TUTORILA 1 - MODULE 1 LAn aircraft's attitude varies in roll, pitch, and yaw as defined in Figure P1.2. Draw a functional block diagram for a closed-loop system that stabilizes the roll as follows: The system measures the actual roll angle with a gyro and compares the actual roll angle with the desired roll angle. The ailerons respond to the roll angle error by undergoing an angular deflection. The aircraft responds to this angular deflection, producing a roll angle rate. Identify the input and output transducers, the controller, and the plant. Further, identify the nature of each signal. Pitch angle ce Aileron deflection down —————e Rol angle FIGURE P1.2 Aircraft attitude defined Desired Input Error Aeron Rol ral voltage volage position rate ial [ateron pe] Pot ~ se Hoostion >| aera integrate _ controls eat Jeynamics ~ (Gyro vokage beta2. Many processes operate on rolled material that moves from a supply reel to a take-up reel ‘Typically, these systems, called winders, control the material so that it travels at a constant velocity. Besides velocity, complex winders also control tension, compensate for roll inertia while accelerating or decelerating, and regulate acceleration due to sudden changes. A winder is shown in Figure PL3. The force transducer measures tension; the winder pulls against the nip rolls, which provide an opposing force: and the bridle provides slip. In order to compensate for changes in speed, the material is looped around a dancer. The loop prevents rapid changes from causing excessive slack or damaging the material. If the dancer position is sensed by a potentiometer or other device, speed variations due to buildup on the take-up reel or other causes can be controlled by comparing the potentiometer voltage to the commanded speed. The system then corrects the speed and resets the dancer to the desired position (Ayers, 1988). Draw a functional block diagram for the speed control system, showing each component and signal. Bridle Process ae Dancer ) Foe 2 Surface winder Center-driven aan Dancer-position unwinder feedback FIGURE P1.3 Winder Inout ee Desires yotege Error Woior ‘Actual speed +/S2\_valiage and specd ee ee ee i systam Dancer positon fe] Dancer hae Voltage sensor dynamics proportional to-actual speed3. In a nuclear power generating plant, heat from a reactor is used to generate steam for turbines. The rate of the fission reaction determines the amount of heat generated, and this tate is controlled by rods inserted into the radioactive core. The rods regulate the flow of neutrons. If the rods are lowered into the core, the rate of fission will diminish; if the reds are raised, the fission rate will increase. By automatically controlling the position of the rods, the ‘amount of heat generated by the reactor can be regulated. Draw a functional block diagram for the nuclear reactor control system shown in Figure PI 4. Show all blocks and signals. Set desired Amplifier, poet ‘motor, and level dive system Rod Radioactive core Sp Neutron detector FIGUREP1.4 Control of a nuclear reactor Input Power votlage Error votage Moior ‘Actual and power Transducer Ampttcr Foy om bet cactor ~~ - i system Sensor & Votage transducer proportional ‘o actual power4, During a medical operation an anesthesiologist controls the depth of unconsciousness by controlling the concentration of isoflurane in a vaporized mixture with oxygen and nitrous oxide. The depth of anesthesia is measured by the patient's blood pressure. The anesthesiologist also regulates ventilation, fluid balance, and the administration of other drugs. In order to free the anesthesiologist to devote more time to the latter tasks, and in the interest of the patient's safety, we wish to automate the depth of anesthesia by automating the control of isoflurane concentration. Draw a functional block diagram of the system showing pertinent signals and subsystems (Meier, 1992). Actual Commanded Isoflurane blood blood pressure + pressure concentration! Vaporizer, [-——>)5. A Segway®® Personal Transporter (PT) (Figure P1.8) is a two-wheeled vehicle in which the human operator stands vertically on a platform, As the driver leans left, right, forward, or backward, a set of sensitive gyroscopic sensors sense the desired input. These signals are fed to a computer that amplifies them and commands motors to propel the vehicle in the desired direction. One very important feature of the PT is its safety: The system will maintain its vertical position within a specified angle despite road disturbances, such as up-hills and down-hills or even if the operator aver-leans in any direction. Draw a functional block diagram of the PT system that keeps the system in a vertical position. Indicate the input and output signals, intermediate signals, and main subsystems. ([Link] a FIGURE 1.8 The Segway Personal Transporter (PT) ‘a | uT's +} Amplifier Aca Gyroseopie6. In humans, hormone levels, alertness, and core body temperature are synchronized through a 24-hour circadian cycle. Daytime alertness is at its best when sleep/ wake cycles are in synch with the circadian cycle. Thus alertness can be easily affected with a distributed work schedule, such as the one to which astronauts are subjected. It has been shown that the human cireadian cycle can be delayed or advanced through light stimulus. To ensure optimal alertness, a system is designed to track astronauts' cireadian cycles and increase the quality of sleep during missions. Core body temperature can be used as an indicator of the circadian cycle. A computer model with optimum circadian body temperature variations can be compared to an astronaut's body temperatures. Whenever a difference is detected, the astronaut is subjected to a light stimulus to advance or delay the astronauts circadian cycle (Mott, 2003). Draw a funetional block diagram of the system. Indicate the input and output signals, intermediate signals, and main subsystems ete Bay Lor soma ‘ompeaie ona Circadian Temoeaive Cycle Model Astronaut ¥ >O—| Contratier