Functions and Their

Graphs
 Cartesian Product and Relations
Cartesian Product Examples:
• The Cartesian Product of two sets 1. Given that 𝑋 = 1, 2 and 𝑌 =
𝑋 and 𝑌 is the set of all ordered 3, 4, 5
pairs whose first member is an a. Find 𝑋 × 𝑌
element of set 𝑋 and whose b. True or False
second member is an element of
set 𝑌
i. 2, 2 ∈ 𝑋 × 𝑌
ii. 0,1 ∉ 𝑋 × 𝑌
iii. 2, 5 ∈ 𝑋 × 𝑌
Relation
2. Let 𝐴 = 1, 7 and 𝐵 = 3, 4, 5 .
• A relation is a subset of the a. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵
cartesian product of two sets
b. Find a relation 𝑅 defined by
• A relation is a set of ordered pairs 𝑥 < 𝑦, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵
c. How many relations can be
found in 𝐴 × 𝐵?
 Functions
• A function 𝑓 is a set of ordered value of 𝑥 under 𝑓
pairs of numbers 𝑥, 𝑦 satisfying • 𝑥 is a pre-image of 𝑦 under 𝑓
the property that if 𝑥, 𝑦1 ∈ 𝑓 and
𝑥, 𝑦2 ∈ 𝑓 then 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 • In the function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌, the set 𝑋
containing all the first
• A function is a relation in which no components of the ordered pairs
two distinct ordered pairs have in 𝑓 is called the domain of the
the same first element function 𝑓
• If 𝑓 is a function from a set 𝑋 into • The set 𝑌 is called the co-domain
a set 𝑌, then we write 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 of 𝑓
• If 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑓, then we may write 𝑦 = • The set of all second components
𝑓 𝑥 (known as the function of ordered pairs in 𝑓 is called the
notation) range of 𝑓, i.e. range 𝑓 =
• 𝑦 is called the image of 𝑥 under 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑋}
the function 𝑓 or the function
 Functions
Examples: a. Create a relation showing
1. Let 𝐴 = 1, 7 and 𝐵 = 3, 4, 5 . In the price of buying 1, 2, 3,
𝐴 × 𝐵, let 𝑅 = 1, 3 , 7, 3 . and 4 cans of coke
a. Is 𝑅 a function? Why? b. Is the relation in (a) a
function? Why?
b. Identify the domain, co-
domain, range of the c. Identify the domain and
function. range
2. Let 𝑓 = 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2}
a. Is 6, 2 ∈ 𝑓?
b. Which element in 6, 2 is the
pre-image? The image?
3. The cost of coke in can in a
vending machine is ₱20.00.
 Common Methods of Representing
Functions
1. Numerically by Tables 4. Geometrically by Graphs

2. Set Mapping

5. Algebraically by Formulas and

Equations
• An equation is not a function:
3. Verbally
➢𝑦 is not in the equation
e.g. The circumference 𝐶 of a circle
➢𝑦 is enclosed in absolute
is defined by multiplying the radius
value
𝑟 of the circle to 2𝜋
➢𝑦 has an even power
 Evaluating a Function
• The equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 = 1 function, the role of the variable
implicitly defines 𝑦 as a function 𝑥 is simply a placeholder
of 𝑥
• The explicitly define 𝑦 as a e.g.
function of 𝑥, isolate 𝑦 on the left
side of the equation For the function 𝑓 defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 7, evaluate each
• Since 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 by the function expression
notation, 𝑦 can be replaced by
𝑓 𝑥 in the explicit form of the 1. 𝑓 1
equation 2. 𝑓 𝑥 + 1
• The function notation 3. 𝑓 3
conveniently allows the 4. 𝑓 2𝑏 − 1
evaluation of a function 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥
• In an equation that defines a 5. ∆𝑥
, ∆𝑥 ≠ 0
 The Domain of a Function
• The domain of a function can • The explicitly defined domain is
either be explicitly or implicitly the one that is given along with
defined the function
• The implied domain is the set of
all real numbers for which the e.g. Find the domain of the
equation is defined following functions
➢Polynomial Functions: The set
of real numbers
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3
1
➢Rational Functions: The values 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 −𝑥
that make the denominator not
equal to zero 3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 7 − 3𝑥
➢Square-Root (and other even- 4. 𝑔 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑥 2
valued functions): The values 5. ℎ 𝑡 =
𝑡
that make the radicand at 𝑡+1
least zero 6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
 Graph of a Function
• If 𝑓 is a function with domain 𝐴, • 𝑥 = the directed distance from
then the graph of 𝒇 is the set of the 𝑦-axis
ordered pairs/points • 𝑓 𝑥 = the directed distance
𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 plotted in a from the 𝑥-axis
(coordinate) plane
• The Vertical Line Test: A graph in
• The graph of the function 𝑦 = the coordinate plane is the
𝑓 𝑥 consists of all points graph of a function of 𝑥 iff no
𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 vertical line intersects the graph
at more than one point
 Some Functions and Their Graphs
Constant Functions Linear Functions
• A function whose range consists • A function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 =
of only one number 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑚 and 𝑏 are
constants and 𝑚 ≠ 0
• 𝑚 is the slope and 𝑏 is the 𝑦-
intercept
• Domain: ℝ ; Range: ℝ

𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥−2
 Some Functions and Their Graphs
Identity Functions Quadratic Functions
• A (linear) function defined by • A function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 • The general quadratic function is
• In this linear function, 𝑚 = 1 and defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐,
it passes through the point of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0
origin
 Some Functions and Their Graphs
Polynomial Functions Rational Functions
• A function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = • A quotient of two polynomial
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + functions
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 • If 𝑃 and 𝑄 are polynomial
• Linear and quadratic functions functions, then the rational
are also polynomial functions function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑃 𝑥
𝑄 𝑥
 Some Functions and Their Graphs
Absolute Value Functions Piecewise-Defined Functions
• A function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 • A function defined by different
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0 formulas
where 𝑥 = ቊ
−𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 0 1 − 𝑥, 𝑥 < 1
e.g. 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 1
 Some Functions and Their Graphs
Greatest Integer Function
• A function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 or 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
• 𝑥 or 𝑥 = greatest integer ≤ 𝑥
 Homework #1: 1 whole sheet of paper
I. Evaluate (if possible) the 2. 𝑓 𝑡 = sec
𝜋𝑡
function at the given value(s) 3
4
of the independent variable 3. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
and simplify the result III.Use the vertical line test to
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 7𝑥 − 4; 𝑓 −1 determine whether 𝑦 is a
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 5 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑔 𝑥 − 1 function of 𝑥
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 ; 𝑓 −
𝜋 1. S
3
3 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ;
∆𝑥
2𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≤ 1
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ ;𝑓 0
2𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 > 1 2. s
II. Find the domain and range of
the following functions
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2