POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN A GRID CONNECTED

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Mr. Nisarg Swami Mr. Manish Patel Mr. Nikunj Patel

P.G. Scholar, Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical Department of Electrical
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Ganpat University-UVPCE Ganpat University-UVPCE Ganpat University-UVPCE

Abstract
Nowadays Modern distribution system have increase day by day like solar, wind etc. but this source has intermittent nature &
voltage fluctuation occurs in distribution system. Power system in some Loads are connected This Loads are power electronics
load, ESD. Lead to increase Losses in point of common coupling and distribution feeder.so, future system needs loss free energy
with improved power quality. In this Topic performance of Universal Active power filter-based PV-UAPF system, have dynamic
and steady state analysis detail. The sampling method of the fundamental components destroyed load current thought adaptive filter
enabled rapid extraction of fundamental active components in all phases. Therefore, this type of filter is combination of series and
shunt filter. Series filter connected at PCC and shunt filter connected at non-linear loads. Solar PV system with MPPT to find a how
to transfer capability to power from source to load. These power quality challenges can be solved by adapting the topology and
control algorithm in accordance with the distribution system's requirements. Power quality like harmonics, voltage dip, voltage rise
and fluctuation in system. The PV-UAPF technology provided a dual advantage of distributed generation and better distribution
system. Here, shunt filter mitigates harmonic due to non-linear loads and series filter reduce harmonics like sags/swell at PCC.

Keywords—PV, MPPT, PCC, UAPF, ESD etc.

I. INTRODUCTION
Recently development of industry, commercial & domestic sector in use of power electronic development of solid-state controller.
The quality of power will be destroyed due to electronics controller and switches that have demands of quality of power from
source. A distribution system faces problems with power quality that are related to load current and supply voltage. Current related
PQ issues are distorted and unbalanced current, low power factor, and source neutral current, whereas voltage related PQ issues are
sag, swell, unbalance, flicker, and distortion [1].

Energy must be used for everything from transportation to manufacturing to agriculture to household needs to office needs.
Examples of energy include light energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, heat energy, and nuclear energy. Energy use is
incredibly important to human existence. When there is enough energy available and accessible, both personal and societal growth
are accelerated. There are two types of energy sources,
• Non-Renewable Energy
• Renewable Energy

Solar irradiation is used to generate power, which emits no greenhouse gases. PV solar systems have a 25-year lifespan and can
produce more energy than they cost to manufacture. They can also generate electricity for remote locations where there is no
electricity network, such as deserts, where there are no other users. This type of system, also known as an off-grid system, is the
most cost-effective way to provide electricity in remote areas. However, the majority of PV power generation feeds into a distribution
system known as a grid connected installation, which supplies power to the grid when other sources of power are unavailable.
Development countries like Germany, which led the globe in PV power output in 2010, were followed by Spain, Italy, and Japan.
PV power generation is more expensive than other sources due to the equipment required. The government gives subsidies or feed-
in tariffs in the hopes that technology would improve and become more competitive. As the efficiency of PV plants improves, the
amount of power generated rises, which is a major factor. As a result, revenue rises as the cost of power generation falls.
Governments are pushing it with subsidies or feed-in tariffs, anticipating that the technology will advance to the point where it will be
competitive in the near future. Increasing PV plant efficiency so that the power generated grows is an important feature since it will enhance
earnings, lowering the cost of the power generated and bringing it closer to the cost of electricity produced from other sources.

Current scenario of solar energy in India

The Indian government has established long-term plans for the national solar mission, which include generating 20 GW by 2020
and increasing to 100 GW by 2030, with the goal of replacing coal-based thermal power generation by 2030. Solar PV have capital
cost should high of renewable source, but operational cost is lower and low maintenance cost. Widely use of solar energy in
renewable for 12.28 MW solar PV generation capacity installed in 30th Jun 2010.

Solar PV generation cost around per MW is 17 crores Rs, this cost includes Panels, equipment, land support system.

Devices Amount in Rs. Percentage

( Cr.) of total
Installation 1.7 10
Solar PV arrays 7.7 45
Inverter 2.5 15
Balance of system 3.4 12
Others items 3.0 18

Table-1 Capital cost analysis for installation

According to a semi-conductor association study, the cost of light to electricity conversion rate is 12 to 20 Rs per KW in India's
most sunny regions, making it an ideal market for solar power production companies. However, according to the study, around 60
companies are currently supplying PV systems, 9 companies are producing solar cells, and 19 companies are producing solar
modules.
PV installations in India, most visible seen in lighting application like, home lighting, street lighting, cities, town and small
electrification in rural area. The Central Government has approved 12 proposals under the special incentives package program,
which entails an Rs 76,573 investment in the domestic solar power sector. This policy provides a 20% capital expenditure incentive
for units placed in a special economic zone for the first ten years, and a 25% incentive for units located elsewhere. Capital subsidies
or equity participation could be used as incentives.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

In Power system combination of more distribution generator in the network, short circuit level increase due to short circuit current
contribution of during faulty condition or abnormal condition compare of induction machine and synchronous machine-based
generator with Solar PV system with inverter is lower fault current in network due to PV panel characteristic and operation of
inverter. Beyond the capacity of any country's power generation, there is a need for power. In this case, solar and wind energy are
used to complement fossil fuel-based power generation, however non-linear loads employing rectifiers with RL loads cause some
distortion in load current. As a result, voltage source inverters coupled in parallel with active power filters can be used in this
instance to reduce harmonic and reactive power correction simulation ally. Active power filters generate compensating current that
is physically opposite from harmonic current but equivalent to it in order to lessen load current distortion at the moment. Active
power filters combine series and shunt filters in such a way that they generate compensatory currents of similar amplitude and
opposite phasing for any non-linear loads with harmonics present..

Different types of power quality problem occur in system

• Swag/swell
• Harmonic distortion in load side
• Voltage unbalance
• Voltage fluctuation
• Noise
The various forms of power quality problems stated above occur in power systems or distribution systems and can be eliminated
by a universal active power filter, whose efficiency is great and detection action is quick..
 Fig.1 Working Principle of APF
In Fig. 1 AC supply is connected to the non-linear load that is bridge rectifier with R-L load where,
𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 – Supply current
𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 -Load current drawn by non-linear load
𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶–Compensating current supply by APF to mitigate harmonics
𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆 - Source inductance
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 - Load inductance & 𝐿𝐿1 – Coupling inductance

In this case, the APF generated compensatory currents of same amplitude but opposite in phase to those harmonics present due to
non-linear loads, resulting in harmonic reduction at the load current. In most cases, voltage source inverters (VSI) are utilized to
transform PV system electricity into distribution system power. However, in this case, the VSI serves as a versatile device that may
be utilized for energy conversion, harmonic suppression, and reactive power correction all at the same time.
II. UNIVERSAL APF TOPOLOGY
• Universal active power filter with a PV system

A bidirectional current converter with six switches and a combination of switching and filter components is known as an APF. The
structure of this power filter is based on a VSI control approach with a capacitor for DC energy storage and the inverter output
connected to a non-linear load with a diode Rectifier Bridge with an RL-load. To allow current to flow in either way, the diodes are
connected in anti-parallel with the IGBTs in each switch. The PV linked Universal APF compensates for reactive power by injecting
real PV power to a distribution line at PCC and by injecting compensating current to decrease harmonics in load currents generated
by nonlinear loads. This filter is connected to the nonlinear load in a universal configuration, which means it is connected in parallel
with it. This active filter can detect harmonic currents created by nonlinear loads and then inject a compensatory current equal in
amplitude and phase with the nonlinear load current to eliminate harmonics in load currents caused by nonlinear loads. As a result,
the resulting current is a fundamental frequency sinusoidal current pulled at the PCC in the distribution network.

The control strategy adaptive filter-based novel technique for controlling three phase universal active power filter (UAPF) for
integration of solar PV array to DC bus uses zero crossing detection with two adaptive filters to extract the magnitude of active
component of destroyed load current, which is then used in the calculated reference signal for shunt filter. This Technique have
series filter controlling by synchronous reference frame and regulating by maintain load voltage. Shunt filter have controlling by
Reference signal and this signal generation by load voltage and grid current. This reference signal generation by p-q and d-q
theory.so these method performances destroyed unbalance load condition while harmonics. Because of low pass filter cut-of
frequency used in technique have held at a low level to filter out the presence of a double harmonic generation of reference current
of shunt filter in form of indirect current control where grid current has shunt filter take reference. This current has fundamental
and active component. This grid current converted into α-β domain using clerk transformation.

Load current fundamental component is active component Ilα at zero crossing of β components of voltage components. DC link
voltage maintain DC bus control block. It consists of PI controller input of error and sensed voltage.
 Fig.2 Block diagram of a PV system connected to a Universal APF
A Universal APF generally consists of the following components:
a) Voltage source inverter based on IGBTs
b) DC energy storage system
c) Active control components

Universal active filter combination with solar PV battery in grids connected & islanded modes of operation DC bus link with PV
array system. Battery is connected DC-link by DC-DC converter with BES operation enables in islanded mode. Apart from running
the PV array, it integrates battery energy storage into a bidirectional converter system with two control loops: a voltage control loop
and a current control loop. The DC link voltage reference is obtained via maximum power point tracking. The difference between
the reference and measured currents is fed to the controller, which generates a duty cycle before modulating the converter switch.

Universal APF Reference current signal generation

The universal APF reference current can be generated using a variety of ways categorized by time, frequency and time-frequency.
1. Time domain
• d-q-0 theory
• P-Q theory
2. Frequency domain
• Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)
• Adaptive Neural Network(ANN)
3. In time with frequency domain
• Small wave method
• One cycle control or digital/analogue filters separation

Various control systems for harmonic reduction have been presented, but the active-reactive Power (P-Q) theory has shown to be
the most effective so far. This theory may be applied to steady-state or transient-state activities and it can be utilized to control APF
in real-time.
p–q theory based control

Fig.3 Block diagram of p-q compensation theory

As shown below, the P-Q theory is generated by translating the voltage and load current into α-β co-ordinates.

The instantaneous active power 𝑝𝑝𝐿𝐿 and reactive power can be expressed as

These 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝and 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 power can be divided into oscillatory and average terms as following

III. SIMULATION AND RESULT DISCUSSION

• Matlab Simulation of Solar PV with UAPF-

The configuration of a PV-UAPF system is shown in Figure 6. This is a three-phase system with a common DC-bus that consists
of a shunt active filter and a series active filter. Mitigate power quality problem in distribution network in clean energy generation
with reducing fossil fuel dependence thus leading to quality improved of environment. Integration of renewable energy with FACTS
device such as UPFC so, this device mainly uses for improved stability use for improved stability of system. Load current
compensation is major requirement so, renewable energy integration of universal active filter.

Generation of reference signal in main factor in active filter. Reference signal is generation mainly two load voltage & grid current.
In power system load voltage distortion and voltage distortion at PCC side. Accurate of extract of active component of load current
under unbalance condition is importance of PV base UAPF. Different method is estimation of reference signal generation on p-q
theory, d-q-o theory. Performance of this method deteriorate under unbalance load. Because low pass filter cut of frequency is kept
very low filter out harmonics during unbalance condition. Adaptive notch filter base system uses to extract fundamental load current
component. Reduced a computational burden & good dynamic response, synchronous reference frame theory base control of Active
power filter to compensate for voltage sag/swell at grid, generates Dc-link voltage is maximum power point tracking algorithm
used. Different advantages of system follow.

Solar PV reading take note with different types of irradiation with time and different type of temperature and take note with regard
of how much output and what is effect on output voltage with changes of temperature and irradiation.

Fig.4 Configuration of Solar Photovoltaic Integrated Unified Active Power Filter System
Fig 5- MATLAB Simulation of PV-UAPF System

Fig 6-MATLAB Simulation of PV system with APF

 Fig 7-Control Strategies of Shunt Active Filter

Fig 8-MATLAB Simulation of Shunt Active Filter control

 Fig 9- Control Strategies of Series Active Filter

Fig 10-MATLAB Simulation of Series Active Filter control

Fig. 11-Frequency Tracking Response of the Adaptive Filter

Fig 12-Source Voltage Waveform

Fig.13-Source Voltage during Steady State Condition

Fig.14-Source Current during Steady State Condition

Fig.15-Load Voltage during Steady State Condition

Fig.16-Load Current during Steady State Condition

 Fig.17-Sag-Swell mitigation in Load voltage and Current

Fig-18 Performance of PV-UAPF under Three Phase Short Circuit Fault

Fig.19-Source Voltage under Three Phase Short Circuit Fault

 Fig 20-Load voltage under Three Phase Short Circuit Fault

Fig 21-Source Current under Three Phase Short Circuit Fault

Fig 22-Load Voltage under Three Phase Short Circuit Fault

 Fig 23-Solar PV power under Three Phase Short Circuit Fault
V. CONCLUSION
The MPPT Control methods P&O and INC is implemented for proposed Solar PV system in fixed radiation level. The Comparison
of these two methods are also done. In the simulation results shown the INC algorithm provides low oscillation in Solar PV output
as well as VSC control provides oscillation damping in grid integration of Solar PV system. Here this project deals to say that P&O
and I&C are best suitable in many applications then all other methods due to their easy implementation. We can clearly see from
different tables that Incremental Conductance algorithm tracks higher efficiency the Perturb & Observe algorithm. The performance
of the proposed PV-UAPF system has been thoroughly examined under both steady state and dynamic modes. The adaptive filter
method of sampling the fundamental component of load current allows for quick extraction of the fundamental active component
of nonlinear load currents for all phases in a single sampling. To extract the magnitude of the active component of three phase load
currents, only two adaptive filters are required. While obtaining good dynamic and steady state performance in extracting the
essential active component of nonlinear load current, this technique utilizes less processing resources.

REFERENCES
[1] Sachin Devassy and Bhim Singh, “Control of Solar Photovoltaic Integrated Universal Active Filter Based on Discrete Adaptive
Filter”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2017 IEEE.

[2] Sachin Devassy and Bhim Singh, “Performance Evaluation of Islanded and Grid Connected Operation of Solar PV-Battery
Based Universal Active Power Filter”, 978-1-5386-7339-3/18/2018.

[3] Sachin Devassy and Bhim Singh, “Implementation of Solar Photovoltaic System with Universal Active Filtering Capability”,
978-1-5386-1138-8/18/2018 IEEE.

[4] Nishant Kumar, Bhim Singh and Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, “Integration of Solar PV Generation with Distribution Grid: Using
Novel Adaptive Filter Based Control Technique”, 978-1-5386-5197-1/18/©2018 IEEE.

[5] Narsa Reddy Tummuru, Mahesh K. Mishra and S. Srinivas, “Dynamic Energy Management of Hybrid Energy Storage System
with High-Gain PV Converter”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION ©2014 IEEE.

[6] Sachin Devassy and Bhim Singh, “Control of solar photovoltaic integrated UPQC operating in polluted utility conditions”, IET
Power Electronics, 2017, Vol. 10 Iss. 12, pp. 1413-1421.

[7] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and A. V. Timbus, “Overview of control and grid synchronization for distributed power
generation systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1398–1409, Oct. 2006.

[8] B. Singh, P. Jayaprakash, D. P. Kothari, A. Chandra and K. Al-Hadad, “Indirect Control of Capacitor Supported DVR for Power
Quality Improvement in Distribution System,” Power and Energy Society General Meeting—Conversion and Delivery of Electrical
Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE, Pittsburg, 20-24 July 2008..

[9] S. Devassy and B. Singh, “Design and performance analysis of three phase solar PV integrated UPQC,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.

[10] S. Devassy and B. Singh, “Modified pq-theory-based control of Solar- PV-Integrated UPQC-S,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.
53, no. 5, pp. 5031–5040, Sept 2017.
[11] V. Khadkikar, “Enhancing electric power quality using UPQC: A comprehensive overview,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2284–2297, May 2012.
[12] R. S. Herrera and P. Salmeron, “Instantaneous reactive power theory: A reference in the nonlinear loads compensation,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 2015–2022, June 2009.
[13] R. Adda, O. Ray, S. K. Mishra, and A. Joshi, “Synchronous-reference frame- based control of switched boost inverter for
standalone dc Nano grid applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1219–1233, March 2013.
[14] S. Deo, C. Jain, and B. Singh, “A PLL-Less scheme for single-phase grid interfaced load compensating solar PV generation
system,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 692–699, June 2015.
[15] B. Singh, K. Kant, and S. R. Arya, “Notch filter-based fundamental frequency component extraction to control distribution
static compensator for mitigating current-related power quality problems,” IET Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1758–1766,
2015.