b-AS) AS)
hexmition ofa Keal (onstand = R (onstant
but hexmihan of 2i -
2i
Jineaa Veclo
Shace-
(Whenuehave a olbl.em in 3 Vaiahle e
See
theSet ot 3 Vat
as a boint in SdnensionulSpaue b u ue bave baablems Lant more
oan 3 Vaxlike in gen xe tnexe afe more_
4Va c in Such
Such a (ase
(ase.
ue Lonside Set of
n vaaiahles as a point in
ais
ais he edension o 3dimensisnal Skate o ndinensianul Spau
din.
Similaaly an extend u 4eamelaial tenminolo
mdimansionul Spare
b analogu t h 3d idenit ue can Sau in nim (iiy :A_
and its distans omOnigiO
mdhm ablem if linear ans dd Vaniable Saisfonditian Sumaf Sqa
wartable) Sumot Square ot neul Var than aansokmution
oxespon ds hotaHon in n dimensio ns
Veclox Spate 1f e haue S mvectoxs han he Shae htmed
muecdoxs 4 heiy liaau onbinutions iallel Vecd Spaue Since
Sins
e A-H is alungsone ok the lineu bans hence Vetor Shae alu
ass though
basicedors aYSnms aplane lek his be
i s Said o be Sabspaue af Nz 3d sRke han
KASet of lecloa Spans Spare
itailNecmxs in Spateare
Spate inear
Lambinaion o ignal Vecns
ineaxlu ndip Nlexoxs ahihSpans
a Share he axe alled basis
nat Necox Space and no ot basis dimensia ot et
b analba Compasis.an anSu hu basla a L spata
axe no.0 Coo o Co0l.o(o0 101
nnexpooduc
denexalizaton e un in mdimension
Aigi
hon masnihude of A= A
tOs xtnoauna lit
Schupaxz Inequallt
ue Kno hathot os 41 heneA-G< AG
AiGi K JsAiz
Osthonoama basis qam-SchmilB method when we Kepresent2 plane
ue us2 eteYS 4 Sim. i f have aplane in
eansof ndependent basis Vecars ean ind uzxespan.dHoa
lexpendiwlar units uectors uunish ave called Oth nuv busis
u ug aven vectnvsban niuh weaet B basiuedars
than st O.noraa isA1AI= e
n 0-oxmal 1s -nbof 6abns A 6 6)e/m
11
Lon Calaa A Lomp Calunab2 e-eC
J
in Aplicad lon i kull ta have umple Componens ot Vaa
e e i l usebeloa dentitiess when Vesa anhan CampleL m
Sinte ue Km 2uh be 4O but maq saluny tReul ao
4Simila A Ai i
Sxaayz ncqalih becom.es AiX Li ARA it
Luhexe Ameans anjuqute ofA
ind athonorma baSls
Sol. A L6401 040 6U4240)CLg2
eL 101040 A/AL
ez o0l0)
Ce-Oei (e2.)e 7Ce-4e z
e3 (Ojl021
uihen e Gad Paoda of omplex Vectaxi binal Result is alusu
ne nodolus of hat me obiaine
Eigen yalues and eiqen vectoas=
evious (se ue have ple tzanskan.maion that is Rat an RefleaHan bt
hexe Lan he ansoamakian ahich involues Kot - hanae in muanidue
Me Can Jeaxo hase tans easil ing eiuen ectax and Vales
Piaeoyades iatenested o utanstaxmati.on
S2 hene a ) hanqes tn X
De ane inteaesteu in hoseuectoas uhich hecomes aralleo
hemse lf_afteathe anstoxmaioo. M Ax (0hese uecoa
OKe Lalled eigen vedoxs and the Set al Values of Ais called
genWalues
taomi e qet x-2d 4-2x Ry Ay
(S-A)x-20
no0 2eKo value o 5-A) 0 his is calle
2-A) C2-A) Churucteystic equatian
A 46
othing A 4 6 in uie qet e2 6
4 12 A6
his means an Uecox uing nineX4240beromes6mes
and x Remains theSame
how A See the brans u aboe inesise
ndestaihe hat membaane txeth along t and Yemcinsana
2
Diagonalizing a mataix
et g lie on andand onA
aam i ueqet
Sx1-2 5x2-2 62
-3x tL 2x 2
e an uite aboue in mcY nYm aas
o6
let X 4 Y be unit weckny alonq lines hun
( 2
.
S -2/S5
SS
MC 0 muit both Side
C mc = 0 e e can tiod by iin ,al ona
he ouin diagonal oT matix
mis is also oneo he ncth.od here is a Sianiticanie
Lontaining n Necto,
meaningot Cand 0-
Lule leSe of azls and
Caly hexe aL Xansfouion
halphenS
e noun hot
x'(6 Sa
ndSim (SeR
Sub these Jalues in
MEx ERI mul
EbadtiaSid
EME r R an e
e at anda 4 -
Kand oxe Sume uectox s heae EmEali
ame xansfot matioa that ok M baB
thxespect ais nO uuhat
dops E taia2 look at E itContnins ompobente
of oUnit ecns alongq axisoi in o
ambaaing this Kesult n ith the 0 (m
(ontain he (ommp of unit uertmYs alang een vertnYS
hen haannal matzix s s the nsinrrouano
with Hespect inenecnns i s not aluas neressar
o e n ueaas n he and he oadez ot A in D alanq
he diugona is aabitraru hecaus.e e chanae axder he falorms af
interhanged
edenena O Summe-ri marices VettoYS onneskoancdino diff
P-values ane i o moKe eruen values aie Sume than
eNalues de alied eenexute
laconalizino heamitian mataiz
hexe xe enin heoms about H mgdvi
he Palues of Hmahvir is aluau eal
nultib i bu x Rau raabzi and (oluon matin
HY AY HY Y
Subhrad nese LAAYy-o
Since isnot Som 1 nv hence A O i s Kea
o o Hmatril etovs axresbanding o itterent Aane
hinq can be aid ox Sumedai makaiues
4
Yansponse THA Y put thi
H A z t2 Y Sine
x
For outhoqon metrvix
I C Contain Lomp oUnit eigen vecoYs han Cisariouana
Le con Krove his b Krauina CTC
iEue use CO e illShuk
Diagunal mataiz o H 0 uHU
nis pxessi calle niny Similarik aansror onution
e al dand evectoT S
O 3
Sol to tind eual ust Sub Afvamae u i n diaa_ekmen
and t he det o 0
tA)31
T-A)O
o 3-A)
Soluinghis g ail agt 3-Sz-2 te)-0
X 3 is one kutian So (t2)i l he kaitor
A 2 ( - a A12)0
X Nid Y ave eualues
o
-2
t t 2 O 2xtSA-O 4tS20 m anal dei of loek M ohenue
Jet 2=K fhan g ill.aet SKá
evecnytor àE-2 S,2,1
S30
Sxt+2- O 1- o -2 o
Same situaddon hore also lek 2-k 2K 4 -KK
n eyecn 2
J6
imilavk kav lso
Someimes he hotiornal anale aY e
Smallin Sun case itinconuenient tn ind Sh fnuae
a amadri ad o on oud eNauea Deu method
dlagonali2e 3
socessis hesame 2-3-i E0 onSohuinq this
St -1-A
A--3
3
xt (3-jy-o 3i t2 O -3-1
1s unit evedmr 3-i
olue toqt nd init etor
u n uexifu SIng. ihese nit ecinx JT4
hat HO H =
0
heorm det e E e trace e tva M Oneae mis t