I. The Three tools of Criminal detection.

The use of police laboratory in

Investigation the examination of physical evidence,
such as Forensic Ballistics and other
sciences. This is sometimes called
1. Information- The knowledge of facts criminalistics.
that the investigator has gathered or
acquired from person, or documents,
which are pertinent or relevant concerning II. The Four Methods of Crime Scene
the commission of a crime or criminal Search
activities.
1. Strip Method- The searchers proceed
Classification of Information as to slowly at the same place along the path
sources: parallel to one side of the rectangle. At
the end of the rectangle, the searchers
a. Regular sources- records, files
turn and proceed back along new lanes
from government or non-government
but parallel to the first movement.
agencies, news items. TV broadcast,
intercepted radio, telephone 2. Double strip or Grid method- It has the
messages and stored computer data. same process as that of the strip method
but with modification that the lanes
b. Cultivated sources- these are
covered by the strip method is
information’s furnished by informants
reprocessed twice.
or informers.
3. Spiral or circular method- The searches
c. Grapevine sources- these are
follow each other in a path of spiral,
information coming from the
beginning in the outside and spiraling
underworld characters such as
towards the center of the scene.
prisoners or ex-convicts.
4. Zone method- The area divided into
2. Interrogation- The process of obtaining
quadrants and each searcher is assigned
an admission or confession (confession-
to his specific quadrant. This method is
direct acknowledgement of guilt/
sometimes call quadrant method.
Admission- Indirect acknowledgement of
guilt) from those suspect who have 5. Wheel, radial, or spoke method- This
committed a crime. It is confrontational in method is applied if the area to be
nature. The term interrogation also searched is approximately circular or
applies to an uncooperative or reluctant oval. The searchers gather at the center
witness. This kind of witness is treated as and proceed outward a radii or spokes.
suspect in order that he will divulge the The setback of this method is that the
information needed by the investigator. distances of the searchers increase as
they proceed outward.
Field Inquiry- It is the general
questioning of all person at the crime
scene conducted by the investigator.
III. Sketching the Crime Scene
Sketch- It is the graphic representation of
3. Instrumentation- It is the process of the crime scene. With complete
applying instruments or tolls of police measurements of the relative distances of
sciences in criminal investigation and
relevant objects and conditions obtaining laboratory reports, analyses the victim’s
therein. medical history, and put all this
information together in a report to aid the
General Kinds of Sketch
police investigator on case and the
1. Rough Sketch- It is made by the prosecutor (considered as expert
investigator at the crime scene which witness). Medical examiners are typically
is full of important details. This is physicians specializing in forensic
used as the basis for the finished pathology, the study of structural and
sketch. functional changes in the body as a result
of an injury. Their training and credentials
2. Finished sketch- This is sketch most often include a medical degree and
with a scale of proportion and drawn an apprenticeship in the medical
by a draftsman. The rough sketch examiner’s office.
and the finished sketch are for
courtroom presentation.
Forensic Scientists- Within the broad field
of forensic science, there are many sub-
IV. Crime Reconstruction areas, it includes biology, chemistry, and
Reconstructing the Crime- It is the physics:
assessment made by the investigator Pathology- which deals with the
after the crime scene investigation, of examination of body tissues and fluids.
how the crime is committed.
Toxicology- the science or the study of
Kinds of Reconstructing the Crime poisons, including drugs.
1. Physical reconstructions- Odontology- which centers on the study
Reconstructing the crime is based on of the teeth.
the physical appearance of the crime
scene mainly focused on the pieces Psychiatry- which deals with the study of
of physical evidence. And the the human mind.
accounts of witnesses and suspects.
Anthropology- the study of human beings
2. Mental reconstruction- Based on
the physical reconstruction, some
conclusions could be formulated The medical examiner may call
taking into account all available upon forensic scientist who are experts in
pieces of evidence. these various fields for aid in the
investigation of crime.
For example, on every occasion it
V. The Medico-Legal Autopsy
is suspected that drugs or poisons are
The Medical Examiner- Is the involved in a crime, the medical examiner
central character in the forensic must get hold of the services of a
investigation of crimes involving a victim. toxicologist. Forensic toxicologists identify
It is the responsibility of the medical and distinguish any drugs or poisons
examiner to go to the crime scene, present in a person’s body fluids, tissues,
conduct and autopsy in cases of death, and organs. This type of examination is
examine the medical evidence and conducted not only on the victim, but
when possible, also on the suspected cut. These are called hesitation wounds,
perpetrator of the crime. and they indicate a suicide rather than a
homicide, which is characteristically
Forensic odontologies are skilled
consists of a single deep gash.
and qualified to determine the sex, height,
weight, and ethnic group of a deceased Medical examiners are also called
person from an incomplete body. Marks upon to look into cases of asphyxiation
on the bones often imply and reveal past indicating death from lack of oxygen in
injuries, diseases and occupational the blood. Asphyxiation may be a result of
stresses suffered by the individual. a number of different reasons, such as
Investigators can identify a body by hanging, which may be an accident,
comparing old X-rays and the medical suicide, or homicide, or strangulation,
history of a missing individual with the which is clearly homicide. Obstruction of
findings of the forensic anthropologist. the victim’s air passage by an object in
the throat or compression of the victim’s
chest by a person or an object is a
Examining Evidence consequence of asphyxiation.
Asphyxiation may be caused by the
The medical examiner probes replacement of oxygen in the red blood
several dissimilar types of violent crime to cells by another gas, manifested in cases
determine whether a violent death was an of in carbon monoxide poisoning, which
accident, a suicide, or a homicide/murder. can be the result of suicide, homicide, or
In all cases, the medical examiner must accident. In a death involving carbon
carry out an investigation of the crime monoxide poisoning, a closed garage
scene and also an autopsy. In gunshot door and no marks on the body are
wound cases, the examiner looks for usually taken as a sign of suicide,
gunpowder residues on the clothing of the whereas the presence of tools around the
victim and around wounds. This car and grease on the victim’s hands
information is used to approximate how indicates that is an accidental death. The
far away the gun was when the victim presence of a wound caused by a blow to
was shot and to resolve whether the gun the head or the absence of carbon
was fired by the victim or someone else. monoxide in the blood of the victim would
In the case of knife wounds, the point to an attempt to make a homicide
medical examiner must distinguish look like a suicide.
between a cut which is an injury that is
longer than it is deep and a stab wound
which is an injury that is deeper than it is Techniques of Forensic Science
long. The examiner also looks for defense
Forensic science make use of
wounds, cuts caused when an intended
sophisticated laboratory procedures to
victim take hold of the knife of an
detect the presence of substances in the
assailant in self-protection. Cuts, to a
victim, in the suspected criminal, or at the
certain extent than stabs, are more likely
crime scene. For example, to establish
to occur in suicide incidents. More often
whether alcohol was involved in a crime,
than not the body has numerous
the amount of alcohol in the blood can be
superficial parallel cuts, indicating
measured in two ways.
repeated and hesitant trials before the
individual was able to make the final deep
 1. To measure the amount of Forensic investigation of substances
alcohol exhaled in the breath of an found at a crime scene can establish the
individual, which make known the presence of the suspect at the scene.
concentration of alcohol in the person’s One of the oldest methods of forensic
blood. Latest advances in technology science is dusting the scene of a crime for
have produces alcohol breath-testing latent prints made by the impressions of
devices so accurate that their results are the fingertips left on the surfaces touched
capable of providing evidence in court. bare-handed. In one technique of
obtaining a fingerprint, a technician
2. Blood-alcohol level can also be
spreads fine powder over a surface with a
determined by actual blood tests,
brush or magnetic want. The powder
customarily through gas chromatography.
adheres to proteins secreted by the sweat
In this technique, the blood sample is
glands on the skin ridges of the fingertips.
vaporized by high temperature, and the
When the excess powder is removed, an
gas is then sent through a column that
outline of the contours of the ridges is
splits the various chemical compounds
isolated. In other technique, the print may
present in the blood. Gas
be chemically treated to expose the
chromatography make possible the
contours. Because no two fingerprints are
detection not only of alcohol but also of
exactly alike, fingerprinting provides a
other drugs, such as amphetamine,
positive means of identification. Computer
barbiturates, cocaine, and heroin.
technology now allows law-enforcement
officers to record fingerprints digitally and
to transmit and receive fingerprint
When a body is discovered in a information electronically for rapid
river, lake, stream, or ocean, and the identification, this is made possible by
lungs are found to be filled with water, it using the Integrated Automated
must be resolved if the drowning occurred Identification System (IAIS).
where the body was found or elsewhere.
A typical microscope that can magnify
objects to 1500 times their actual size is
The Medico-Legal Autopsy
utilized to look for the presence or
absence of diatoms, single-celled algae The medico-legal autopsy main
that are found in all natural bodies of focus is to determine the cause of death
water. The absence of diatoms raises the of the person. The gross necropsy report
likelihood that the drowning took pslace in will provide a list of frozen serum, tissue,
a sink or bathtub, not where the body was culture reports, and histopathology report
found, since diatoms are filtered from
Necropsy report refers to the
household water during treatment.
details discovered after an autopsy has
A scanning electron microscope been completed. It is considered as the
that can magnify objects 100,000 times is most significant portion of the autopsy as
used to detect the miniscule gunpowder far as the abstractor is concerned is the
particles present on the hand of a person section entitled “Final Diagnosis”. It
who has recently fired a gun. There usually will describe the primary site,
particles can also be chemically analyzed histological type, extension and
to ascertain and pinpoint their origin from metastases of the tumor based on
a particular type of bullet. histopathology examination of the tissues
obtained after death. All of the major
organs are examined unless the autopsy
is restricted to certain organs. All
pertinent findings should be recorded. If
the autopsy repose is based on gross
observation alone (no microscopic
examinations) this should be noted.
However, as part of most autopsies, a
histological examination of tissue
removed from the body will be performed
routinely.

The medico-legal autopsy main focus is

to determine the cause of death of the
person. The gross necropsy report will
provide a list of frozen serum, tissue,
culture reports, and histopathology report.

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