon p= (£43, Fife 4 Hah SS 4, E). G be debtned as 8 (4.0.6) = [@.e+) , ex) -@/O} 8 (4D = 4 OF 809, x.¥) =F 8 (4,010) = {1 F Mr bos arara (4, a1a¥a, BK (4.08988, E+E) (4, avara, Gre) (4, 4.084 +) (4.08% E) EH (4, a EFE_) H(q,0¥4, ate) (axa 2 (408) — (4.44) (aie). the grammar Ss S08 1808 / sososis ] 81sosos /é the Same Language bY 2 convert toe PDA that = ACeOpi& op iy Stack.ca i Toswinal’ $0,1,6% | Non- tovmninal } v vattabk +. “pon P= € $93) S, foe St, 8% 3) Whee ots dlepenedl by $ (46,5) = $ (4, s0sigos) , (4,$050915). (4,91 90S )EVEDF Sla,oe)- Qe , S(and =-@O §(4,€,6) = GO {as0, Gea ue) , Ges oyt Sting accepfanc. fo= ojoolo (4, o10010,3) (4, 010010, $091908) -— (4, 010010, 808180 SCSIs% ae tas 4, oroolo, 081808081905) +0 4,10010, “7 $0:S08/S0S) esac C4,,10010, 1.900.51808) L_ (4, ob /0, $o's0s/s0s) (92,0010, 0s0sisos) (2 0101 go 51606) (90/0, 091808 (4, 10,5108) KC940 180s) (9, 07805) (2.608 H 4,020.3) —C 96,9) (% 60).4 convat the @tammee 8-5 0AA 40 @ Ppa that A> 08]1S]o accepe Ene Same Lang wage by. emphy «stack & Tesoinab: $0,!% Nop-terminal | £4 ,8} PRA P= ($43, 8, Soars, 6 US) whee § & given by 8(VerS) = {Goan} fe 8(9.6,A) > $.(9,08) 1 0,19) @.OF \ w=oAA 8(4,010) = Ge olsos OPA 81D = GE ALL re 00, 0A) F190) to= 000 dy (4,000,$) - [ 4, 000 » 0A) + (4,00.A0) bl (40,0) H(9,€) 3. Consbuct the PoA for to guarmmanr S> ap]ba Bo b] 6S /aBB A sialas bn Tosroural ' ab Non- tesrojnap! § A,B Poa P=(f4b (mk}. $80 1B ah}, & 4.3)toh 8% debined bf 8(4,6,5) = $(4,48) » @, BAF 8 (4,¢,8) 24,6) , 6b @,4BR)} 54 = 10,4» (8, 2S) GB bAALF 8(4,a,a) = (a3 : Sabb) = SQOQh. to = abba (4,abba,$) L ( 4,abba, a8) 1-(4,bbaB) (4rbba, bs) HC. 4,bars) C 4yba, AY O44 (45 ao) Five) ty Corrie Hie GG for d= f010?/mieeg Bnasaee IE to Conshuct = PDA. CEG Sa AIA A—>o0A/E Non- Terminal: 9A Fevrjnal: 0,),€- Pon P= ( 9}, $013, $01,537 5 HS) - > whee § & debned by 8(4,€,5) >§(4, Ain} Slare/a) = (Gi 0A), HEY 8400) = HO $ (4,1) = (46) & (%6) = GE)(4:6) FECA AY CIA) (46) LE (16 OF AO Awm PDA #0 _Greammar dee G(T PD and P= $ S, 97,2,9f)F , Whee are97 2. and. X18 Stack element Rule 1: The pwduction for Start Symbol is given by S> fo, %0. 44) 1» wre I eR Rule 2. Ib the rapping funcBon ph PDA 8(9;, 2,2) = OO), whee 97,47 E8 Then Mhe producbon Tle Us covillen as L972, 4J— a. Rule 3: fh the mapping function 6h oA, Sat, 02) (9-AB) Then the production mule ik lovitten as Lark, J] —> aft A WK] £4 B, 4], | ‘ av _ Niet % a h 5 1 Whee 95, qa abt? a ao ie 8 ——Rule 4 ger! 8/ ap a2) A149. A, a] Pevblems 1 Gorvect He Ppa pe ( $43, fo4, $7,204; 8,4, %, ta CFE, a St doped by ® S(2.n%) = f@ xzx)f 4 S(@14x) ~ £4,203 OS (2OW = FRx} 4 Siaexd = $0,€) DER x = $Cpepes #) $0.02) = $ (2,2. Sa — Stobs = (P95 Stag 3mbd = $ Xe Initial Stack Simhol = xe Inirsol Stab = 4, ‘The porduchons axe Using mule 1° Seitt Syrobe} | Ps So 4, %,4] Pa: b> 14, %, plUf Bx Pe} —> if 2_~. Fo, Gx Po z fe ez) ) £(Pn, 0 -h 3 QD £@ Pe: peje ee 9 str, 0,2) ~f Pas: fF a Rial a * ” : Ck] > els may Peck=a % convest Who following PDn tp CFG Gmaminas thew bu iver Wy | pa (447%, 90,14, 14 %h, 5 %y Aer rid a) 8%, 0,2.) fo. xm} By S/4.0,0) Gi, wo} % S841, > » {aR A) 819, CK) » $Pey} ©) S(pe,yx): Ser,er4 f) SUP 1y) = frre}, Latte Syroba i$ Pl: 3» ff, % 9] Pa. g-» fa, Ho, B) ©) S09, Dt) = {(2, %%)} Pa. $4,709] 2 Ol4,7,9] [9,%, 7]. Pa 19% 4] S014, 0) CP, 20.9] pe [4,%, PF) > ola, 2I le, 2,6) Po! 4, Fe,P] > 0 [4,x,P] LP 2,8), 1) 84,0, = flava} — 4 Pr [449] > 0f4,¥,4] fa,x,9] Pe [9.ra] > fax.) [P.x,9] PI: £O,x, PF] > OF 8x,9) £2,%-P] Po: [9,x, A> 012,%/0) CPx,P)_ | | | | 2 $a txd= {Gy} pn [a9 > 169%, 9] ee he ee a SE x) = per} ps: [ar Ale o) Sp. &x) = 4 (PROF py: XP) se £) S(RLY) = {Rexx pis pra] > IPx, fax pe [Px 9] > VERx.8 fpx,9] PT” [Rx PF) —> IEP x,97 [9B] pis [Px iB) > IL Px, CRA).unit fe : To elimina useless Syrmbels. Macheries Contex- Fee _danguages Se eB Generating yy wo for gomw terminal “Wo | j if . : : x Nowa) fosms fox CFG. 9 % B wochable ip thew i a decivation §>>axp for a= some a and B- how Nowaal! Zar. a ’ A esol s\Sybot . is "Both gonevatirg, ort penchable. | an. ‘a. grammas. at preisioes. cup 0 BENE w. wo cannes . consiclec the grammar P-> BclAB ABC ABC >> Vorables : : a/aBe yas aS a > terminals San I & atl b— A>aS ]sD St A Sieoplibicatiens _oh grammay. 4 x Boal, \S p uuucter fyortol.. } Blinninate cymbals 2x8) Gx4 {e.xs $ C > ab] DD a = | 4 D> ada ~ Those Vaniables OF tesminale tbat “do rot appoos any dedvation ch a termtbal\ ‘ehtng ' prom” thé tart ssyimeet. Gonsraling © ab 5 2. Himinate _e- productions Bob, Cee ‘goo Aa] ABC : with Bec AwaS these preductions oh fam Are for some vecunble A- sa abi, A—>ae 5 Bo aBalb \'roi i F 5 © cab. 5) Hliminale uit productions go Berg ane gereraling. a h = Those prductions ob the fiom A>B fs Variables Db nor gneraling. = ont B: F © 92 en\be Reachability ho ane Eliminating ssess Syrobet a 2 Bs — y J A syrobet "x! 6 wsofal for grammas 6 (vr 729) A,B, caso mae ongtre i thee |b Some desivation eb form 3 axp Seo, whee the ‘resultant gaara 4 sw ie Th Sb XH MOF Useful, then ve Wselees: 2 aha] abe 0A a) Aas: san ? B->aBalb Q4ane C= abb -Q. flirminale useless production from, Gvammat SeaSes | cle Cal Generating: 5a" revating cut} ss asbsle. Ct nok generating Final Grarernat & Ssasbsle 3: Fund the grammar epuivalent to S>ABICA 4 Asal’ B>BejaB , C2aBlb/” with no useles symbok a 7 de Generating: Axa, cob Sata $3.64, Ait,S aro atin, Ava Bene fh cae a Teo Bis Ok | Grerating: 7 . Thawgh 8, A and ¢ ate weachabe . {yee 2 apace The eruivalene gratomat coithouk:- useless siprobet ) [sca teamneg twaSloase, Ae 3 eb A Constr “the” folloverng §— CFG Gi=(V,T, PS) whore, v= foxiyt T= $0NY ard pz $s-sxyfo, x-+13. Remove useless Syrabel goom ie S>xy/o tay Guorovating: ; S,x% ae generating Yu nok gpnevating - oso" one a XE TAR AR & 9 ie @ Eliminating —£- predictions Eliminating @. productions tan. be\ done “by idewibyrg —pullable vaxiable A veriable-is ‘nutlable “py Be 2p ‘Wis nillable,’ ‘then’, thenevet A appeare io @ pooduction boay ,* Satf BS cap, A->é, Nake, oo. vetsions 6h prooluclion . Ad\IA in + Bo cap (without ee) QgHB Ser lifeoith AED oe 8 acd. snl B> tapjeD NOY zetmove e- prvduthions farm tne gramme’ Se ABC | An aca | B>bac]e C> chBlé Lowe here €- productione are Be ant Boe ke An aclale Aa aclalale C-> caB] oA C3 cABILAL* A> aejaje a aclale|s Sr ape] Ke. Heve ¢. productions ae BE. and C+ Je os pacjac ee A> Belale S> ABc/Ac] AB/A Bs aca” A? Bclaje/e eatenalan Be bac/ba C2 cAB/eA Ine hoge => he ( By¥.€ ate Pullable prduchions) S > ABC] Ac/nelacle| B/A A> be/ajc[B Bo bAC/ ba] bC}b C> chBlea] eBle | (Gf utmioat €- pwduction from the. Grarmas a) $2 abe B baje How B>e & hullohl pwduction $2 abB] ab B>bb/b- d)sobs J 1S] € ese $2€ & Pullable production so s]1s] ol). Sa] Abj aBa Avbje B> bly hese ADE and Bre- av nutahle , Preductrons $-> a/ Ab] aba] b/aa Aob Bo>b/A 3 Eliminating nit _parductions A unit whw beth A and By awe Vaniablee preeluttion (Ba production of fom A>8BWi Eliminate unit production firm the grarane em BD Preduction fem the grammar. SOA IBC L—> afbf La] Io £0/2! ba sg HTD A> 0S[00 ele Baila T> Ff THF \ cot. E> t/E4+T 4 Howe S>C and BA ase unit povductrons. reductions , Heve E57, To F and Fo ae anit PI S> oAlIB/01 A~> 08/00 Fot F > afb} Za) 9) 20/911 (E).4\y (> \\oy C301 T9F a ies 2 firoplipicatson Ob Feammar. D Eliminake €- pacduetton, \ 2 Eliminate unit peoductton. 2) Eliminete Useless production : ° | B> Ilosloo | | | | T> afb) La] Lb] 20) Ufle)] THF | eat | c-> ayo) Sa) 16) 16)°9:]Ce) [74¥F EH: [| = te casanee gremnin b tow | D Simpiity the followoerg — grammen. 9 a]bj fa] Lb) 20] Th | $3 4A] ABB 1 A» @aale Ps ajo) Gal %b) PJ UPD wy yy gevbecwuid § | : > a] bj £2] 4b) 20) § | Be bb] bbe | T> al bf tajIb/L£0/ £1) (EQPTHRY 4 C28 pw duction Ase i nullable production ) ¢ E> afb] 2a/tb/dof2i/ (ey ITREJ ERT... 9 | 9 ah Jaga |a Ax aadjaa i B= ba} bbcee ee le UIE production. , | sy anck Here ¢28 & unit paveluction Oso t Saal aBaja Ou4,¢ Cla Axroaahlaa 868/60 O Ginceeake te C2 'bB/bbe ONG.’ Eliminate _uselegs _qumbo onwac aclc trom 3 9 aA | ob Generating: S30, Asaoa a on) alla Not - genevating . Bre } S> aala P tenor vest vous Axaadlao . [c7 Fm §, 4 i wachable - 0 AnclacleCla the final Gramma daablal Sabla Cy ac le Ar aahlag 3 Vielen | Q sue WO) AASB] EG pyaae No-vielery Rook fafys . Oa il ea osqsp| ag ng sila) Cr © he ao saale fen | (\ bake | Saghelafi,|bs Bioko khan (yf laneGaett te gies CP Cr aCalESblelb wo cor. T Ac = = Osaka 0-34 Sas mie may tlnady io ewe a Cyr dD, ne gs h,S Hy =) Ost As Brae essa, — o> Shy len VAAL byeChomsky Noxeal_ Yovm (CNP) The gvaromat ts ch Chomsky Normal foro tpl the productions «3G Ow «i the following fom . ye ADB, where A/B,C awe non-tesminal . 2. fsa, > Nontamial andar us tearuhal. ine bas no useless symbols: So the grammes Gt wil be conver) 40 owe able euminating useless Symbols, Preductons and é- productions unit Process oh converting grammar (99 —— ibis OnE. mau Ua elroinabing é- precluctions, h Siroplify the Qzami agro Unit pxoductions and wseluss 2 Now add al) the productions of the’ foorn “P? BC and A> such brat the production beay, contacts hoo non-tevminals ahd Single neretel on the wight Side Ob the production. A) donionil3 Sp the production has the form - Leh A> XiXoNg... Xe Whee K>O ten CNF 4 tals Asx Y, > x22 Yo-> x2 98 . 5 Nl R Vy > Hie, paloran:| 1k Begid toith the grammar Sa Aspe As asia Bo SbS)Albb imminele there a) Ara thewe ary Uselees Symobalt? Btiminale b) Eliminate €> prveluctrons © Elireinat knit pwductons. Eliwinake _e- prvdluctions , 82€ & nullable production S> Asa] AB A» ansjalaa B> SbS/A [bb] ob /bS/® Eliminate pit prnduction, Boa $3 ASb/AB Ax an sjafaar “74 - 89 Sbs/bb] sb[bs[b/ aAs/afan- Eliminate useless Sytmbet Guenexating ' A+a, Bobb S248 SO A, BS Ae genmling Syrmbele Reachability dom S$: AB a2 Seachabb. qo «wesultant gearemary & $2 psp / AB Ax ans) alas Bo sb6)bb).sb/b5/e]aAs/alaa one fox the follewthg grammar «ff. $2.aB/bA Azas [bArla-* L B> bs/aBelb @. Fird No e€- psoduction and fe unit produetson Gliminale wselees production. Generating: Reachability: 5 mms, pand Baw wa A>, Bob, & is also genesating . Ablix — Sienplifioats on, the grarenmat Ut S2.@B/bA a3 a Avas] bAsla Babs /aBB/b ONE tala ht xa, Y>b. Urn VP BB ! S> xBlyA noxs Nua ao vs]xvie XB] YA A> XS} yu/a B> ys}/xvib Xoa yob V2AA Vv BB Br A grammar tb chomsey Normal ‘Ypsro epuivalenk- | tre fellewihg grammar S>Anlaa Arable Babba Fliroinak _€- preduction - S> AbjaB/B \nivicac Axaab _— Bobbalbb. Ebroimte _onit preduction 858) aB] bbAlbb , : Asaab ag Bo bbAlbb Eliminate useless —pwoduttion. Genesatiogy S.A, B ate generating gyrmbels Reachability 1 From 8, A and B& ase veachable . The Simplified. Ca & $3 AB) AB] bba Jhb Avaab s fx bbAlbb. (NE ur x34 en yoo we S-> AB/xB/bbAlyY => bb > yA am Araab cyeya Bo bbs] yy (Aah KA Ya 0 XA yh Nvlaeian leas S-> 5B) xB Vi oe _ Me S85 AB] xB [yy] YY A> 2A ay (Ax \SV <8 82 ees) Sie > yy BOB oy) xn ka. APA 3 yos Xb srearelt v= YA Ao Yo = XA vane a9 XA*ri 4. Convert tre following §— grammat Saab AB Aa base B2Bhale €: prvduction hoe and Bre Jirninat Ss abAB] abs | abB/ab A> bAB] ba] ba] b B2 Baal Ba/Aala No unit prducton No wselees production XA HYSB: $3 xy aa) aya [x¥B) xy S> xAB] RA) xB/xXY SRY RA[zB/xY Roxy > VP AB. A> YU] xA) yolb B> Bax | Bx /Axja.* Vo BA B> Vx /Bx /Ax]a. eto (NE quo Punabie productions: Gasibach Noval Horm. (GNF) Lab Recwusion The wesuttant grammat tp (NF & G> 2U/xA] 2B) XY Z>KY ure xa yob A> yu) xa [y¥B/b Bs yx Bx/Axla V> BA A grammar is Said to be fn) .Gwe iy Query, pardon oh the grammar & oh the form Non terminal => (ingle terminal) (sting ob ron- tesrninal) Non- terminal -» single terminal . 2% ) WY Uy Ghy te fe Wo lua Fell ‘Tok A CFG containing mules ob the form A> fe] B peer i called tte sea ba Ce, atten’) The — targuage generate by “Guch vule & Ob’ the _ aS par. 54 wo uplee be mule ‘A Aa/B oe, A PBIB B> 4Blx.‘Vasiable » then the language same while ro Lege - vectensive A~ the B& & new gewrasl by A is Bx mus ave used eb dasivations. mong, ph --necussio Aspe reansion can be elimtnaled by the following Schenws ey AAG) Ai os [Rete are valle A epe reansive mul, thew A> pi |B then cheese @ Jos ase alt semasning A-miles pete noo-Fesrminal, say 8. Ral (new B= ules, x ao a/aig 2h *" ve Wp | # rp anne PY - | 2 hae as pifpiB ” hse ad 1 tonvest the org B= (fan aes Ase $683, na) a Me ‘boas eg er asl asailb i jimae SP pe Gwen Ganon eb oe vars haha ~ I. As pshilb *Y ng L pasa | 1 ai Grsbach normal form and = Aihala Bs sub A & AB. ain Ag sina Aa]@ tej Sub As wii, is aw 4 Pr aS mm bas Aa/a ab Apt [Beal oo : "tere, Ds “8 Lt vecensive Jak x, be? ‘new non- terminal Z> AlAs Aa | AiAaae™ xy a [ex ) Aa pi) Bo] Pr] B®, . didi ne} 0.9.9 608 i ns bighg] a | bAsnaz [az® Sere [Aa ag | eur Pa vw | = Sub Ag & Aas) gel : } Az baaAahi|a Ai] bas naxdi Jax ar [6 —> © Now Az is th GNF siasd (simian | sina | fs Sub) Ag’ to Ay i) A> bASAs savas | aArAs] b Ag haatsAs/aziits/ bAs cre ch Gireibath Nowel foo & Ay baa honras]| AAiAg | bAg Am RArAs] ah as] bas J azar] sods Aa> bAgA2 AI] GA1 | DASA Aa >bAs he] a] 6 Ashoz/ aX(2)eomert dhe CFE to GNF So Arla A> ssfb. Given grammar bb ONE Reramby Vomtables, =A, and AsAz Y Ape Aaja, —>OD C5 Az Ara) b ay sb Od & hak A> Aye lemles Hew As & kept cri? OD peceee + wing, @ athe U4), volkey 41>), Rebetelhen d==4, Left tececion Clnereke U per le nan e fi ve tt A.%¢ len, Ib Ey fF 1] 9-1 go Ale atscade FR aaa] bar) aaza, J bza,/ OA ALZ | Az] AZAR] BAAR Lo tS®. Har Ay 8. tb. GNF foun 5 Sith Ao th 2 Co) now SBE E foo Sub Ad ALO Al —> GArds | baa Jaaxa2]|bzA2}a., The Ch th GNF (form. Bb ArPARFa] bas] GA A2] bzAz/a A290] 6) aAiz/bx 2 Ani] baijaaseay| bra, aaa [ba | oARAR/b2AT. @ Convert the gramman Gr thy tp GNF. S> xa] BB Bs b) aa Xb Ava Gb NF the given gramme Rerarmirg the variables. son xan AAs BoA. tovitten a the grammar Can be Ay eds] ng —> O- Aq 6/A.A4 —>® Aa>b Fe asea. —>@ OO. ae ch Geth Andy > tf Aa b/Ai Ag Sub Ay th At Ag yb] Aa Aare | hats ha b Ay ee [eae (Sab nz b) Hee Ag Sb Lop recuse zo sgn] MUX —7O Ag > b[bAsr4] 02) bA9M4X —9®Aa, As, Ay tet GNF fox Sib Aa>b and Ag th O, Ai->b Aa] bag] bAsag ag | berg [bAsAgxAg.. Aa>b Ag 2a Ags bjbasnal bx]baayyx. X > bag] bAshg Aa] bxA4] btadarag] brea Baa nga?) baA43] baahaz uz : Fetes pom: | Conwst CF& chtp Gale 85 ash Sab. Puroping seroma “fev 0rt ib Ag th % = : ; . “en 6 ag|bnonaraa | bm] 683400] | ht od be a cet. ‘then thew exust 4 Constant *n ‘ . x bag] baana hy | euch wt ib OC Bay arg ibe dha i a atlas! “7p, then we Gan. tovile - R= Uvlony, Sdyeck to | é | ing Condition . The Gyraromat th GNF foam B | dollewing | ds yor h 2p, The middle peabon Ub rok tro long . 2 vee. Sine ‘v and ‘x’ axe the pisces to be Pumped, atbast. one ob, the ghings , coe pump musk por be empty This condibion Sayss) that + For all P20, wvieoaly Bis : Toot &, the hoo shings Vand & mag be ‘pumped any Durobe op times» ebetuding 6, and the wesulting Shing toil! Srl! be q@ membe ob b- ye SPS foa_poovitg the language rot_1 ‘be BSB ering Purnpig '_demma . 1 Assume that the language ~ 1° ts Context Bree . 94) Taka the ghing x frm ke 1 8 cattulae the, lenge ob oe Me ial =n. Av tb la) zn, then we can haae the rig ‘zs avi and oo conditions Should Sabispicd (and may Ce id |veox} €n iY ey veges oh OD > Way Iab te abowe eo condinens ae Satispud , MEP Me fellewoing Shed eld Suth that too cendibons ate Satisjud | tor all i20, uvhorly ib Bo For at P20, uv'eory a abe: d i z= wviwrly , . S . | that does ro. 3 Fox any vatue eb T, geta Shing © uv ont ag b Ss ko nob eu re long tp the language guage i su vorinl'y. |b Sheu Bbae Ianguage d= farbeeh|n13, HS net context frea | = ah BO (bem tn | | Janguage. , | . ‘i | xa arerery hn 1 ASsume the Sanguage “tba CFE ‘ifaan. ub feo, zz ahh” (bP-m)""e? & Tare the Sing 2:aPbPeP Pure ze arb? (bem) cP gL arbrcP eb 3. dengeh ch Shing, 121 = Dtnen=3n. | put RL2P, sn 9n : puris®, z= arbr(p-mc? gL. $0 SBE Shiga \ean be bya oik 5 Substring ass Fox the values (20,9 the Shings' dlecs ret belong fot. 42 uvery | J. The given danguage trek CFe Ae Reuvwry . rend . eee @ srew thar d= farbPerdn] nzoz isnot Ce | on wos =? FT pssume the language “ky & a CFL. avd 4 Take the string x=aPbreUD ey WET 3+ dength ob» Shing Ia] = 40 Ja) => 4920. x can be bwak “thie F Shirgs Such as \D Wer) en SO the Shi 9 per R= uvway WT) yad> nem at OY VFB sey wr Le avi 4 zeunory = arbrerd?- > . BoM ee, team, ywox=bP Vash y acl?