Chapter 6: Man and the State － Architecture during the growth of the  During the time of King Louis

e time of King Louis XVI, there were a lot of controversies

European States. and failures in his leadership. The people had the feeling of being
stagnant and were dissatisfied with the leadership of the monarchy.
Objectives: Thus this led to a revolution and execution of King Louis XVI, which
i. To know the influences of neoclassical architecture in European ended the reign of the monarchy.
states.  On the other hand, after this happened, the people were
ii. To know the style that emerged and developed during the growth enlightened and had their use of the knowledge. The characteristics
of the European states. of being open minded was explored when they were given freedom.
iii. The effect of Political, Social, and Religious influence in the A sense of equality grew and opportunities were everywhere. And
Architectural characters of neoclassical buildings. there the growth of European states started, with knowledge and
enlightenment improvements were evident.
The Major Influences to the High Middle Ages Overview…  The architecture during this period of growth has been a factor and
- The High Middle Ages or High Medieval Period was the period of a catalyst of progress for European states. This is because aside
European history around the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (c. 1001–1300). from being classical, the architecture in the period is Neoclassical as
The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and well. Neoclassicism, another term for romanticism, is described to
followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500. be an antidote of progress. In this case, being neoclassical in nature,
– From the growth of the European states, a style emerged from the architecture really does contribute to the progress and growth of
people. This is the neoclassical Architecture. European states in this period.
 From the growth of the European states, a style emerged from the
Geo gra ph ical In fluen c e people. This is the neoclassical Architecture.
 High middle Ages was the rapidly increasing population of Europe,
which brought about great social and political change from the Neoclassicism Architecture
preceding era, the Renaissance of the 12th century, including the The result of knowledge and enlightenment.
first developments of rural exodus and urbanization. Overview…
 “Neoclassicism artists do not make dreary reproductions of their
Religious Influence creations － be it arts, sculpture or poetry but makes something
 The East-West Schism of 1054 formally separated the Christian new and innovative every time. More than just creating something
church into two parts: entirely new, neoclassicism is a natural expression of a culture with
1. Western Catholicism in Western all its elements and the finesse with which an artist regains the lost
Europe elements that might have slipped into the oblivion is what makes a
2. Eastern Orthodoxy in the East neoclassic artist successful and popular.”
 It occurred when Pope Leo IX and  Neoclassicism was referred to as the antidote to progress and often
Patriarch Michael I excommunicated also called as“Louis XVI style” since it came forth during and after
each other, mainly over disputes as to his reign. Neoclassicism aimed to regain for art and design a
the existence of papal authority over purity of form and expression which felt like lacking in the Rococo
the four Eastern patriarchs, as well as style. They rejected the spirited and rich ornament of Baroque style.
disagreement over the filioque. Neoclassicism believed that the golden age of progress and
knowledge as from the age of Romans which ad peace, progression
Social and Political Influence and harmony. Thus they return to it back to basics with purity and
 We all know that in Europe there were two powers that hold simplicity.
everything.  Neoclassical structure are characterized by their walls rather than
 The first one is the Monarchy, mainly the royalties, kings and queens, the decoration of it. Its emphasis is on the planar characteristics
and the other was Religion, which was signified by the church. and the building itself is symmetrical.
During these times, the monarchy and religion is one of the same.
The kings and queens hold religion such as religion hold the Characteristics of Ne oclassical Ar chitecture
monarchy. However, what use was this monarchy and religion hold i. Architectural Orders
if they lost one big factor, the people. - Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite.
ii. Style retained all the engineering advances and new materials of
Brief History of the Growth of the European State… the modern era.
 The period of the growth of European states, traced back from the
Age of Enlightenment or Age of Reason in Europe, saw the
dominance of classical designs particularly for architecture. There
are several reasons why architecture during this period is
considered and viewed as classical.
 First, much of the designs during this period are roman-inspired and iii. Monumental structures
they exhibit characteristics such as beauty, splendor and
magnificence that are common depictions of being Roman; and
knowing that roman culture is a very important contributor to the
classical period, having Roman-like characteristics makes the
designs classical.
 The second reason is the prevalence of architectural structures like iv. Supported or decorated by columns of Doric, Ionic or Corinthian
columns, buttresses in churches, temples and castles, which for pillars.
instance, are frequently made during the classical period. These are
the very reasons why the designs during this period are very
classical in characteristics.

v. Topped with classical Renaissance domes

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vi. Technical innovations of late 18th century architecture like layered Russian Neoclassical Architects
cupolas and inner cores. 1. Charles Cameron
– Pavlovsk Palace
– Sophia Cathedral (c.1782-88) Tsarskoye Selo
– Cameron's Gallery (c.1784)
- Catherine's Palace, Tsarskoye Selo

vii. Lending increased grandeur to civic buildings, churches, educational

facilities and large private homes.

2. Vincenzo Brenna
– Baths of Titus from Vestigia delle Terme di Tito by Smuglewicz,
Brenna and Carloni
viii. Neoclassical structure are characterized by their walls rather than – Interiors of Gatchina Palace in 1877
the decoration of it. – Ruins of Bip Fortress (Paul's folly) in Pavlovsk – Brenna's
original 1797 drawing

ix. Its emphasis is on the planar characteristics and the building itself is
symmetrical. 3. Giacomo Quarenghi
– Quarenghi's Hermitage Theatre in St Petersburg.
– The Kuzmino Church of the Annunciation
– Quarenghi regarded the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens
– Quarenghi's best known vedute meticulously represent
mediaeval monuments of Moscow and its environs.

The Growth of Neoclassicism Architecture throughout the

World…
Early Neoc la ssic al Arc hi tec ts
1. Christopher Wren
- St. Paul’s Cathedral
4. Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov
- Temple Bar London
- Petrovsky Palace, main hall
– Marlborough House, Westminster as designed by Wren
– Kremlin Senate from the Red Square
– Interior, Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford University
– Moscow University, 1798
– St. Bride's Fleet Street, Spire
– Assembly of the Nobility
– Library, Trinity College, Cambridge University
– Golitsyn Hospital
– Pavlovskaya Hospital

2. Inigo Jones
– The Queen’s House
American Neoclassical Architects
– Banqueting House, Whitehall(1619–22)
1. William Thornton
– Design for the Star chamber building, not executed (1617)
– Ruins of the Thornton Plantation at Tortola
– Gateway at Oatlands Palace , (1617) now at Chiswick House
– The U.S. Capitol when first occupied by Congress, 1800
Gateway at Arundel House (1618), demolished
– The Octagon House (1800), Washington, DC
– Prince's Lodging, Newmarket for Henry Frederick, Prince of
– Woodlawn Plantation, Fairfax County, Virginia (1805
Wales (1619), demolished
– Tudor Place (c.1808), Georgetown, Washington, DC
– The Queen’s Chapel, St. Jame’s Palace, (1623–27) for
– Library Company of Philadelphia (recreated 1954), now
Henrietta Maria of France
Library Hall, American Philosophical Society.

3. William Kent
2. Benjamin Latrobe
– Houghton Hall, interiors and furniture
– Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the
– Burlington House, London interior decoration (c.1727)
Blessed Virgin Mary
– Chiswick House, London, interiors and furniture (c.1726–29)
– Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Engraving by William
– Sherborne House, Gloucestershine, furniture designs (1728)
Russell Birch.
– Stowe House, interiors and garden buildings (c.1730 to 1748)
– Latrobe Gate at the Washington Navy Yard

2
 Adams-Grey House
- The Adams-Gray House is a historic farmhouse in the community of
Adams Mills, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1840s in two separate
countries, it has been named a historic site.

3. Charles Bulfinch
– Massachusetts State House, completed 1798
– Old Connecticut State House, built in 1796
– Faneuil Hall expansion.
– United States Capitol, 1846 Adriance Memorial Library
– Massachusetts General Hospital, Bulfinch Building - The Adriance Memorial Library is located on Market Street in
Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It is a stone building in the
Classical Revival architectural style erected shortly at the end of the 19th
century.

4. Thomas Jefferson
– Virginia State Capitol, designed by Jefferson (wings added
later)
– (left to right) Washington, Jefferson, T. Roosevelt and Lincoln Palace of Ajuda
sculptured into Mt. Rushmore - The Palace of Ajuda is a neoclassical monument in the civil parish of
Ajuda in the city of Lisbon, central Portugal. It was originally begun by
architect Manuel Caetano de Sousa. Later, it was entrusted to José da
Costa e Silva and Francisco Xavier Fabri. The contribution of sundry
architects Manuel Caetano de Sousa, Jose da Costa e Silva and Francisco
Xavier Fabri.

FAMOUS NEOCLASSICAL ARCHIETCTUR E

BUILDINGS
23 Wall Street
- This was, very literally, the House of Morgan, the New York home base of
the banking empire built by John Pierpont Morgan. Designed by Albany Institute of History & Art
Trowbridge and Livingston and built in 1913, the building was so well known - The Albany Institute of History & Art (AIHA) is a museum in Albany, New
as the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co. – the "House of Morgan". York, United States, "dedicated to collecting, preserving, interpreting and
promoting interest in the history, art, and culture of Albany and the Upper
Hudson Valley region". Its main building is a 1920s Classical Revival
structure designed by local architect Marcus T. Reynolds.

511 Federal Building

- The 511 Federal Building was constructed in 1916–1918 and opened in 1919.
It was designed by architect Lewis P. Hobart. It is located between
Portland's Old Town Chinatown and the Pearl District. Albertina
- The Albertina is a museum in the Innere Stadt (First District) of Vienna,
Austria. It houses one of the largest and most important print rooms in the
world with approximately 65,000 drawings and approximately 1 million
old master prints, as well as more modern graphic works, photographs
and architectural drawings.
84 Plymouth Grove
- Now known as Elizabeth Gaskell's House, is a listed neoclassical villa in
Manchester, England, which was the residence of William and Elizabeth
Gaskell from 1850 till their deaths in 1884 and 1865 respectively. It was
designed in the Italianate style, probably by architect Richard Lane.
Alexander Palace
- The Alexander Palace is a former imperial residence at Tsarskoye Selo,
on a plateau around 30 minutes by train from St Petersburg. Designed by
Giacomo Quarenghi.

Academy of Athens
- The main building of the Academy is a neoclassical building between
Panepistimiou Street and Akadimias Street in the center of Athens. The
building was designed as part of an architectural "trilogy" in 1859 by the
Danish architect Thoephil Hansen, along with the University and the
National Library.

3
 Co lo ni al Re vi val St yle
Chapter 7: Man and a New Nation － Architecture in Colonial & Post- A revival of the Colonial styles while Neo-
Colonial America Colonial was like mash up of the Colonial
Styles but with improvements.
American Colonial Architecture…
 It consists mainly of Mesoamerican and Incan architecture. The
architectural character of this period varies from region to region
this was due to the exchange of cultures all throughout the period. Influences
 It was constantly evolving and changing since this was a span of at  The study of the progress of architecture in new country,
least a thousand years. It is not necessarily one period but it is untrammeled with precedent and lacking the conditions obtaining in
named as such to summarize all sub-periods under it. Europe, is interesting; but room is not available for more than
 Since there were several design types that were developed during cursory glance.
this period and those period were named after the colonizers.  During the eighteenth century (1725-1775) buildings were erected
 These periods were the French, Spanish, Georgian, Garrison, New which have been termed “colonial” in style, corresponding to what
England, Southern, Cape Cod, Dutch Colonial also there is the New is understood in England as “Queen Anne” or “Georgian”.
Colonial styles which is the Colonial Revival.  In the “New England” States wood was the material principally
employed, and largely affected the detail. Craigie House,
Frenc h Co lon i al Cambridge (1757), is typical of the symmetrical buildings. It has
It has stucco-sided homes with expansive 2- elongated Ionic half-columns to its façade, shuttered sash windows
storey porches and narrow wooden pillar the hipped roof and the dentil cornice of the “Queen Anne” period;
stucked under the roof line. The porch was an the internal fittings resembling those of Adam and Sheraton.
important passageway.  Economically and socially the most advanced nation of the
continent was the U.S.A., where a sense of national identity had
Spani sh Colon ial been reinforced by the war with Britain of 1812-14. By 1840 the
It was most commonly sided in adobe or country’s trade was worth 250 million dollars per year, almost half
stucco. The roofs were flat or slightly pitched being earned by New York. Cotton of Louisana and extensive coal
and finished with red clay tiles. Some and iron resources of Pennsylvania.
Spanish Colonial homes featured a
Monterey-style, second-storey porch. Character
 European influence in both North and South America remained
Ge or gian strong throughout the period, although materials, local skills, social
Built sophisticated brick and clapboard customs and especially climatic conditions played their part, and
homes that imitated British architectural buildings continued to possess strong regional characteristics.
fashion. Also, it is highly symmetrical with  In the U.S.A. itself, a conscious striving for a truly ‘national’
multi-pane windows evenly balanced on architecture became evident soon after the war of independence,
each side of a central front door. This façade and architecture in that country can be considered as passing
was modestly ornamented with dentil through three broad and loosely phases:
moldings or decorative flat pilasters.
Post-Colonial (1790-1820)
Ga rriso n Col onial Architecture of this period moved away from the English Georgian idiom
Imitated the houses of medieval England. Many which had become established along the eastern seaboard of the country
of these homes had steep Neoclassic elements was introduced.
gabled roofs,small diamond paned windows,
and a second storey overhang across the front
facade. Garrison Colonials usually were sided
in unpainted clapboard or wood shingles.

New E ng land Colo ni al First Eclectic Phase (1820-1869)

Were 2-storey high with gables on the side and During this period the revived Greek style was predominant receiving a
an entry door at the center. To conserve heat, a more wholehearted acceptance that it did in England and developing
massive chimney ran through the center and specifically American characteristics. The Gothic and Egyptian styles found
sidings were not painted. some popularity but compared with the Greek revival, these were minor
streams.
Southern Co lo nial
Were symmetrical in shape. The siding, however,
was often brick and the chimneys were placed at
the sides instead of in the center.

Cape Co d Col on ia l Second Eclectic Phase (1860-1930)

Had single storey or one and a half storey with American architecture achieved international significance during this
no dormers. They usually were sided with period and followed two main streams. The first related to the Gothic
shingles or unpainted clapboards. revival and initiated as a Romanesque revival with H.H. Richardson as its
first important exponent, gained considerable momentum and reached
Du tch great vigor and vitality in the work of Louis Sullivan.
Often built brick or stone homes with roofs
that reflected their Flemish culture.
Sometimes the eaves were flared and
sometimes the roofs were slightly rounded
into barn-like gambrel shapes.

4
 Domestic Buildings Taliesin East
1. White House, Washington D.C. By Frank Lloyd Wright.
2. Robie House, Chicago
3. Monticello, Near Charlottesville, Virginia
4. Biltmore, Ashville, North Carolina
5. Stoughton House, Cambridge,Massachusetts
6. Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois
7. Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconcin Religious Buildings
1. Church Of Christ Scientist, Berkeley, California
White House 2. Trinity Church, Boston, Massachusetts
The official residence of the president of the U.S.A was designed by James 3. Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois
Hoban, an Irish architect, in the English Palladian Style. After damaged
sustained in the war of 1812,it was restored and considerable restoration Church of Christ Scientist
has been carried out in the present century. The porticoes were designed By Bernard Maybeck provided an article to the antidote to the epidemic of
by B.H. Latrobe. old Spanish Mission revivalism, which was threatening to engulf
architecture in California. It uses natural materials, and owes something to
the vernacular tradition of the west coast of America.

Robie House
By Frank Lloyd wright, is dominated externally by its strong horizontal lines
which seem to make it almost one with the land on which it is built. Trinity Church
Constructed of fine, small brick with low-pitched hipped roofs, the house is By H.H. Richardson is one of the key monuments of American architecture.
planned in an open and informal manner, interesting use being made of The design, chosen competition, although basically Romanesque in
changes of level internally, the flowing internal spaces being generated by character is handled in a master full and imaginative way. Internal
a central core containing staircase and fireplaces. decoration in encaustic color was carried out by J.F. Lafange, while the
west porch was added in 1897 to the designs of Shepley, Rutan, and
Coolidge.

Monticello
Was designed by Thomas Jefferson third president of the U.S.A. for his own
use. The first house, and elegant example of colonial Georgian, was Unity Temple
completely remodeled in a free and imaginative Palladian manner. By Frank Lloyd Wright is characterized by the sturdy simplicity of its
external massing, on which the design relies rather than eclectic detail.

Biltmore
By R.M. Hunt, the first American architect to be trained at the Ecole des
Beaux Arts in Paris,in the style of an early French Renaissance chateau. Educational, Civic, and Public Buildin gs
1. State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
2. United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
3. National Academy Of Design, Newyork
4. Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts
5. Lincoln Memorial,Washington, D.C.
Stoughton House 6. Post Headquarters U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York
By Mckim, Mead and White, is a timber-framed house, its walls clad 7. Temple Of Scottish Rite, Washington D.C.
externally with wood shingles providing an important example of the so
called ― shingle style. State Capitol
By Thomas Jefferson was based on a Roman temple prototype, the
Maisan Carree, Nimes. An ionic order was used by Jefferson, while for the
Fenestration of the “cella” hehad recourse to Palladian formulae.

Winslow House
The first important work of Frank Lloyd Wright, a simple structure,
basically symmetrical,but its hipped roof, wide projecting eaves and
emphatic horizontal lines foreshadow the architect’s later work and what United States Capitol
was to become known as the ― Praire House. Is the seat of the United States government has become, with its crowning
dome, one of the world’s best known planned on Palladian lines with a
central rotunda; this has survived in essentials, despite numerous
modifications and additions.

5
National Academy Of Design Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse
By P.B. Wight Venetian, Gothic in style and making full use of polychrome By H.H. Richardson, had seven storeys and was of load bearing wall
masonry patterning, shows the influence of the writings of John Ruskin. construction. A remarkably powerful design, with its great arched
openings and the vigorous texture of its masonry. It had considerable
influence on later buildings in Chicago and elsewhere.

Public Library
By Mckim Mead and White is beautifully detailed buildings, representative
of the best in the academic stream of late 19th and 20th century Auditorium Building
architecture in America. By Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. Combined with an opera house with
hotel and office accommodation and owes much of its external character
to Richardson's Marshall Field warehouse.

Lincoln Memorial
By Henry Bacon is in the form of an unpedimented Greek Doric peripteral
temple, set on a high podium and surmounted by a simple attic. Monadnock Building
By Daniel Burnham, has sixteen storeys. The building derives distinction
from the simplicity of its elevation treatment· and was the last tall building
in Chicago for which load-bearing walls were employed.

Post Headquarters U.S. Military Academy

Is romantically sited on a steep encarpment overlooking the Hudson River,
are the work of Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson, and provide examples of
academic architecture in Gothic style. Second Leiter Building
By W. Le B. Jenny, is an eight storey metal framed building with a simple
and effective elevation treatment, the stone façade reading as a sheath
over the internal metal structure.

Temple Of Scottish Rite

A masonic temple design by John Russel Pope, is in the same tradition as
the Lincoln memorial. Externally, it takes the form of a reconstruction of
the Mausoleum Halicarnassos, but is somewhat ponderously handled. Reliance Building
By Burnham and Root, was originally built as a four-storey structure but
was later extended to sixteen floors. The terra-cotta facing to the metal
frame was reduced to a minimum and its simple yet carefully - detailed
elevation the building marks an important advance in skyscraper design.

Commercial and Ind ustrial Buildings

1. Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
2. Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago,Illinois
3. Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois Gage Building
4. Monadnock Building, Chicago, Illinois By Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche, is a three-bay eight-storey
5. Second Leiter Building, Chicago, Illinois framed structure,and force shadows the elevation treatment of the
6. Reliance Building, Chicago, Illinois Schlesinger Mayer store.
7. Gage Building, Chicago, Illinois
8. Schlesinger-Mayer Store
9. Wainwright Building, St. Louis, M.O.
10. Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, New York
11. Woolworth Building, New York
12. Empire State Building Schlesinger-Mayer Store
By Louis Sullivan, was originally a nine-storey structure, a twelve-storey
Merchant’s Exchange section being added in 19031904 and further additions by D. H. Burnham.
By William Strickland, Is in the Greek revival style and is noteworthy for the The building was originally crowned by a rich overhanging cornice.
grand, apsidal treatment of its rear elevation, enriched externally by a
screen of Corinthian columns rising from first-floor level through two
storeys, and crowned by a cupola based on the Choragic monument of
Lysicrates, Athens.

6
Wainwright Building
By Adler and Sullivan, a ten-storey steel-framed building, provided an
answer to the elevation problem of the skyscraper.

Larkin Soap Co. Building

By Frank Lloyd Wright, was designed around a central circulation court, lit
from the roof and sides by windows sealed from noise and dirt. Offices
were approached from galleries around the court, borne on brick piers.

Woolworth Building
By Cass Gilbert, 241m high with fifty-two-storey, was carried out in the
Gothic style and provides an important landmark in the story of high
building.

Empire State Building

By Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, which rises through eighty-five-storey.