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Energy Radiation and Solar Angles Tutorial

The document contains solutions to multiple solar energy and geometry problems: 1) It calculates the rate of energy radiated by the Earth as a blackbody with an average temperature of 15°C, finding it to be 2.0 × 1017 W. It also finds the wavelength of maximum power emitted to be 10.1 μm. 2) It finds the optimum tilt angle for a south-facing photovoltaic module in Tucson on March 1 to be 40.4°. 3) It calculates the altitude and azimuth angles of the sun in Boulder, CO on the summer solstice at 3:00 PM, finding the altitude to be 48.8° and the azimuth to be -80

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70 views16 pages

Energy Radiation and Solar Angles Tutorial

The document contains solutions to multiple solar energy and geometry problems: 1) It calculates the rate of energy radiated by the Earth as a blackbody with an average temperature of 15°C, finding it to be 2.0 × 1017 W. It also finds the wavelength of maximum power emitted to be 10.1 μm. 2) It finds the optimum tilt angle for a south-facing photovoltaic module in Tucson on March 1 to be 40.4°. 3) It calculates the altitude and azimuth angles of the sun in Boulder, CO on the summer solstice at 3:00 PM, finding the altitude to be 48.8° and the azimuth to be -80

Uploaded by

abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Tutorial CH2

❑ Consider the earth to be a blackbody with average surface temperature

15◦C and area equal to 5.1 × 1014 m2. Find the rate at which energy is

radiated by the earth and the wavelength at which maximum power is

radiated. Compare this peak wavelength with that for a 5800 K blackbody

(the sun)?
Solution

• E = AσT 4

• = 2.0 × 1017 W

• The wavelength at which the maximum power is emitted is given by:

• λmax(earth) = 2898/T (K)= 2898/288= 10.1 μm

• For the 5800K sun,

• λmax(sun) = 2898/5800= 0.5 μm


❑Find the optimum tilt angle for a south-facing photovoltaic module in Tucson

(latitude 32.1ᵒ) at solar noon on March 1.


Solution

• March 1 is the sixtieth day of the year so the solar declination δ =-8.3ᵒ

• makes the altitude angle of the sun equal to

• βN = 49.6◦

• Tilt = 40.4◦
❑ Find the altitude angle and azimuth angle for the sun at 3:00 P.M. solar

time in Boulder, Colorado (latitude 40◦) on the summer solstice?


Solution
• Since it is the solstice we know, without computing, that the solar declination δ is 23.45◦.
• Since 3:00 P.M. is three hours after solar noon,
15° 15°
• H= (ℎ) x (hours after solar noon) =( ℎ ) x (−3ℎ)=−45°
• the altitude angle is
• sin β = cosL cosδ cosH + sin Lsinδ = cos 40◦ cos 23.45◦ cos(−45◦) + sin 40◦ sin 23.45◦ = 0.7527
• β = sin−1(0.7527) = 48.8◦
• the sine of the azimuth angle is sin φS = cosδ sinH / cos β = cos 23.45◦ · sin(−45◦) /cos 48.8◦ = −0.9848◦
• But the arcsine is ambiguous and two possibilities exist:
• φS = sin−1(−0.9848) = −80◦ (80◦ west of south)
• or φS = 180 − (−80) = 260◦ (100◦ west of south)

• To decide which of these two options is correct:


• cosH = cos(−45◦) = 0.707 and (tanδ / tanL) = tan 23.45◦ /tan 40◦ = 0.517

• Since cosH ≥ (tanδ / tanL ) we conclude that the azimuth angle is


• φS = −80◦ (80◦ west of south)
❑Find By using the given table, estimate the insolation available on a clear day

at 40◦ Latitude in January on a south-facing collector with a fixed, 30◦ tilt

angle at the site having the sun path and obstructions diagram shown in Fig.

bellow:
Table: Clear Sky Beam Plus Diffuse Insolation at 40◦ Latitude in January for
South-Facing Collectors with Fixed Tilt Angle and for Tracking Mounts (hourly
W/m2 and daily kWh/m2-day)
Solution
❑ Find Eastern Daylight Time for solar noon in Boston (longitude 71.1◦W) on July 1st. Also,

Find the time at which sunrise will occur in Boston (latitude 42.3◦) on July 1.?

Table: Day Numbers for the First Day of Each Table: Local Time Meridians for U.S. Standard
Month Time Zones
Solution
Find Eastern Daylight Time for solar noon in Boston (longitude 71.1◦W) on July 1st
Solution
Find the time at which sunrise will occur in Boston (latitude 42.3◦) on July 1
Solution
❑ Find At solar noon in Atlanta (latitude 33.7◦) on May 21 the altitude angle of the sun was
found to be 76.4◦ and the clear-sky beam insolation was found to be 902 W/m2. Find the
beam insolation at that time on a collector that faces 20◦ toward the southeast if it is tipped
up at a 52◦ angle?
Solution

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