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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
391 views13 pagesYaduvir Singh Electromagnetic Field Therychapter01
Electromagnetics one of the most impost comprehensive book chapter 1
Uploaded by
Bkm Mizanur RahmanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Vector
Algebra
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Vector analysis is a mathematical tool. Electromagnetic (EM) concepts are conveniently expressed and
explained by vector analysis. A “scalar” is a quantity having only magnitude. It is described simply by
a number. For example, physical quantities like mass, temperature, time, density, electrostatic potential,
length, volume, distance, population, entropy, etc. are scalar quantities.
‘A “vector” is a quantity having both magnitude and direction. For example, force, velocity, electric
field intensity, displacement, acceleration, etc. are vector quantities.
To differentiate between vector quantities
and scalar quantities, we show a vector by an
alphabet with an arrow over it. For example, P
and Q. Vector P is graphically represented by a N
line. The length of a line is equal to the magnitude
of P. It is denoted by \A| with an arrowhead at
the end of the line. The arrow points towards the = W. E
direction of P. Four directions, east, west, north B
and south, are shown in Figure 1.1. For example, 3
as also shown in Figure 1.1, vectors P and O are ;
directed in the northeast and north directions,
respectively. Figure 1.1. Four directions and directed vectors
1.2 UNIT VECTOR
It is a vector P that has both magnitude and direction. A unit vector has the same direction as that of the
main vector. However, its magnitude is unity. A unit vector can be written in various forms as Ip, ips dp
or u,. A unit vector is given as the ratio of vector itself to its magnitude. It is given as
a=5
1 (unit magnitude). Thus, P is given as 2 | Electromagnetic Field Theory
Figure 1.2. Vector P in Cartesian coordinates
In the expression above, Ps specified in terms of its magnitude [P| and its direction dp given by iy
unit vector. .
The coordinates ofa vector Bin Cartesian are represented by (Py, P,, P.), or alternatively, Pd, +P, 4)
P,, P, andP- are the components of P in the x, y and z directions. Alternatively, @,, d, and da
unit vectors in the x, y and z directions, respectively. This representation is shown in Figure 1.2.
‘The magnitude of this vector P is given as
|Playph +p? + PP
The unit vector d, along P is given as
Pai, + Pa, + Pa,
p+ PPP
1.3 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
When the sum (addition) of two or more than two vectors is done, the resultant is called a “vector surt'y
‘Two vectors can be added by using the Law of Parallelogram. It is shown in Figure 1.3, Two vectors!
be added are represented by the sides of a parallelogram. Their addition or sum is represented by they
diagonal (bigger vector).
Resultant
zt
P28
Figure 1.3 Law of Parallelogram for the addition of a vector Introduction to Vector Algebra | 3
Addition of two or more than two vectors
follows the Commutative Law, It is given as
P+G=G+P. Also, the addition of two or -Q
more than two vectors follows the Associative i
Law, It is given as P+(O+R)=(P+6)+R, Resultant
Subtraction of two or more than two vectors P-@ 7
= be considered a special case of addition like Resultant 3
P-GO=P+(~O). tis shown in Figure 1.4.
The resultant vector P~G is shown in Figure 1.4 Subtraction of two vectors
Figure 1.4, The resultant vector P-@ is the
diagonal of the parallelogram. It lies between
the tips of P and @ vectors.
3
“Or
1.4 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO VECTORS
Ifa vector is multiplied by a positive scalar quantity, the vector magnitude only changes, whereas the
vector direction remains the same, as earlier. If the scalar is a negative quantity, then the direction of the
vector will become reverse (opposite).
Multiplication of two vectors P and Q is either a vector or a scalar. It depends on how the multiplication
has been carried out. Two ways of multiplication of two vectors are
(a) Scalar (or dot) product
(b) Vector (or eross) product
These products are elaborated below.
1.4.1 Scalar (or Dot) Products of Two Vectors
Scalar (or dot) product of two vectors P and Q is the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the
angle between them. Its given as scalar or dot product P-6 =|A||6|cos 8.
Here @ is the smaller angle between vectors P and @. Let P= P,a, + P,a, + P.a, and O=Q,ai, +
2,4, + 0.4;.
Their scalar product or dot product is given as
P.G=P.0,+P,0,+P.0.
Let us analyse the above for two cases:
Case 1: For @ = 90°; cos = cos90°=0
Therefore, P.O =0
In such a case, the two vectors are said to be “orthogonal” to one another.
Case 2: For 8 =0°; cos@ =cos0°=
Therefore, P-G =|P..
In such a case, the two vectors are said to be “parallel.” Some salient features of scalar product
and dot products are mentioned below. 4 | Flectromagnetic Held Theory
scalar a ot produc of wal etary
1 ded i Jooso0” hho
ded, 0 and ded,
Sin
2 Aw hed
I pool 0 |ioleosa (dlot or scalar product)
