Learning Objectives 1 Determine the polarity of a bond based on the electronegativities of the atoms forming the bond 2 Determine the polarity of simple molecules 3 Describe the geometry of simple compounds @Different Types of Chemical Bonds with Examples Dike ae) 2. Covalent Bond “wo nonmetal atom share electrons 1. onic Bond "Metal atom loses electron) to nonmetal atom Was MoxCBs + mate Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide Hydrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Water 3, Hydrogen Bond 4, Metallic Bond Hydrogen atwactsan electronegative stom electostatclly Soin! wots Positive metallons attract conducting electrons onpertonsmetsedin a ectron cloudPeople also ask Sree es oUacan ae A the distribution of electrical charge Dee ul neuter eer Cir Proust tek te Eet ia ee Mae nae) ier ete Cun pecs eel ees) [ots CS EMESIS CE eS ue eee easy oe Me nae oCe ook oF moti ential Seer te nea Caney ee cee Cue ery Definition & Example, Polar Vs Non-Polar Molecules ...- BYJU'S Search for: What does polarity mean in chemistry?Electronegativity is ameasure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons to itself. On the periodic table, electronegativity generally increases as you move from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group. ei DEEDES eee ie ce Ea Electronegativity (vicleo} | Periadic trends | Khan AcademyElectronegativity Trend 1A 2A . 0 7 Directions of 2 H it i H _ increasing 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A | Ue 3 | 4 electronegativity sy])e]7 Li | Be B/C|N eat | nove aan beors|ssoo07 nm | 12 8B 3 | 4 | 15 Na | Mg AJ] si] P Ar 22-9696 | 24.905 3B. 4B SB 6B 7B 18 2B 28.066. 99.948 ve | o | 2 |] ] ee) |] 2%] ar] | 2 | 0 3 35 | 36 K | Ca] Sc] 7 cr | mn | Fe | Co Cu | Zn Ga Br | Kr a9 S996 sou | ease) a 40 42 ZrPolarity of * Molecules eeePolarity of a Molecule For a molecule to be polar it must: 8 1. It must have polar bonds This can be determined from differences in electronegativity. 2. Be an asymmetric molecule Based on molecular shapeMolecular Geometry 3-dimensional structure of the molecule It can be determined using the number of bonding pairs as well as the lone pairs present in the Lewis structure of the molecule Electron pair = b.p. (bonding pair) + I.p. (lone pair) Mol. Geom = e pair AND I.p (lone pair)Molecular Geometry 3-dimensional structure of the molecule it can be determined using the number of bonding pairs as well as the lone pairs present in the Lewis structure of the molecule Electron pair = b.p. {bonding pair) + Lp. (lone pair) Mol. Geom = e pair AND Lp (lone fisir)Molecular Geometry Tngonal planar Trigonal planar Tetrahedrat Trigonal bipyramidalepee seat “bp. + Tp e Mrel Glo = pare Chy AND pF GG iC= contral eiften fe Terma) oh» 1.): fae rales ° mel Gli = a de CHa ie n lp. # pe 2 SS6a 4 0 == 6 pal shape E bp. 1 lp. L MD Cte. lp =e = \ S »eA € park +O = € pair shape . bp a lp. t Uy lp. — S ¢ eS st eoTetrahedral g Trigonal bipyramidalas es m5 L mn) Glin = He eaerane Se ~ ot ey N aa in Sl Pt = \ mr) Geom = i of ‘ pte hp | \ re Pe ) 1 atl ‘avTrigonal planarSymmetrical Molecules Because of symmetry, molecules that have polar bonds are overall nonpolar molecules (bond dipoles cancel out) linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, square planar, trigonal bipyrimidal, and octahedralNove Ag . , Molecules with symmetry Symmetrical Molecules = Because of symmetry, molecules that have polar bonds are overall nonpolar molecules {bond dipoles cancel out) Q=C=O eA \Nomnage] O° Molecules with symmetry Symmetrical Molecules ¢ 1 ae Because of symmetry, molecules that have a polar bonds are overall nonpolar molecules tk (bond dipoles cancel out) 7) lneer, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, square @=C€=© I planar, trigonal bipyrimidal, and ‘octahedral a a ® 2Symmetrical Molecules Because of symmetry, molecules that have polar bonds are overall nonpolar molecules (bond dipoles cancel out) linear, trigonal planar, tetrahed planar, tri octahedral squareSymmetrical Molecules Because of symmetry, molecules that have polar bonds are overall nonpolar molecules (bond dipoles cancel out)Asymmetrical Molecules Ifa molecule has polar bonds (and there is no symmetry to cancel out + and charges), the molecule is polar. Bent, trigonal pyramid, T-shaped, see- saw, square pyramidalPOLAR Asymmetric Molecules Asymmetrical Molecules {fa molecule has polar bonds (and there is no symmetry to cancel out + and charges), the molecule is polar. Bent, trigonal pyramid, T-shaped, see- saw, square pyramidalCe POLAR sic Asymmetric Molecules Asymmetrical Molecules < if a molecule has polar bonds (and there is no symmetry to cancel out + and charges), the molecule is polar. Bent, trigonal pyramid, T-shaped, see- saw, square pyramidalAsymmetrical Molecules If a molecule has polar bonds (and there i no symmetry to cancel out + and charges), the molecule is polar. Bent, trigonal pyramid, T-shaped, see- saw, square pyramidalAsymmetrical Molecules If @ molecule has polar bonds (and there no symmetry to cancel out + ond charges}, the molecule is polar. Bent, trigonal pyramid, T-shaped, see- saw, Square pyramidalDoes the central Is the molecule atom have any YES }—+ LINEAR or lone pairs? SQUARE PLANAR? —— NO YES NO I Are the terminal [ASYMMETRIC | atoms identical? a NO YES Q ASYMMETRIC SYMMETRICSomnl « ir ee | a s am, cl ol ol ASYMMETRIC | SYMMETRICea NoOpnae Molecules with symmetry ' > Cl { os, os ee Sen - toe O=Cc=O “Jol 8 eT agTo summarize... ( POUR maileidles, Colac lode Polar molecule CANNOT contain nonpolar oe eee caneneecee WP mmelecalec; Yl bands or bon cule that has ONL" bonds and NO p « @ POLAR MOLECULE NP bods Ge PAR Asymmetric Molecul YSApproximate Difference Bond Type 0to04 Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent lonic Electronegativity diff z | 7 PN - BOND TYPE:Approximate Difference Oto04 0.5 to 1.9 2 or greater Bond Type Nonpolar Covalent “Polar Covalent “Ionic Electronegativity diff = 3.98 (F) - 2.04 (R) = 1.94 BOND TYPE:€ a ea BF) - Pua bord oF: |BF - Poa i aE VP pabuale‘Acprowaie Diterence Bond Tape owas Nongae Covaient as019 oso Covalent 2 greater one +e Electronegativit i = 3.98 (F) — 2.04 (8) = 1.94 BOND TYPE: N-POLAR MOLECULE with POLAR BONDS en BF, - Pilar bardsoH! POLAR rrsléiles’, Polar band NP rel ccult ¢ Volare bunds dr ore Electronegativity iff a a BOND TYPE Wp aliPOLAR milecdles’, Pela bands = mala ¢, Wo bonds or WP bods SS ateTo summarize... If the molecule has a NET DIPOLE, then it is POLAR‘ If the structure is SYMMETRIC, then it is NON-POLAR 1. When there are no lone pairs on the central atom, then the molecule is NON-POLAR. 2. If itis linear or square planar, then it is NON-POLAR. (This rule is more important than rule 1, so it overrules it) 3 If it has different terminal atoms, thengt is POLAR. (This rule overrules rule 1 and 2)contal ifim Termial ote & ASYNMETRIC Syhin ‘and POLAR NOMPractice Exercises tures of the + Analyze the molecules. Determine if the follow non-polar based on th geometry (symmetry)- Trgonal pianar Trigonal bipyramidalda °F Sp ig 4 priritope-b 0 ofl —St\0 tat -DV TRIG. PLANAR mC) rd tan O priv: ie fees gTrigonat bipyramidal8) NoWPOLAR SY ner ea ) tom - Ore “Wb Poe pr 07 | = | © par srape = bp.+\p RAAAABMOQ4 0B are A i¢ SBip OF pine so sty a 6. TETRA RED RALpie < { \\ © i paring a= My “ty A ao cup » one Hl 4oe N OE parstnpr- ae ee ek _* AD z TOTRAREORAL —_— ©) rnd qt0m _— : bg pate Lp | Tkle - pyeRhiOKH H H—C—C— i H 4H ethane a. Polarity b. Symmetry c. Electron-pair/domain d. Mol. Geomethane Polarity Symmetry = Electron-pair/domain Mol. Geomethane Polarity . Symmetry — SYMPEIRIC Electron-pair/domain |. Mol. Geom! | ' ' BC ' ’ ' ethane . Polarity > | . Symmetry = SYMPEIRIC Electron-pair/domain |. Mol. GeomH 1 ' ' 1 AG | —C l | fe | H, H ethane polarity - MNPOLAR a b. Symmetry — §YMPPIRIC c. Electron-pair/domain d. Mol. Geom s AMLOAH ethane H ( 2. Polarity ~ MINPOLAR \ : [Link] = SY MPEIRIC ethane : a) a. Polarity NO b. Symmetry en Tem epRM FeTeanEnR( ammonia a. Polarity POLAR b. Symmetry ASYMMETRIC ammonia lectron-pair/domain bp. a. Polarity b, Symmetry d. Mol. Geom ¢. Electron-pair/domain d. Mol. Geom TAG. YR AMIPAL 19pair/domain b= I d- Mol. GeomBoron trichloride a. Polarity NOWADLAR Boron trichloride a. Polarity b. Symmetey ¢. Electron-pair/domain Trico a ae g TRIG: PLAWAR B) Tels. PAAR AAAAAAA LA £2.48O45 ( Sulfur dioxide [Link] PS ee v. b. Symmetry ASY MVIFIRIC «. Electron-pair/domain be. Sulfur dioxide d. Mol. Geom a. Polarity b. Symmetry AS’ ¢. Electron-pair/domain d. Mol. Geom KG: PLAVAR DENTa (ee, H” 4”H H chloromethane Polarity ‘on-pair/domain Mol. Geom b. Syr c 4.= an 4 A chloromethane a. Polarity Pil ( ASYMMETRIC TERA REORAL c., H7 0H H chloromethane 2. Polarity As b, Symmetry c. Electron-pair/domain di. Mol. Geom Efa H formaldehyde a. Polarity b. Symmetry c. Electron-pair/domain d, Mol. Geom AiA-A AA AB 2mui con a. Polarity ( & Symmetry "RnR Cc. ¢. Electron-pair/domain bp. Bg H d. Mol. Geom formaldehyde a. Polarity b. Symn Electro} ‘ Mol Seon ca a