ZEST PHARMACY GUIDE

Placebo: Placebo is an inert substance or dosage form which is identical in appearance, flavor &
odor to the active substance or dosage form.
It is used as a negative control in bioassay or in clinical study.

Lacebo: Lacebo is active substance or active dosage in active ingredient. (Opposite to placebo)

Agonist: Agonist is a drug or compound that protein shift the physiological effect of another
drug.
Drugs having affinity & as well as efficacy are called agonist.
Affinity + efficacy → agonist
Adrenaline, nor adrenaline → α-receptor agonist
Salbutamol, Tarbulation → β-receptor agonist

Antagonist: Opposite of agonist. It is reserve the physiological effect of another drug.

Drugs having affinity but lack of efficacy are called antagonist.
Atropine → Muscarinic antagonist
Propranolol → β-receptor antagonist

Pro drug: Pro drugs are the drugs which do not produce any pharmacological effect until they
are chemically altered within the body.

Pro-drug Active form

Prontosil Sulfonamide
Levodopa Dopamine
Talampicillin Ampicillin
Sulfaxazole Acetyl Ester
Acetylmercapron Phathate Ester
Salicylic acid Aspirin
Clindamycin HCl 2’phosphateester of clindamycin
Tocopherol Na-succinate ester
Erythromycin Erytrhomycin Stearate
Acetyl salicylic acid Salicylic acid

Analog: An analog is a drug which structure is related to another drug, but whose chemical &
biological properties are different.

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Soft drug: A soft drug is a compound that is degraded in vivo to predictable nontoxic & inactive
metabolite after having achieved its therapeutic growth.

Example: Soft Cloramide, Cetyl Pyridinum Chlorides

Hard drug: Drugs that are biologically active & non metabolizable in vivo.

Example: Enalapril, Lisinipril, Cromolyn

Antibiotics: Antibiotics are chemical substance obtain from certain non-pathogenic

microorganism. Mostly from bacteria & fungi, which are used for either killing or inactive the
growth of the pathogenic microorganism without effecting the host tissue.

Antiseptic: Antibiotics are natural or synthetic but antiseptic are synthetic. It may use only
externally. They only destroy negative organism.

Pharmacology: It may be define as the study of substance that interact with living system
through chemical process, especially by binding to regulatory molecules & activating or
inhibiting a normal body process.

TD50: The dose which is required to produce particular toxic effect 50% of test population.

ED50: It is the dose which produces desired pharmacological effect in 50% of the test population.

LD50: It is the dose which causes death of 50% of test population.

Therapeutic index: It is the ratio between lethal dose 50% and the effective dose 50%

TI =LD50/ED50

Therapeutic Window: It is the ratio between minimum effective concentrations (MEC) & the
minimum toxic concentration (MTC).

TW= MEC/MTC

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Pharmacopoeia: It is the official publication by the pharmacopoie mission of a country to

maintain strict uniformity of drug in their official test, preparation, standard dose, character,
bioassay those of their dispensive & their action.

British Pharmacopoeia
National Pharmacopoeia

OTC drug: Over the counter drug. The drug which are available without the prescription are
called OTC drug.

Paracetamol, Vitamin tablet, Iron tablet etc.

Potency: Potency is the amount of drug which is require to produce particular effect.

Efficacy or Intrinsic activity: Efficacy is the ability of drug to produce maximum effect on
tissue after administrate with the receptor.

Drug: Drugs are any substance that act on the living body to alter the physiological process &
are used for prevention, diagnosis & treatment of disease.

Medicine: Medicine is any drug which has a definite form & dose, are therapeutically used for
treatment of diseases on living subject.

Dose: A quantity of a medicine or drug taken or recommended to be taken at a particular time.

Dosage form: Greek word ‘dosige’ means giving.

Giving medicine in prescribe.

Batch: Specific quantities of drug that is intended to have uniform characteristics & quality
within specify limit & which is produced according to a single manufacturing border during
same cycle of manufacture.

Batch number: A distinctive combination of number & or letter, which specifically identify of
batch on the level, batch record, certificate of analysis (COA).

Shelf life: Period between the date of manufacture of drug & expired date.

Hydroscopic: The ability of substance to attack & retain moisture.

Deliquencence: The phenomena in which compound absorb water & dissolve on standing when
expose to the atmosphere is called deliquencence.

Example: Calcium chloride (Cacl2), Chlorine chloride & Potassium acetylene.

Eutechtics: When two chemical relatively low melting point are mixed together then form liquid
or pestimuss of lower melting point. This phenomena is called euthectics.
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Effloresence: Mixture that explore, mixed of strong oxidizing agent.

Example: Kcl or KMnO4 mixed with sugar, starch.

Micro capsulation: Means of apply relatively thin protein small particles droplet of liquid.

Affinity: Affinity is the tendency of a drug to bind with receptor.

Bioavailability: Rate & exchanged of unchanged drug that reaches to the systemic circulation
after administration.
For example, if 100 mg of a drug is administered orally & 70 mg of this drug is absorbed
unchanged, the bioavailability is 70%.
IV → 100% bioavailability
Transdermal → 80-100% bioavailability
Oral → 5 - <100% bioavailability.

Relative Bioavailability: Relative bioavailability measures the bioavailability of a compound of

a formulation of a certain drug when compared with another formulation of the same drug,
usually an established standard or through administration via a different route.

Absolute bioavailability: Absolute bioavailability measures the systemic availability of a drug

after extra vascular administration compared to IV dosing.

Ligand: It is a molecule which attach selectively to particular receptors or sites.

The term only indicate affinity without regard to functional changes, agonists & competitive
antagonist are both ligand of the same receptor.

Emulsion: An emulsion may be defined as a biphasic liquid dosage form of medicament in

which two immiscible liquids (usually oil phase & water phase) made miscible by the addition of
a third substance known as Emulgent or Emulsifying agent.

2 types.
1. Oil in water (O/W)
2. Water in oil (W/O)
Example: Acasia, Tragacanth, Starch, Gelatin, Methyl cellulose, Agar.

Suspension: Suspension may be defined as biphasic liquid dosage form of medicament in which
the finely divided solid particles ranging from (0.5-5) micron are suspended or dispersed in a
liquid semisolid vehicle.

Example: Methyl cellulose, Sodium lauryl sulfate.

Insulin resistence: It is a condition in which normal amount of insulin are inadequate to produce
a normal insulin response from fat, muscle & liver cells.

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Antibiotic resistance: It is the ability of bacteria to resist the effect of an antibiotic. It occurs
when bacteria change in a way that reduces the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals or others agents
designed to cure or prevent infections.

Drug antagonism: Inhibition of the effect of one drug by another so that the combined action of
the two drug is less than that of individual one.

Effect of A+B < Effect of A + Effect of B

Maintenance dose: The dose required to maintaining the desired effect that is achieved by
preceding dose.

Maintaining dose = Dosing rate × Dosing interval.

Broad spectrum antibiotic: It refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of diseases
causing bacteria. It acts both on gram positive bacteria & gram negative bacteria.

Example: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, Quinolones.

Narrow spectrum antibiotic: It refers to an antibiotic that is effective against specific families
of bacteria.

Example: Macrolides, Bacitracin, Vancomycin, Nitroimidazole.

Rheumatic fever: It is an inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of

inadequately treated step or scarlet fever.
It is caused by streptococcus pyrogen bacteria.
It is an inflammatory disease that involves the heart, joints, skin & brain.

Rheumatoid arthritis: It is a long lasting autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It
typically results in warm, swollen & painful joints.

Auto immune disorder: An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an

abnormal immune response to a normal body part. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune
diseases. If we have an autoimmune disease, our immune system attacks healthy cells in our
body by mistake.
Example: Addison’s diseases, Vitiligo, Type-1 diabetes

Morbidity: The rate of disease in a population.

Mortality: It is the measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled on the size
of that population per unit of time.

Osmolarity: The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particle per
kilogram.

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Diffusion: It is the net movement of molecule or atoms from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration.

Molarity: It is the number of moles of a solute dissolved in a litre of solution.

Molality: It is the number of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent.

Osmosis: A process by which molecule of a solvent tend to pass through a semi permeable
membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the
concentration on each side of the membrane.

Ambiasis: Ambiasis is a parasitic infection of the intestines caused by the protozoan Entamoeba
histolytica or [Link].

Symptoms are— 1. Loose stool 2. Abdominal cramping 3. Stomach pain.

Action Potential: It is a short lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell
rapidly rises & falls, following a consistent trajectory.

Depolarization: Loss of polarization, loss of the difference in charge between the inside &
outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle or nerve cell due to a change in permeability &
migration of sodium ion to the interior.

Hyperpolarization: It is a change in a cell’s membrane potential that make it more negative.

Antibody: An antibody is a type of globulin (immune globulin) produced in response to an

antigen with which it reacts specifically.

Antibodies are highly specific for the antigen that induce their formation.

Five types: 1. Ig G 2. Ig A 3. Ig M 4. Ig D 5. Ig E. (((ADMEG)))

Refractive index: It measures the light bonding ability of a medium.

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Normality: It can be defined as the no. of equivalents of solute per litre solution.

Normality = equivalence of solute/litre of solution.

Drug synergism: When the net effects of two drugs consumed together are equal or are greater
than the sum of the effects of individual drug, it is called drug synergism.

It is of two types: 2+2> 4

Teratogenic drugs: The drugs which cause teratogenic effect in pregnancy are called
teratogenic effect.

Aspirin → bleeding, palate

Steroids → talipes (effects of cell division)
Thalidomide → focomelia(total absence of limbs)

Booster dose: It is the dose which is given after sometime of an initial dose to enhance the
effect.

Example: anti –tetanus & anti-poliomyelytis booster dose is given 5 years after initial dose.

Volume of distribution of drug: The volume of fluid into which drug appears to be distributed
in the body in a concentration equal to that in the plasma is called volume of distribution of that
drug.

Vd = amount of drug in the body/concentration of drug in plasma or blood at that time.

Half life: The time required for a measure to decrease by one-half is called the half life of that
measure.

Plasma half life: The time required for the concentration of a drug to decrease by one half is
called plasma half life.

Biological half life: The time required for the effect of a drug to decrease by one half is called is
biological half life.

Elimination half life: The time required for the excretion of a drug to decrease by one half.

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB): Endothelial cells are closely adherent to each others. A basement
membrane is present. A layer of astrocyte is present. Therefore, drugs can not cross.

Example: Insulin, L-dopa can cross BBB

Blood Placenta Barrier (BPB): Epithelial cells are adherent to each others. A layer of
trophoblastic cell is present. MW upto 600 can cross. Above MW 600 can not cross.

Example: Alcohol, Morphine, CNS depressant can cross.

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Different between Active transport & Passive diffusion:

Active transport Passive diffusion

It is occurred against concentration gradient. It occurs when the concentration gradient
moves from higher to lower.
Energy is required. Energy is not required.
Carrier is required. Carrier is not required.
Active transport is selective. Passive diffusion is not selective.
It is saturable. It is unsaturable.

MEC: Minimum effective concentration, the plasma concentration in which drug show the
minimum pharmacological effect.
MTC: Minimum toxic concentration, the plasma concentration in which drug show the
minimum toxicity.
Onset of Action: It corresponds the time required the drug to reach MEC.
Intensity: The intensity of the pharmacological effect is proportional to the number of the drug
receptor occupied, which is reflected in the observation and in the higher concentration produce
a greater pharmacological effect up to maximum.
Duration of action: The duration of action is the difference between the onset time and time for
the drug decline back to MEC.
Peak plasma level (Cp): The time for drug to reach peak concentration in plasma (after
extravascularadministration) is called as the time of peak concentration.
It is expressed as Hours.
Onset time & onset of action are dependent upon tmax.
Peak plasma time (tmax): The time required to reach Cp is called peak plasma time tmax.
Area under the curve (AUC): AUC is the measurement of extent of drug bioavailability.
The AUC reflect the total amount of active drug reaching the general or systemic circulation.
Significance of AUC:
AUC indicates the measurement of the extent of drug bioavailability and amount of active
drug that reachs to systemic circulation.
Lag time: The time required for a drug to appear in blood.
Gastric emptying time: The time required to pass the drug from GIT to intestine.
Slow GET→ Slow absorption→ Prolong of onset of action
Why does non-ionized drug absorb well? Non-ionized drug is lipid soluble that have great
partition co-efficient so it can easily diffuse through cell membrane and absorbed well.

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Less ionized → More absorption → Less excretion.

Bioequivalence: If two or more similar dosage form of a drug reach the systemic circulation at
the same relative rate and the same relative extent then they are bioequivalence.
Or, The term bioequivalence indicates that both the test (generic) product and reference listed
drug (brand Name) have same systemic bioavailability and same predictable drug response.
Or, If two or more similar dosage form of a drug given same dose and by the same route of
administration have same systemic relative bioavailability and same predictable drug response
then they are bioequivalence.
Or, If same drugs are pharmaceutically equivalent and have similar bioavailability at same dose
and in same patients, then they are known as bioequivalent.
Generic substitution: The process of dispensing a different brand or an unbranded drug predict
in place of prescribed drug product. The substituted drug product contains the same active
ingredient or therapeutic moiety as the same salt and ester in same dosage form but is made by
different manufacturer.
A prescription for Napa might be dispensed by Ace if physician permits generic substitution.
Pharmaceutical substitution: The process of dispensing a pharmaceutical alternative for the
prescribed drug.
Ampicillin suspension is dispensed in the place of Ampicillin capsule.
Therapeutic substitution: The process of dispensing a therapeutic alternative in place of
prescribed drug products.
Amoxycillin is dispensed instead of ampicillin.
Pharmaceutical alternative: Drug product that contain same therapeutic moiety but as different
salt, ester or complexes.
For example, Tetracycline Phosphate or Tetracycline Hydrochloride equivalent to 250mg
Tetracycline base are considered pharmaceutical alternative.
Therapeutic alternative: Drug product containing different active ingredient that indicates for
same therapeutic or clinical object.
Cimetidine may be given instead of Ranitidine.
Orange Book: Due to public demand, the FDA centre for drug evaluation & researches
published annually a listing of approved drug products. Approved drug product with therapeutic
equivalence evaluation is called orange book.
Drug distribution: Drug distribution reflects the rate of uptake of drug in body tissue. No carrier
and extent energy are required. Most drug cross by this process.
Antisera: Antibody containing preparation is known as antisera.

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Opsonin: A further antibody of special interest is known as opsonin.

Vaccines: A preparation of killed or attenuated microorganisms or their components or their
products that is used to induce active immunity against a disease is known as vaccines.
Haematonics: The agents which are needed in the formation of blood and are used for treatment
of anaemia. Important haematonics are iron, folic acid, Vit-B12(Cyanocobalamine), Vit-B6
(Pyridoxine), Vit-B2(Riboflavin).
Bactericide: It is used to kill Bacteria.
Bacteriostatic Or Bacteriostat: It is used to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Inflammation: It is an immune response to damage cell and is characterized by redness, pain,
heat and swelling of tissue.
GERD: It means gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is a chronic disorder which causes severe
esophagitis that require long term [Link]-H2 blocker and PPI.
Peptic Ulcer Diseases: Ulceration in the gastric mucosa due to acid pepsin digestion is called
Peptic Ulcer Disease. Caused by - Helicobactor pylori, NSAIDs, Prostaglandine.
Triple Therapy: To proper eradication of H. pylori three drugs are usually used in a
combination known as Triple therapy.
Triple therapy = Amoxicillin+Metronidazole+Omeprazole
Proton pump inhibitors are given as coated pellets in capsule because it is unstable at acidic pH.
The granules dissolve only at alkaline pH. So for preventing degradation of the drug by acid in
esophageus and stomach.
GOUT: It is a genetically determined metabolic disease which is characterized by attack of
arthritis due to deposition of Na-urate in the tissue joint.
Different between Idiosyncracy & Hypersensitivity:
Idiosyncracy Hypersensitivity
It implies an inherent quantitative abnormal It is an inappropriate or excessive immune
reaction to a drug usually due to genetic reaction which causes tissue damage.
abnormality.
Idiosyncracy has no sub type. Hypersensitivity has 4 sub types.
Example: In G-6-PO4 dehydrogenase deficient Example: Repeated penicillin inj. causes
patient primaquine/sulphonamide causes anaphylactic reaction.
haemolysis.

Aerobic Bacteria: Bacteria that grow in the presence of O2, which are the most common causes
of clinical infection.

Example: Myobacterium tuberculosis, Nocardia spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Anaerobic Bacteria: Bacteria that grow without O2, either by metabolic necessity (obligate
anaerobes) or by preference (facultative anaerobes). Anaerobes are the primary pathogens of
wound infections.

Example: Gardnerella vaginalis

Pregnancy Categories:

Pregnancy Categories
Developed by FDA 1980
Category Risk Recommendation for Use
• A None in humans Assumes safe
• B None in animals (No human study data) Assumes safe
• C Risk identified in animals, not ruled out in Benefit must justify risk
humans
• D Proven risk to fetus May use in life threatening
situation
• X Proven risk to fetus Do not use during pregnancy
Diabetes treatment:

1. General management:
Obesity : Reduce weight
Diet : Salt restriction, add k+ and oil
Alcohol : No
Smoking : No
2. Relaxation therapy

3. Drug therapy:
Stage I : Diuretics or β-blocker
Stage II : Diuretics + β-blocker
Stage III : Diuretics + β-blocker + Vasodilator
Stage IV : Diuretics + β-blocker (high dose)+ Vasodilator
Stage V : Diuretics + β-blocker + Vasodilator + Ca++ channel blocker or ACE
inhibitors or methyl-dopa.

Types & Example:

Ca++ channel blocker Diuretics β- blocker ACE inhibitors
Verapamil Furosemide Atenolol Captopril
Nifedipine Torsemide Propranolol Lisinopril
Amlodipine Esmolol Enalapril

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M/A of β-blockers:

β-blocker
↓
Heart VMC Kidney
↓ ↓ ↓
(-) Chronic tropic + - ↓Renin release
(-) inotropic β α ↓
↓ ↓ sympathetic discharge ↓ Aldosterone secretion
Cardiac output (-) Vasoconstriction Blood volume
˪ ↓ BP ˩

M/A of ACE Inhibitor:

ACE Inhibitor
↓
(-) Angiotensin-I ←Peptidyl dipeptidase→ Bradykinin
↓ ↓
No angiotensin-II → No aldosteron No activation of bradykinin
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ sympathetic discharge No salt & water retention ↑Bradykinin concentration
↓ ↓ Vasodilation
↓Vasoconstriction ↓ ˩
↓ ↓
↓TPR ↓
Renal vasodilation
˪ ↓ BP

Cephalosphirin

Cephalosporin
↓
Binds with specific drug receptor site on bacteria
↓
Blocking transpeptidation of peptidoglycan synthesis
↓
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
↓
Activation of autolytic enzyme in the cell wall
↓
Bacteria dies

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Cephalosporin : (β-Lactam antibiotics)

5 generation.

1st generation:

1. Widely used
2. Activity against gram positive organisms
3. Septacaemia, bone, joints, soft tissue & skin infections, UTI’s & otitis media

Example: Cephalexin, Cephazolin, Cephalotin, Cephradine

2nd generation:

1. Enhanced activity against gram negative organisms

2. Septacaemia, bone, joints, soft tissue & skin infections & gram negative pneumonia

Example: Cefuroxime, Cefaclor, Cefoxitin

3rd generation:

1. Best stability against β-lactamase producing organism & gram negatives organisms
2. Used for serious gram negative infections
3. Use is reserve

Example: Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefixime

4th generation:

1. Similar spectrum to 3rd generation but expanded to more gram negatives

2. Reserved for use only in serious gram negative infections
3. Reserved to prevent resistance

Example: Cefepime, Cefozopran

5th generation: It is extended spectrum antibiotics.

Example: Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline, Ceftolozane

1st generation 1. Cephradine 1. Cephalexin

2nd generation 2. Cefuroxime 2. Cefaclor
3rd generation 3. Cefixime 3. Ceftriaxone
4th generation 4. Cefepime 4. Cefozopran
5th generation 5. Ceftobiprole 5. Ceftaroline, Ceftolozane

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Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
↓
Inhibit the DNA gyrase
↓
Interfere with the supercoiling of DNA
↓
Cell dies

Insulin
Insulin
↓
Binding of insulin with ‘α’ subunit of insulin receptor
↓
Auto phosphorylation of ‘β’ subunit
↓
Activation of ‘β’ subunit
↓
Activation of some enzyme in cell & perform all activities of insulin

Tetracyline
Tetracycline
↓
Enter into the susceptible bacterial cell by 2 process
Active transport Passive diffusion
↓
Compete with bacterial tRNA to bind with 30s ribosomes
↓
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

Difference between gram positive & gram negative bacteria:

Topics Gram Positive (+) Gram Negative(-)
Gram reaction Retain crystal violet dye & Can be decolorized to accept
stain dark violet or purple counterstain(safranin); stain
red
Peptidoglycan layer Thick Thin
Outer membrane Absent Present
Flagellar structure 2 rings in the basal body 4 rings in the basal body

Causative Microorganisms of the following Diseases:

Sl no Diseases Causative microorganisms
1. Cholera Vibrio cholerae
2. Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3. Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
4. Dysentery Shigelladysenteriae
5. Thypoid fever Salmonella typhi

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6. AIDS HIV
7. Trichomoniasis Trichomonasvaginalis
8. Bacterial colitis Escherichia, Campylobactor & Yersinia species.
9. Tetanus Clostridium tetani
10. Whooping cough Bordetella pertusis
11. Anthrax Bacillus anthrax
12. Meningitis Neisseria meningitidis
13. Plague Yersinia pestis

Difference between Rheumatoid arthritis & Osteoarthritis:

Characteristics Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis
Age at which the condition It may begin any time in life It usually begins later in life
starts
Relatively rapid, over weeks Slow, over years
Speed of onset
to months
Joints are painful, swollen & Joints ache & may be tender
Joints symptoms
stiff but have little or no swelling
It often affects small & large Symptoms often begin on one
joints on both sides of the side of the body & may spread
body (symmetrical), such as to the other side. Symptoms
either hands, both wrists & begin gradually & are often
Patterns of joints that are elbows or the balls of both feetlimited to one set of joints,
affected usually the finger joints
closest to the fingernails or the
thumbs, large weight-bearing
joints (hips, knees) or the
spine.
Morning stiffness lasts longer Morning stiffness lasts less
than 1 hour than 1 hour; returns at the end
Duration of morning stiffness
of the day or after periods of
activity.

Vitamins: A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in
limited amounts.
Classification: Depending upon their solubility in water, fats & oils as well as fat solvents,
vitamins are divided into 2 groups.
1. Fat soluble vitamin--- Vit-A,D,E,K – Stored in liver, fatty tissue & muscle & remain in
the body longer than water soluble vitamins. Excreated slowly in urine.
2. Water soluble vitamin--- Vit-B, C

Vitamins mentioning the deficiencies symptoms:

Name of Vitamin Deficiency Symptoms
• Cataracts
Vitamin-A1 (Retinol) • Night blindness
• Risk of heart attack

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Vitamin-A2 (Dehydro retinol) •

• Beriberi
Vitamin-B1 (Thiamine) • Leg cramps
• Cardiovascular disease
Vitamin-B2 (Riboflavin) • Ariboflavinosis
Vitamin-B3 (Niacin) • Pellegra
• Depression
Vitamin-B5 (Pantothenic acid) • Stress
• GIT infection
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Depression
• Nervous disorders
Vitamin-B6 (Pyroxidine)
• Hyperactivity
• Diabetics
• Kidney stones
• Alopecia
Vitamin-B7 (Biotin) • Birth Defects
• Fungal infection
Vitamin-B9 (Folic acid) • Folic acid deficiency anemia
• Stress
• Memory loss
Vitamin-B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
• Digestive disorders
• Depress immune system
Vitamin-C (Ascorbic acid) • Scurvy
• Rickets
Vitamin-D (Cholecalciferol)
• Osteomalacia
• Deficiency is rare—mild hemolytic
Vitamin-E (Tocopherol)
anemia in newborn infants
Vitamin-K (Phylloquinone) • Bleeding diathesis
• Goiter
Iodine
• Hypothyroidism

Elavoration:
• COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
• COAD: Chronic obstructive airway diseases
• CAL: Chronic airflow limitation
• CORD: Chronic obstructive respiratory diseases
• AECB: Acute exacerbation chronic bronchitis
• BBB: Blood brain barrier
• UTI: Urinary tract infection
• URI: Urinary respiratory infection
• ICU: Intensive care unit
• TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone

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• IMS: Intercontinental marketing service

• TRIPS: Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights
• BIRDEM: Bangladesh institute of research & rehabilitation for diabetes, endocrine &
metabolic disorder
• IUPAC: International union pure & applied chemistry
• INN: International non-propriety names
• ICDDRB: International centre for diarrhoeal diseases research Bangladesh
• MHRA: Medicine & healthcare products regulatory agency
• MRP: Maximum retail price
• QIMP: Quick index of medical products & problems
• UNESCO: United Nations educational scientific & cultural organization.
• UNICEF: United Nations international children emergency funds
• VIRUS: Vital information research under seize
• WMS: Welfare management system.
• EMA: European medicine agency
• TGA: Therapeutic goods administration
• FDA: Food & drug administration
• MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration
• BPH: Benign prostatic hyperphasia
• SRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• SNRI: Serotonin nonephinephrin reuptake inhibitor

Bacteriostatic: A bacteriostatic agent is a biological or chemical agent that prevents the growth
of bacteria.
Example: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Sulfonamides, Novobiocin etc

Bacteriocidal: A bacteriocidal agent is a biological or chemical agent that kills bacteria.

Difference between Solution & Suspension:

Event Solution Suspension
Appearance Clear, transparent & Cloudy, heterogenous, at least two substances
homogenous visible
Particle size Molecule in size Larger than 10000 angstroms
Effect of light None light passes through, variable
particle do not reflect light
Effect of None Particle will eventually settle out
sedimentation
Nature Solution are transparent Suspension are opaque

Difference between Suspension & Emulsion:

Sl no Suspension Emulsion
1. It is less stable More stable than suspension
2. Contain large particle Contain smaller particle
3. Bioavailability is less Bioavailability is more
4. 2 types of suspension: flocculated & 2 types of emulsion: o/w types type & w/o

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de-flocculated type
5. Final preparation is generally solid Final preparation may be semi solid or liquid
6. Solid-liquid dispersion Liquid dispersion

Difference between Ointment & Cream:

Sl no Ointment Cream
1. Ointments are hydrocarbon semisolid Creams are viscous semisolid preparation, it
base preparation but not viscous may be o/w type or w/o type
2. Are not easily removable Due to the presence of water soluble base,
creams are easily removable
3. Ointments have relatively higher body Creams have lighter body than ointments
than creams
4. Monophase preparation Multiphase preparation

• Acidic drug are better absorbed in Acidic media.

Stomach (Acidic media)
Aspirin.
• Basic drugs are better absorbed in Basic media
Intestine (Basic media)
Diazepam.

Chemotherapy: The treatment of disease by the use of chemical substance, especially the
treatment of cancer by cytotoxic & other drugs.

Example: Some example of alkylating agents are….

1. Chlorambucil
2. Cisplatin
3. Carboplatin
4. Cyclophosphamide.

5 Sense of Human:
Hearing Ear
Vision Eye
Taste Tongue
Touch Skin
Smell Nose

Blood: Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluids, plasma & cells.

Cell composition: Composed of 3 types of cells.

1. RBC / Erthrocytes:
• Pick up O2 from lungs & deliver it to tissue everywhere
• Pick up CO2 from tissue & unload it in the lungs
2. WBC / Leukocytes:
• Helps in immune system
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 ZEST PHARMACY GUIDE

3. Platelets:
• Helps to clot blood

1) Blood makes up about 8% of the human weights

2) Female have around (4-5) liter blood
3) Male have around (5-6) liter blood
4) PH – (7.35-7.45)

Absorption route sequence:

IV>IM>Subcutaneous>Oral>Rectal>Inhalation>Transdermal

Md. Saiful Islam

7th Batch
IIUC

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