-REVIEWER FOR EAPP-
Module 1- ARGUMENTS USED IN MANIFESTOES/THE POSITION PAPER
POSITION PAPER is an essay that expresses a stand whether one is Affirmative or
negative about an issue. It gives arguments that support the Opinion of the writer
which are based on the facts collected. Its goal is to convince the audience That
the opinion raised underwent thorough investigation and data collection and is
therefore Valid.
ELEMENTS OF A POSITION PAPER
INTRODUCTION – This part of the paper identifies an issue that is being discussed
by the Author emphasizing his/her position about the issue. Here, the topic is
introduced; the Background and history of the issue shall also be discussed.
BODY of the paper– This part illustrates the central argument which can be
presented through A brief description of the argument. Details, point of view,
evidence are used to support the Claim. It can be divided into these sections
namely: background information, evidence Supporting the author’s position, and
a discussion that addresses and refutes arguments that Present both sides of the
issue.
CONCLUSION – this part restates the main points, then summarizes the
arguments made in The paper and then provides a call of action.
POSITION PAPERS are utilized to present issues and to generate support on them.
Therefore, Gathering factual information to support your argument would be very
essential.
What about MANIFESTO as a form of writing?
A manifesto is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer.
A manifesto advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views, but it can also lay out a
plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art,
literature, or politics. Manifestos are Generally written in the name of a group
sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose Rather than in the name of a
single individual.It combines a sometimes violent societal critique with an
inaugural and inspirational Declaration of change. Although manifestos can claim
to speak for the majority, they are often Authored by social activists and usually
Linked to new ideas.
Remember these key points:
➢ A position paper – an essay that expresses a position on an issue.
Three elements:
O Introduction
O Body
O Conclusion
➢ Manifesto – a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer.
Module 2-WRITING A POSITION PAPER
There are two basics of writing which specialized at convincing. These are:
1. PERSUASION appeals to readers’ emotions to make them believe
something or take a specific Action. It also uses logic and evidence.
Steps in Persuasive Writing
State your opinion and introduce your argument.
Give your reasons for your opinion.
Illustrate with examples to support your opinion . Restate your opinion and your
suggested solution.
Example:(1)Parents’ love which is illustrated with their sacrifices is worth
recognition. (2)They send their Children to school even if they have not gone to
school themselves, (3) even if their own wants are Sacrificed just to fund students’
needs.(4) You, dear students, must recognize this immeasurable love Of your
parents by being good in your studies.
2.Argumentation relies on logic and evidence to build a case for a specific
claim. Argumentation deemphasizes appeals to emotion.
Steps in Argumentative Writing
1. Make a claim.
2. Support your claim with reasons/evidence.
3. Acknowledge the counterclaim.
4. Refute the counterclaim.
5. Conclude with strong statement.
Example: 1 Many students ignore the significance of doing well in their studies. 2
They often neglect their Parents’ sacrifices by getting low grades or worst yet
getting failing marks.
3 On the other hand, Psychologists say performance in school is influenced by
many factors which include peers. 4 However, to fair well in school is not only
about influence but also about being exposed to Social realities such as difficulties
of getting a decent job. 5 Thus, funding students to school Becomes a big sacrifice
among parents.
Remember!
The activities that are important to make a
Convincing stand.
1. Identify the issue.
2. Make a stand.
3. Formulate your thesis statement about your stand on the issue you have
identified.
4. Do research and readings to gather the information that will be used as
evidences.
5. Present an effective argument.
The basic parts of a position paper are as follows:
Introduction – Identification of the issue and background and the statement of
the position.
Body – Description of the argument Presentation of facts and evidences
Conclusion – Restatement of main points and summarizes arguments
A suggestion of the course of action or possible solutions
Taking a stand about an issue will empower someone to change the opinions and
attitudes of others.
Thus, in bringing about societal change, the challenge is to be firm in making a
stand.
Module 3- KINDS OF REPORTS
WHAT IS IT
Reports are essential to keep an updated account of an event, situation, and
organization.
These are documents that wish to inform, analyze, or recommend. Reports are
often expressed
Through oral presentations or written. The common mediums of these reports are
speeches,
Televisions, radios, and films. Report writing is making a detailed statement about
the company, an event, a situation, And/or an occurrence which is based on an
observation, investigations, and inquiries.
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS REPORTS
FORMAL REPORT – is a complex account either written or oral that uses formal
and structured
Language and is usually applied in major projects and organizations.
INFORMATIONAL – presents result, information, and updates and Explains
Examples: 1. Attendance reports
2. Annual budget reports
3. Monthly financial reports
ANALYTICAL – presents, analyzes, and draws conclusions from
Reports and shows the why and the how of an occurrence
Examples:
1. Scientific research
2. Feasibility reports,
3. Employee appraisals
4.
RECOMMENDATORY- presents recommendation based on the
Results and conclusions
Example:
Recommendation report
INFORMAL REPORT – communicates, updates information using free-
flowing, casual and short
Formats usually about routines and everyday business
Examples:
1. Progress reports
2. Feasibility report
3. Literature review
4. Personnel evaluation
5. Report on sales
BASIC STRUCTURES OF REPORTS
I.Title page
II.Abstract
III.List of Figures and Tables
IV.Introduction
V.Body (varies according to type of report)
VI.Conclusions
VII.Recommendations
VIII. References
IX.Appendices
Module 4-DESIGNING THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
WHAT IS IT
A survey is a general view, examination, or description of someone or
something. It
Also refers to looking carefully and thoroughly at (someone or something),
especially to assess
Them. When you want to do a survey, you need a questionnaire to help get
the information that
You need. A good questionnaire should be valid, reliable, clear, and
interesting. When we say,
Valid – it asks what it intends to ask.
Reliable – it gets the same answer if the same question Is posed repeatedly
in a short time.
Clear – it is easily understood.
Interesting – it is completed by the respondents and
Gets better response rate
The design of the questionnaire should not be Taken for granted to be able to get
accurate data. A bad questionnaire may lead to wrong Conclusions since data
collected may not be correct.
Remember these when you create a survey questionnaire:
Let us discuss each thoroughly.
DESIGN
• Ask the right questions
Questions may be “close-ended” or “open-ended.” You can use either depending
on the data that
You want to get from your respondents.
“Close-ended” questions provide options to the respondents and require them to
choose one or more
Items from the list.
This is used if the range of answers are well known and the options are limited.
For example: Do you have a computer at home? ___yes ___no
“Open-ended” questions allow the respondent to express their opinions freely
and they are not
Restricted by the options. This is used if the answer options are multiple and
unknown. The answers to
The open-ended questions require re-grouping before analysis.
For example: What are the reasons why students do not have computers at home?
(You can list one
Or two reasons).
The options available should be comprehensive so that the respondent can find an
option which best
Suits his/ her answer. You can include an “Other: please specify ________”
category as one of the
Options. You can also let them check as many items as applicable but be sure to
mention it in your
Options.
For example: Why do you want to have a computer? (You can choose more than
one)
I need it for my projects in school.
I want to play online games.
My friends have computers.
I want to use it for business.
Others: Please specify: ______________
In questions that involve assessing attitudes or giving opinions, a scale with a
range of
Responses is preferred to a yes/no answer. Likert scale (usually 5-point or 7-point)
is a commonly used
Method.
