Chapter 1
Literature review
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Different scholars come up with different definitions of high rise buildings. A high rise building is defined as its
height greater than 12 floors or 36 meters above ground level. The history of high rise building starts from at the
early with the pyramids of Egypt and the tower of Babel. The modern high rise building started in America in
1885. High rise buildings have several advantages for one's country by occupying large people in a single
building and saving land of a city. However, a distinction must be made between “high buildings” and “high-
rise buildings”: “high buildings” have only a few floors and not uncommonly only one, albeit very high floor.
They are crowned by a high roof and turrets (in the manner typical of medieval and Gothic cathedrals). “High-
rise buildings”, on the other hand, have many, usually identical floors of normal height one above the other. The
first high-rise office building according to this definition was built in Chicago in 1885: the Home Insurance
Building.
1.2 BACKGROUND
1.2.1 HIGH RISE BUILDING
[Link] Definition of High Rise Building
A building is an enclosed structure that has walls, floors, a roof, and usually windows.
A tall building is a multi-story structure in which most occupants depend on elevators [lifts] to reach
their destinations.
The most prominent tall buildings are called high-rise buildings.
Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as "A multi-story structure between 35–100 meters tall, or a
building of unknown height from 12–39 floors."
Buildings between 23m and 150m are considered high rises, while those taller than 150m are considered
as skyscrapers.
The construction of high-rise buildings started at the end of the 19th century in Chicago, with the
evolution shown in Figure 1.1
Figure 2.1: Diagram of buildings that have once claimed the title ‘World’s highest building’.
[Link] Characteristics of high rise building
SINGLE-FUNCTION VS. MIXED-USE BUILDINGS
A single-function high rise building is defined as one where 85 percent or more of its total height is dedicated
to a single function.
A mixed-use high rise building contains two or more functions, where each of the functions occupies a
significant proportion of the tower’s total space.
[Link] Classification of High Rise Building
Summary of tall building classifications (CTBUH)
Buildings higher than 50m is termed as high-rise Building
Buildings higher than 100m is termed as skyscraper
A “super tall” is a high-rise building 300 meters or taller, and a
A “mega tall” is a high-rise building 600 meters or taller.
[Link] Classification of High Rise Building Structural Systems
According to ‘Council on Tall Buildings and Urban habitat’ there are four types of structural system:
Type I: Shear Frames
Type II: Interacting Systems
Type III: Partial Tubular Systems
Type IV: Tubular Systems
According to material it can be:
1. Concrete type and
2. Steel type
According to Mir M. Ali and Kyoung Sun Moon, Structural systems of tall buildings can be divided into two
broad categories:
1. Interior structures and
2. Exterior structures.
1. INTERIOR STRUCTURES
By clustering steel columns and beams in the core, engineers create a stiff backbone that can resist tremendous
wind forces. The inner core is used as an elevator shaft, and the design allows lots of open space on each floor.
Some interior structural systems are:
A. SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
A shear wall is a structural panel that can resist lateral forces acting on it.
Example of shear structure
B. OUTRIGGER STRUCTURES
Outriggers serve to reduce the overturning moment in the core that would otherwise act as pure cantilever,
and to transfer the reduced moment to the outer columns through the outriggers connecting the core to these
columns.
Example of outrigger structure
2. EXTERIOR STRUCTURES.
In newer skyscrapers, engineers moved the columns and beams from the core to the perimeter, creating a
hollow, rigid tube as strong as the core design, but weighing much, much less.
Some exterior structural systems are:
A. TUBE SYSTEM
B. DIAGRID SYSTEM
C. SPACE TRUSSSTRUCTURE
D. SUPERFRAMES
E. EXO-SKELETON
[Link] SYSTEM
Tube is a system where in order to resist lateral loads; a building is designed to act like a hollow cylinder
cantilever perpendicular to the ground.
Several tube systems exist including:
Framed tube system
Braced tube system
Bundled tube
Tube in tube
[Link] SYSTEM
For diagrid structures, almost all the conventional vertical columns are eliminated.
This is possible because the diagonal members in dia-grid structural systems can carry gravity loads as well as
lateral forces due to their triangulated configuration in a distributive and uniform manner.
[Link] TRUSSSTRUCTURE
Space truss structures are modified braced tubes with diagonals connecting the exterior to interior.
[Link]
A super frame is composed of mega columns comprising braced frames of large dimensions at building corners,
linked by multistory trusses at about every 15 to 20 stories.
[Link]-SKELETON
In exoskeleton structures, lateral load-resisting systems are placed outside the building lines away from their
facades.
General conclusion for the exterior structure of high rise buildings:
1.2.2 HIGH RISE HOTEL
[Link] Definition of high rise hotel building
Hotel is a building, symbol, company or business entity that provides services accommodation, food and
beverage providers and other service facilities where all the services are intended for the people, whether they
are staying overnight at the hotel or those who only use the facilities.
[Link] Classification of high rise hotel building
1.2.3 HIGH RISE APRTMENT COMPLEX
1.3 HISTORY OF HIGH RISE APARTMENT COMPLEX
1.3.1 CLASSIFICATION/ TYPE
1.3.2 STANDARD AND REQUIRMENT
1.3.3 DESIGN TREND
[Link] Urban Design (Which Site Is Good For Apartment Complex)
[Link] Site Planning
[Link] Functional Space Organization
[Link] Circulation
[Link] Service
[Link] Structure
[Link] Material
[Link] Construction Details
[Link] Aesthetical quality
1.3.4 DESIGN STANDARD
[Link] Room Size Requirement
[Link] Circulation Requirement
[Link] Toilet Requirement
[Link] Parking Requirement
