Civil Rights Notes

White Primary
• The white primary system helped __________________________________________________
because it only allowed whites to vote in statewide primary elections.
• The white primary system completely __________________________________________________ of
the political process.
• In 1944, the Supreme Court struck down a similar white primary system in Texas, ultimately leading
to the end of __________________________________________________ .

1946 Race
• 1946 also saw one of the most _____________________________________ in Georgia politics.
• __________________________________________________ for the fourth time, but he died before
he could take office.
• Many of his supporters knew that he was ill, so they scratched his name off the ballot and
_________________________________________________ , Herman Talmadge.
• The state legislature chose between the two people with the
__________________________________________________ and Herman Talmadge won.
• Progressive Ellis Arnall, who was governor at the time, did not want Talmadge to win because he
would continue his __________________________________________________ .
• Arnall resigned so that lieutenant governor Melvin
__________________________________________________ .
• Talmadge took the __________________________________________________ and seized control of
the Governor’s Mansion, while Thompson set up an alternate governor’s office in downtown Atlanta.
• The Georgia Supreme Court finally stepped in and ruled that
__________________________________________________ as acting governor until a special
election could be held to settle the matter.

Herman Talmadge
• Like his father, Herman Talmadge ran a race based on _________________________________.
• He served as Georgia's governor from ________________ and was incredibly popular among the
state’s white Democrats.
• Talmadge made significant __________________________________________________ during his
time in office.
• In 1956, Talmadge won a seat in the __________________________________, where he served until
1980.
1956 State Flag
• In 1956, the Georgia Assembly approved the state’s most _________________________ .
• The 1956 flag greatly offended African Americans and progressive whites because two-thirds of it
looked like a ____________________________________ .
• Most people believed the legislature’s new flag decision to be symbolic of Georgia’s resistance to the
federal government’s _________________________________ .
The flag represented Georgia for 45 years until it was finally ______________________________

Civil Rights
• Throughout the US’ history, many African Americans were treated like
__________________________________________________ , especially in the South.
• They were forced to live in segregated housing, attend segregated movies, and
__________________________________________________ such as restrooms, water fountains, and
waiting rooms.
• During the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans
__________________________________________________ and segregation.

Benjamin Mays
• One of Georgia’s early influential voices was Benjamin Mays, the son of former slaves who grew up to
be a __________________________________________________ .
• Mays was a minister and educator who became president of Atlanta’s
__________________________________________________ .
• He spoke out against segregation and strongly believed that all human beings should be
__________________________________________________ .
• Mays was a highly intelligent and influential man who became known for expressing his views on
segregation during __________________________________________________ .
• He preached to his students about the changes that needed to occur in social policies because racial
injustices went against the United States’ __________________________________________________
.
• Mays also taught them to __________________________________________________ that restricted
their human rights.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Mays’ lectures had a tremendous __________________________________________________ —
Martin Luther King, Jr.
• King graduated from __________________________________________________ and became an
ordained minister.
• He became a national hero and the recognized leader of the Civil Rights Movement after successfully
leading the __________________________________________________ .
• The Boycott ended when the Supreme Court ordered Montgomery to
__________________________________________________ .
• King was an extremely gifted man who preached
__________________________________________________ against unfair laws.
• He believed that African Americans could gain their rights by protesting, but that the
__________________________________________________ .
• King formed a group called the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to lead
__________________________________________________ and protests throughout the South.

Nonviolent Protests
• King believed that African Americans would win their rights quicker if they
__________________________________________________ .
• Many African Americans and some whites held nonviolent marches and boycotts
_________________________________________________ .
• At times, the nonviolent actions from civil rights workers received
__________________________________________________ .
• As people around the nation saw peaceful protestors being beaten by angry mobs and policemen, the
__________________________________________________ .

Schools
• Schools were another place where __________________________________________________ .
• In 1954, __________________________________________________ the board of education in
Topeka, Kansas because the schools were segregated.
• His third grade daughter, Linda, had to travel one mile to get to her black school, even though the
__________________________________________________ .
Thurgood Marshall
• Linda Brown’s lawyer was __________________________________________________ .
• He argued the case before the U.S. Supreme Court that having separate schools
__________________________________________________ to the Constitution.

Brown v. BOE
• The US Supreme Court heard the case __________________________________________________ .
• In 1954, the Supreme Court handed down a
__________________________________________________ that greatly impacted Georgia and the
rest of the South.
• The court ruled that __________________________________________________ , and public schools
across America began to integrate.
• This case overturned the earlier 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case that declared the
__________________________________________________ doctrine.
• Even though all 9 of the justices ruled that any separation would not be equal, many southern states
__________________________________________________ their schools.
• Georgia’s governor, Herman Talmadge, strongly opposed the decision and encouraged Georgia’s
legislature to __________________________________________________ .

Sibley Commission
• After schools were forced to segregate by law in 1954,
__________________________________________________ .
• In 1960, a commission was formed by Atlanta banker John Sibley that
__________________________________________________ to see how Georgians felt about
integration.
• The Sibley Commission found that __________________________________________________
would rather see schools closed that integrated.
• As a result, the commission recommended that
__________________________________________________ the desegregation matter for itself.

UGA Integration
• African American students _________________________________________________ both applied
several times to the University of Georgia.
• Each time, their __________________________________________________ because the university
was “full”.
• They took their case to court and the school was
__________________________________________________ under an order by the US District Court
in Athens.
 • When they entered, __________________________________________________ by the student
population and an angry crowd threw bricks through Hunter’s dorm window.
• Both Hunter and Holmes graduated and went on to have
___________________________________________________________________ .
• __________________________________________________ and Hunter is a writer/journalist.
• __________________________________________________ soon followed throughout the state.
• Today, there is a __________________________________________________ on UGA’s campus in
their honor.

SNCC
• By the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement was well underway and was
__________________________________________________ .
• King’s strategy of peaceful protest was adopted by a
__________________________________________________ who formed the Student Non-Violent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960.
• SNCC used __________________________________________________ where they refused to move
in order to boycott businesses that wouldn’t serve blacks.
• SNCC also helped __________________________________________________ throughout the South.

Albany Movement
• From fall 1961 to summer 1962, a desegregation movement involving the NAACP and SNCC took
place in __________________________________________________ .
• The movement’s goal was to __________________________________________________ in Albany
(transportation, schools, libraries, hospitals, restaurants, juries, etc.) through mass protests, sit-ins,
and boycotts.
• The police wanted to __________________________________________________ , so they arrested
over 500 protestors.
• Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Albany to lend his support and bring national attention to the cause;
however, __________________________________________________ .
• __________________________________________________ in Albany, and King said it was because
the groups tried to do too many things, instead of focusing on one aspect of segregation.
• It was considered more of a __________________________________________________ than a
success, but the city did eventually desegregate.
March on Washington
• In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. led more than 250,000 people on a
__________________________________________________ in Washington, D.C.
• They called on President Kennedy and Congress to pass a law that guaranteed
__________________________________________________ for all citizens.
• King gave his famous __________________________________________________ speech at the
gathering, inspiring Americans to strive for a world where black and white children could play
together in peace.

Civil Rights Act

Lester Maddox
• Lester Maddox became a public figure when he chose to
__________________________________________________ rather than comply with the Civil Rights
Act and serve African Americans.
• In 1966, he was __________________________________________________ , despite being a strict
segregationist.
• Maddox surprised many people by __________________________________________________ into
office than any governor before him.
• Maddox also __________________________________________________ and GBI.
• As governor, he __________________________________________________ and increased spending
for Georgia’s universities.
• Maddox also started ___________________________________, a monthly event where average
citizens could come talk to him in the Governor’s office.
• He kept representatives nearby to help the
__________________________________________________ .
Maynard Jackson
• In 1973, Maynard Jackson made history when he was elected as
__________________________________________________ .
• As mayor, Jackson made sure that minority businesses received a
__________________________________________________ , often upsetting established white
business owners.
• Under his leadership, MARTA (Atlanta’s mass transit system) began running and Hartsfield Airport
added a new __________________________________________________ .
• The city of Atlanta added his name to the airport in 2003:
_________________________________________ .

Andrew Young
• Andrew Young became well known as a civil rights activist and
__________________________________________________ .
• In 1972, he won a seat in Congress and was Georgia’s
__________________________________________________ to the House since Reconstruction.
• In 1977, President Carter appointed Young to be America’s
__________________________________________________ .
• In 1981, he succeeded Jackson as ________________________________________ .
• Young served two successful terms as mayor where he increased international investment in the city
and brought the __________________________________________________ to Georgia.
• He __________________________________________________ in 1990, but lost to Zell Miller.
• Young played a key role in bringing the __________________________________________________
to Atlanta.