Big Bang theory

- (no actual explosion instead, it was expansion)

- Around 13.8 billion years ago, the universe came into being after a massive expansion
- (universe starts to cool down and came to interaction with other quarts, leading to
formation of cosmic bodies) of Electrons, protons, and neutrons came into existence a
few minutes after the big bang

- Cosmic microwave background (CMB)

- Form of radiation emitted at the same time when electrons first combine with hydrogen
- This particular area in the big bang theory happened when a lot of electrons combined
with hydrogen

- discovered in the late 19 hundreds, robert wilson and arno penzias

- relic or remnant radiation from the earliest stages of the universe
- cooling lead to formation of quartz, later on atoms, elements, and cosmic bodies

Albert Einstein
- General Relativity (space time is stretched therefore the wave of the light coming from
the stars are also stretched)

Edwin Powell Hubble

- Observations of redshifting galaxies (universe is expanding)

Fr.Georges Lemaitre (father of big bang theory)

- Primeval atom or initial point (singularity)
- single point (singularity) which later came to the idea of big bang

main points
1. the universe has a beginning and currently the most accepted scientific explanation is
that of the big bang theory
2. the universe continues to expand and has been expanding faster than it was before
3. evidence supporting the big bang include the observed cosmic microwave background
and the redshift of galaxies

Homework: homework 1
(Answers)
Task 1.1
1. What prompted the earlier scientists to think that there is something else aside from
the observable matter in the Universe?
- They first thought that the expansion of the universe was slowing down due to
gravity. But after the observations made with the HUbble Space Telescope
(HST), it was found out that the expansion of the universe was actually
 accelerating. However, they have no explanation for this event which therefore
led them to call it “dark energy”.
2. Aware of what is known (and still unknown) about dark energy and dark matter, what
does it tell you about the nature of science and scientific investigations?
- It tells me that in order to prove theories, a thorough investigation and valid
hypothesis are needed. It takes a lot of time and hard work and yet science is still
unpredictable. There are still many things we don’t know or things that cannot be
explained by science.

Task 1.2
our solar system the place we call home
lies about 26,000 light-years from the
center of our galaxy the Milky Way or
around two-thirds the way
the story of how these huge planets came
to be orbiting an average yellow star is
six billion years long and since we
don't have that much time I'll speed up
it starts
long ago an ancient star exploded
littering space with swirling clouds of
the materials it had made while it lived
and the heavier metals it created as it
died we know this because we can see
similar fields of dust out in space
today they are called nebulae and they
are very beautiful
every nebula is different and in our
case the clouds contained nitrogen and
oxygen and iron and silica and all the
other stuff needed to build a world like
ours then the tireless force of gravity
started to pull it all back together and
the heavy engineering that produces
planets began
vast spirals of dust began to form and
at the center of one of these a rocky
planet called
start to take shape
built of Stardust and a symbol
gravity
fast forward 100 million years and it
had grown into a giant ball sweeping up
billions of tons of celestial devran
this is where the earth came from and
therefore how you and I began
but our planet would have remained a
large sterile ball of rock and metals
and minerals forever were it not for one
more event one more expression of the
forces of nature 93 million miles away
at the heart of the giant nebula the
pressure and temperature of a ball of
hydrogen gas had become so great that
the atoms were beginning to fuse the new
star our Sun was coming to life
as the Sun ignited it gave off a huge
blast of solar wind
a radioactive gust of energy
this blew all the remaining dust and gas
that was left over from the
out to the edge of the solar system
which is why everything is nice and
orderly today
in the outer reaches of the solar system
we have the huge gas planet Jupiter
such urines inept you further in other
denser rockier planets Mercury Venus
Mars
the US
lucky for us the Sun is 865,000 miles in
diameter
or just the right size to burn
consistently for a very long time eight
billion years long enough to allow the
next development to take place
Life

Task 1.3
1. After watching the video, do you think we are the only planet in the Universe that has life
forms? Why or why not?
- I think that our planet is not the only planet in the universe that has life forms
because we are not the only solar system that exists. It was mentioned in the
video that there are 500 solar systems in our universe alone which means that
there is also a possibility that the same process of how life came to be on Earth
happened to other solar systems.
Task 1.4
1. How do we differentiate the materials forming the Earth's core and that of its crust?
- The Earth formed after the rocks and dust clump together and eventually formed
a planet. However, this took billions of years to take place therefore we can say
that the Earth’s core are the materials that are way older than the materials in the
Earth’s crust because it formed earlier.
2. What is the name of the Mars-sized body that crashed into the Earth and eventually
led to the formation of our moon?
- Theia, a large wandering planet

=====

- Nebular theory, possible origin of solar system

- Large scale and small scale properties of solar system
- Different subsystems of earth

Nebular Theory
As the universe continued to expand:
- Temp dropped
- Matter cooled enough to form atoms (mainly H and He)
- Clouds of gas and dust (nebula) began to form (not necessarily bonding, same place in
same time)

Process of start of solar system

1. Nebular collapse - Our solar system likewise started in a nebula. Nebula started to
collapse around 4.6 billion years ago. This collapse is due probably to shockwaves from
a nearby supernova explosion. Gravity makes the cloud shrink(particles are pulled in the
center) and therefore spins faster and flattens into a disk with a central bulge. (*Nebula
are naturally spinning counter clockwise)
- Bulge will eventually become the sun
2. Temperature zones - temperature near the center increased, allowing only heavier
metals and silicates to condense. Gasses such as methane, ammonia, and carbon
dioxide were able to condense farther away from the center.
- Terrestrial planets - area is made up of silicates and iron compounds therefore
the planets located in here are rocky planets (closest to sun therefore is heated)
- Jovian planets - areas located in are made up of silicates, iron compounds, ices
and frozen glasses therefore planets are made up of gasses and ice (farthest
from sun therefore cold)
3. Growth of protoplanets - disk of gas and dust spinning around the young sun which then
dust grains clump into planetesimals and then collide and collect into planets.

(*more notes in your notebook)

Physical properties of minerals
- Minerals can be identified by describing their specific set of physical characteristics

Color -

Streak - colors of mineral in powdered form; can be identified with the use of a streak plate,
color after rubbing/scratching against a streak plate forming powder like structure

*darkest color is green for minerals

*some minerals may have the same color but different streaks

Luster - describes how the minerals surface reflect light

- Metallic or Non- metallic
> Metallic - metallic luster example: pyrite, reflects light
> Non-metallic - does not reflect light, glassy, ex: clear quartz, earthy luster(looks rusty, reddish
brown)

Hardness - ability to resist abrasion or scratch, general rule: the harder the mineral can scratch
the softer mineral
> Moh’s Hardness Scale - comparison scale, comparing minerals based on how it scratches
other minerals

Cleavage - planes of weak bonding where minerals break, ex: calcite has a distinct cleavage
patterns shown in this photo,
> Basal cleavage- one direction, ex: muscovite
> 2 dimensions: 2 directions at 90 degrees, 2 directions not at 90 degrees, two directions of
cleavage, ex: feldspar
> 3 dimensions - 3 directions of cleavage
*how it was cut

Fracture - area where the surface is not smooth because of the breakage that happened, may
arise when bounds between atoms in a mineral are approximately the same, ex: quartz exhibit
conchoidal fracture, surface where the cut happen
*how it looks like after the cut

Crystal habit - describe how crystals grow and appear (shape) [depending on where they
located, atom arrangement], only for crystals, ex: cubic, prismatic, amorphous,
> Acicular habit - needle-like, ex: mesolite
> botryoidal habit - shaped like a bunch of grapes, ex: ferromanganese crust

Other properties:
Magnetism
Effervescence or reaction to dilute acid
Taste
Synthesis
1. A mineral is NIHDO
2. Minerals can be grouped mainly