Anatomy and Histology for

Pharmacy

Muscular system
Lecturer: Rima Altaweel
 Type of muscle tissue
• There are three types of muscle tissue
 Function of muscular system
1. Produce movement
2. Maintain posture and body position
3. Stabilize joints
4. Generate heat
5. Smooth muscle ----move food through the
digestive system, openings - dilates and
constricts the pupils of your eyes, and forms
the arrector pili muscles attached to hair
follicles
6. Cardiac muscle---move the blood though the
body by pumping the heart
sympathetic

Parasympathetic
s

&
 Naming skeletal muscles
Example: pectoralis major, occipito-frontalis
Location
Example: Deltoid, trapezius
Example: external oblique, Direction
rectus abdominus of fibers Shape

Skeletal
muscles Example: sternocleidomastoid
Number Origin
Example: biceps, triceps of and
origins insertion

Action
Example: flexor carpi radialis, abductor policis longus
 Origin and insertion
• Origin: attachment to an
immoveable bone (usually
proximal)
• Insertion: attachment to a Origin
movable bone (usually distal)
• Belly

Belly

insertion
 Group action
• Prime mover muscle (agonist): the
main muscle for the function.
• Example: the quadriceps femoris is the
prime mover of the knee joint.
• Antagonist: a muscle that opposes the
action of another muscle (agonist).
• Example, the biceps femoris opposes the
action of quadriceps femoris when the
knee joint is extended.
 General principals
• Any muscle crosses the joint will act on it
• A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a
joint produces flexion
• A muscle that crosses the posterior side of a
joint results in extension
• Except the knee joint (vice versa)
• A muscle that crosses the lateral side of a joint
produces abduction
• A muscle that crosses the medial side of a joint
produces adduction,
Main muscles of the body
 Major muscles of upper limb
• Muscles connect upper limb with vertebral column.

Trapezius Muscle Latissimus Dorsi Muscle

Action: elevates,
depresses, and
retracts the
scapula

Action: Extension,
adduction, and
medial rotation at
shoulder joint
• Muscles connect upper limb with thoracic wall
Pectoralis major Muscle Pectoralis minor Muscle
Action: adduction, flexion and
medial rotation at shoulder joint
• Shoulder muscles: Muscles connect scapula with humerus
Origin: clavicle and Scapula Insertion: lateral surface of humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
Action: abduction of shoulder joint

Deltoid Muscle Deltoid muscle is a site of intramuscular injection

Anterior view Posterior view

• Shoulder muscles: Muscles connect scapula with humerus
a group of muscles and their tendons that encircle a joint.
↑
Rotator cuff muscles
Insertion: attached to greater and lesser tuberosity on humerus
cylindrical
Subscapularis muscle Teres minor muscle Supraspinatus muscle Infraspinatus muscle
 Rotator cuff
• Plays a very important role in stabilizing the shoulder joint.
• Muscles of the Arm
Anterior Posterior
Biceps Brachii muscle Brachialis muscle Triceps brachii muscle

Origin: scapula
Insertion: radius
Action: flexion of
elbow, supination of
forearm
Origin: humerus
Insertion: ulna
Action: flexion of Origin: scapula and
elbow humerus
Insertion: ulna
Action: Extension of
elbow joint
Note:
- Prime mover to elbow joint flexion is brachialis muscle
- Assistant mover is biceps brachii
- Extensor to elbow joint is Triceps muscle
• Muscles of the forearm and hand
Forearm hand
Major muscles of lower limb
 Major muscles of lower limb Posterior view
• Muscles of the gluteal region
Gluteus maximus Muscle Gluteus medius Muscle Gluteus minimus Muscle

Action: Extends the Action: Abducts Action: Abducts

hip joint the hip joint the hip joint
• The great thickness of gluteus
maximus muscle makes it ideal for
intramuscular injections. But the safe
site of intramuscular injections in the
upper lateral quadrant, which
is made by the Gluteus medius
muscle rather than the gluteus
maximus muscle.
 Plexus
Major muscles of lower limb
Sciatic nerve
• Is a branch of the sacral plexus (L4,
L5, S1, S2, and S3)

• Is a large nerve, runs through the

gluteal region and down the lower
limb.

• It is the longest and widest single

nerve in the human body

• Consists of the tibial and common

peroneal nerves
 Major muscles of lower limb
• Muscles of the thigh
Iliopsoas muscle Quadriceps femoris muscle Biceps femoris muscle

Anterior Posterior
view view

Action:
Flexes leg
at knee
Action: flexes Action: Extends joint and
the trunk/hip the knee joint extends
joint thigh at hip
joint
 Major muscles of lower limb Posterior view
• Muscles of the leg
Gastrocnemius muscle Soleus muscle

Action: Plantar Action: Plantar

flexes foot at flexes foot at
ankle joint ankle joint
Achilles tendon
(calcaneal tendon)
 Muscles of the Abdomin
• Action: Bending of the trunk, increase the intra-abdominal pressure, protection of abdominal viscera
Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transversus
muscle muscle muscle abdominis muscle
 Muscles of the thorax
• Action: The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing by
helping expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity.

External intercostal Internal intercostal

muscles muscles
 Muscles of the thorax
• Action: Depresses the costal cartilages, the most important muscle for respiration, separates
between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Diaphragm

Inferior view
 Main muscles of the head and neck
1. Muscles of the facial expression:
• Orbicularis Oculi (closes the eye) Occipito-Frontalis
• Zygomaticus major
• Levator Labii Superioris
• Levator Anguli oris Orbicularis Oculi
• Zygomaticus minor
• Risorius
• Buccinator: (draws cheeks against teeth)
• Occipito-Frontalis (elevates the eyebrows)
• Orbicularis Oris (compresses the lips) Orbicularis Oris Buccinator
• Depressor Anguli Oris
• Depressor Labii Inferioris
• Mentalis All supplied by facial nerve
• Platysma
↑

J
J
 Main muscles of the head and neck
2. Muscles of mastication
Function: move the temporo-
mandibular joint [chewing
movement].

Temporalis muscle Masseter muscle

Action: elevates and retracts the mandible Action: elevates the mandible

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Medial pterygoid muscle
Action: elevates and protracts the mandible Action: elevates the mandible
 Main muscles of the head and neck
3. Muscles of the neck
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Origin: Sternum (Manubrium sterni) and clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process
Action: Two muscles acting together: extend head and flex
neck; one muscle: rotates head to opposite side
- Can be injured in babies and results in torticollis