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Main Types of Signs

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

243 views482 pages

Main Types of Signs

Uploaded by

ttsm185

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Main types of signs

Most of the signs you’ll see on our roads are international symbolic signs. This
means they use the same shapes and symbols as traffic signs all over the world.

Symbolic signs are used because they’re quick and easy to read
and understand.

The signs are generally made of reflective material, making them easier to read
at night.

The 3 types of signs

The signs on our roads can be divided into 3 types:

 compulsory signs
 warning signs
 information signs.

You must be able to recognise and understand each type of sign.

Some examples of these signs are shown below.

Compulsory signs
Compulsory signs tell you what you must or must not do. They’re usually red or
blue.

Turn right
Keep going straight ahead

Keep left

You must not go faster than 50km/h

You must not drive into this road

You must not turn left

You must not make a U-turn

You must stop and then give way

You must slow down and give way (or stop, if necessary)

School patrol – you must stop

Some compulsory signs have red borders.

You must keep left unless passing

Bus lane that can also be used by cycles, motorcycles, mopeds

Bus lane that can only be used by buses

Transit lane – can only be used by passenger service vehicles, cycles,

motorcycles, mopeds and vehicles carrying at least the number of people
shown on the sign. T2 means 2 or more people, T3 means 3 or more.

Important!
Road authorities, such as local councils, may have special rules for road users in specific areas.
These restrictions should be shown by signs or markings.

Warning signs
Warning signs alert you to a hazard on the road ahead. They warn you to be
careful for your own safety, the safety of other road users or the safety of road
workers carrying out maintenance.

There are 2 types of warning signs:

 Those that warn you of a permanent hazard.

 Those that warn you of a temporary hazard.
Both types of sign are usually diamond shaped.

Permanent warning signs

These warning signs are yellow and black.
Pedestrian crossing

Look out for children

Slippery surface

Road narrows

Clearance height advance warning

Temporary warning signs
These warning signs are orange and black.

Roadworks
Left lane closed

Slips

Gravel surface

Stop on request

Other hazard

Bilingual traffic signs

You may also see some signs in both te reo Māori and English.
Kura school sign
Information signs
These signs give you useful information, for example, the distance to the next
town. They’re all rectangular, but come in a range of different colours and sizes.

You may turn left, but first give way to any

pedestrians and vehicles

Shows the state highway number and the

distance in kilometres to places listed

Shows directions to places

at the next intersection

Shows the way to the nearest

information centre

Shows the state highway number

and direction to places listed

Temporary information sign – roadworks or

construction site access 100 metres ahead

About signs
 Main types of signs
 Vehicle mounted signs

Vehicle mounted signs

Oversize vehicles or vehicles carrying very large loads must have special signs
on them. They may also have pilot vehicles to warn other road users to take
care.

Oversize sign
The sign will be on the oversize vehicle. If you see this sign when driving, drive
carefully until the vehicle has passed. The vehicle may be very big, so give it
plenty of space on the road.
Pilot vehicles
When a vehicle is carrying a large load, it may be accompanied by a pilot vehicle,
with flashing orange roof lights and a sign on the roof, to warn other road users.

Very large loads

If a vehicle’s load is very large, 2 pilot vehicles will travel ahead of it.

The first pilot vehicle will have flashing orange and purple roof lights and a roof-
top sign that says Danger slow down.

If the pilot vehicle is in front of the load, the sign will say either Long load
follows or Wide load follows.

If the pilot vehicle is behind the load, the sign will say either Long load
ahead or Wide load ahead.

The second pilot vehicle will have flashing orange roof lights and a roof-top sign
that says Wide load follows.
Important!
If you see an oversize sign or a pilot vehicle with flashing lights, slow down and be prepared to
pull over and stop. Look for any instructions from the pilot vehicle driver.

Key driving skills

Learn the key driving skills and road rules that you need to be a safe and
competent driver.

Keeping left

Vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road in Aotearoa.

Giving signals

Signals tell other road users you’re changing your direction or position on the
road.

Other signals

There are some other signals that road users will use to communicate to you.
You must know what these signals are and what to do when you see them.
Turning

Turning can be dangerous, because it often means you have to cross the path of
other vehicles. Remember – turning traffic usually gives way to traffic that isn’t
turning.

Using lanes correctly

Lanes are painted on the road to separate traffic. It's important that you use
lanes correctly.

Following distance

It’s very important to make sure you have a safe distance between you and the
vehicle in front, so you have enough time if you need to stop suddenly.

Passing

Many serious crashes on our roads are caused by dangerous passing.

Merging

Sometimes on a road, 2 lanes will merge into one lane.

The lanes merge where the broken lane lines stop. It’s important to make sure
that all vehicles from both lanes have plenty of space to merge
safely.
Motorway driving

Motorways are designed so that traffic can flow with as little disruption as
possible.

Reversing

Make sure the way is clear when reversing.

1. Home

2. Road code

3. General road code

4. About driving

5. Key driving skills

Keeping left
Vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road in Aotearoa.

If you don’t keep left, you’re likely to cause a head-on crash. This is one of the
worst types of crash, as it almost always results in death or serious injury.

Keeping left on a laned road

Most roads in Aotearoa have lanes marked on them with a white line, double
white lines, or raised studs.

When driving on a laned road, it’s important to drive your vehicle within your
lane.

Where there are 2 or more lanes on your side of the centre line:
 keep in the left-hand lane as much as you can
 don’t use the lane closest to the centre line if you'll hold up other
vehicles.
The lane closest to the centre line should only be used when:

 you want to pass another vehicle

 you want to turn right
 the left-hand lane is full with other traffic or is blocked.

Keeping left on a laned road

Keeping left on an unlaned road
An unlaned road is a road with no marked white lines or raised studs.

To stay well out of the way of oncoming vehicles, always keep as close as
possible to the left side of the road.
Keeping left on an unlaned road

Keeping left on a curve

Keep to the left when you’re driving around a curve or bend in the road, whether
you’re on a laned or unlaned road.

This is because you can’t always see what’s around the corner. You should be
prepared to slow down in case there are cyclists, horses, pedestrians or an
object on your side of the road, as well as vehicles coming the other way.
Keeping left on a curve
What is a road?
The legal definition of a road is very broad. It includes the roadway and also any place the public
has access to – such as beaches, riverbeds, riverbanks, sports fields, car parks, reserve lands,
wharves and road shoulders.

This means requirements like displaying a current warrant of fitness (WoF), holding a current
driver licence, wearing a seatbelt, and following the road rules, continue to apply even when you're
driving somewhere other than the road.

Giving signals
Signals tell other road users you’re changing your direction or position on
the road. Knowing when and how to give signals is an important part of being
a safe driver.
Drivers usually signal using their indicators. However, you may sometimes need
to use hand signals if your indicators can’t be seen.

When to give signals

You must signal for at least 3 seconds before you:

 turn left or right

 move towards the left or right – for example, when changing lanes
 stop or slow down
 move out:
o from a parking space
o to pass another vehicle
o to change lanes.

Signalling when turning right

Signalling at roundabouts

Using your indicators

Indicators tell other road users what you’re going to do. Front indicators
are amber or white. Rear indicators are amber or red.

Important!
Don’t assume that other drivers have seen your signals.

Use your left indicator when you're:

 turning left
 moving towards the left – for example, when you pull back into the left
lane after passing another vehicle or when returning to the kerb.
Use your right indicator when you're:

 turning right
 moving towards the right – for example, when moving out of a parking
space.

Right-turn hand signal

Right indicator

Important!
Don’t just rely on the other driver’s signal. Is the vehicle slowing down? Is the vehicle in the right
place on the road in relation to the signal?

Stopping
Your brake lights, the red lights at the back of your vehicle, let people behind
you know that you’re slowing down or stopping. Brake lights come on
automatically when you use the brake pedal (footbrake). Keep your foot on the
brake pedal to keep the brake light on to warn other drivers.

Stop or slowing hand signal

Brake lights
Tip: tapping the brake pedal will flash the brake lights to warn other drivers.

Hazard lights
When you turn on your hazard lights, both indicator lights flash at the same time
as a warning to other road users. You should turn on your hazard lights when
your vehicle becomes a temporary hazard to other road users, such as when:

 you’re changing a tyre on the side of the road

 your vehicle has broken down and is being towed.

Other signals
There are some other signals that road users will use to communicate to
you. You must know what these signals are and what to do when you see them.

Flashing lights and sirens

If an emergency vehicle, such as an ambulance, fire engine or police car, is
coming towards you or behind you, and is using sirens and/or flashing red, blue,
or blue and red lights, you must pull over and, if necessary, stop and allow it to
pass.
If a police car is following you with its siren on and/or flashing blue, or blue and
red lights, you must pull over and stop as soon as possible.

If asked to, you must give a police officer:

 your name, address and date of birth

 your driver licence
 the name of the vehicle’s owner.

If a vehicle is following you with flashing blue lights, you must pull over and stop
as soon as possible. Flashing blue lights are used by customs, fisheries and
marine reserve officers. These officers have the right to stop vehicles.

Doctors, nurses or midwives on urgent business may use a roof-mounted green

flashing light. If you see these lights, you must pull over and allow the vehicle to
pass.

When service vehicles, such as tow trucks and road maintenance vehicles, use
flashing amber lights, they're warning you to be careful around them. When you
see these lights, slow down, and be prepared to stop if necessary.

Oversize vehicles may use flashing amber lights and pilot vehicles may use
flashing amber and purple lights. You may need to pull over or stop to let the
vehicles pass.

Oversize vehicles and vehicle-mounted signs

Red flashing signals outside a fire station or airport mean you must stop and
remain stopped until the lights stop flashing.

Flashing red signals

Police officer directing traffic
When a police officer is directing traffic, you must stop or go where the officer
directs you. A police officer’s directions overrule:

 traffic signals
 road signs
 the give way rules.

If a police officer is controlling an intersection, be careful to get into the correct

lane. If you don’t, you may have to go the wrong way.

Show the officer where you want to go by using your indicators.

Turning
Turning can be dangerous, because it often means you have to cross the path of
other vehicles. Remember – turning traffic usually gives way to traffic that isn’t
turning.

How to turn
To legally and safely make a left or right turn:

 do a thorough check for other vehicles – in front, behind and to the sides
 remember to check over your shoulder for your blind spots – the areas of
road on the sides of your car that you can’t see in your mirrors
 watch for pedestrians
 signal for at least 3 seconds
 turn when safe.
If you're turning left, use your left indicator. If you're turning right, use your right
indicator.

Be prepared to stop, even if the other driver should give way to you.

Important!
Always check your blind spots when turning or changing lanes.

Turning from a driveway

If you're coming out of a driveway:

 slow down to a complete stop at the end of the driveway

 check the road and footpath for pedestrians, vehicles and other hazards
 give way to:
o anyone using the footpath
o cyclists using a cycle path or cycle lane
o vehicles on the road, including vehicles turning right into the

driveway.
Making a left turn
If you're turning left into another street or driveway:

 stay in the left-turn lane or keep to the left side of the road
 slow down before you turn
 check your mirrors and look over your left shoulder to check your blind
spot
 signal for at least 3 seconds
 turn when safe.
Making a left turn
Keeping left on an unlaned road
An unlaned road is a road with no marked white lines or raised studs.

To stay well out of the way of oncoming vehicles, always keep as close
as possible to the left side of the road.

Important!
When turning, keep to your position on the road.

For example, if you’re on the left-hand side of the road, you should stay on the left-hand side of the
road after you’ve turned and if you’re in a lane next to the centre line, you should turn into the lane
next to the centre line.

Making a right turn on a road with no marked lanes

In this situation:

 slow down before you turn

 check your mirrors and look over your right shoulder to check your blind
spot
 signal for at least 3 seconds
 move towards the centre line and position your vehicle for the turn
 check your mirrors again and look over your right shoulder to check your
blind spot
 turn when safe.

Right turn on an unmarked road

Making a right turn on a road with a centre line
In this situation:

 slow down before you turn

Right turn on a laned road

Making a right turn from the left-hand side of the road
If other vehicles are moving fast or following too closely, or if the road is narrow,
it may be best to wait on the left-hand side of the road to make the turn, rather
than stopping in the middle of the road and holding up traffic.

In this situation:

 signal left for at least 3 seconds

 check your mirrors and look over your right shoulder to check your blind
spot
 move across to the left-hand side of the road
 wait there until it's safe to turn
 signal right for at least 3 seconds before you turn
 check your mirrors again and look over your right shoulder to check your
blind spot
 move when it's safe.

Right turn from left-hand side of road - laned

Right turn form left-hand side of road - unlaned

If a vehicle in front of you has also stopped to turn right, it’s best to wait behind
them and then use the same position to turn from. Take extra care on roads
where the traffic is moving quickly.

Making a right turn from a right-turn bay

A right-turn bay is an area where vehicles that are turning right can wait until it’s
safe to turn, without holding up vehicles going straight through.

You can’t use the right-turn bay to overtake a vehicle travelling straight ahead.
As you approach the right-turn bay, the road will be painted with a white
triangle with diagonal lines inside it, followed by one or more right-turn arrows.

You can only drive over the white diagonal lines if you’re turning right.

Turning on a road with a flush median

Safe turning tip

If you've stopped to turn right, keep your wheels pointed straight ahead until you start to turn. That
way, if you're hit from behind you're less likely to be pushed into the path of oncoming traffic.

Turning on or off a road with a flush median

A flush median is a strip in the centre of the road that's marked with white
diagonal lines within parallel lines. It's a place for vehicles to wait safely before
turning right off the road, or after turning right onto the road.

You can only drive onto the flush median to:

 wait to move into a gap in the traffic flow after you've turned right -
car A in the diagram
 slow down and wait before turning right - car B in the diagram.
Using a flush median

Important!
When using a flush median, watch out for pedestrians who might be waiting on the flush median to
cross the road.

Making a U-turn
You’re normally allowed to make U-turns, as long as the road is clear in both
directions and it’s safe to do so. Make sure you have enough room to complete
the turn and don’t create a hazard for oncoming vehicles.

You aren’t allowed to make U-turns on a motorway or if a No U-turn sign

is displayed.

Making a turn over a no-passing line

You can cross over the solid yellow no-passing line, if it’s safe to do so,
when making a turn to enter a driveway or side road.

However, no-passing lines are often marked where visibility is limited, so extra
care is needed. It may be safer to turn further along the road, where visibility is
better.
No-passing line

Using lanes correctly

Lanes are painted on the road to separate traffic. It’s important that you use
lanes correctly.

Lane rules at intersections

Make sure you're in the correct lane for the direction that you're travelling.
Follow the direction of any arrows marked on the road.

If there are no arrows:

 turn left from the left-hand lane

 turn right from the right-hand lane
 use either lane to go straight ahead.

You should stay in the same lane all the way through the intersection.

Lane rules at intersections

Making a right turn at an intersection with marked lanes
When turning right from a road that has more than one marked lane in each
direction into another road with more than one marked lane in each direction:

 make sure you're in the right-turn lane

 signal for at least 3 seconds before turning
 turn into the appropriate lane of the road.
Making a right turn into a one-way street
When turning into a one-way street:

 turn from the lane next to the centre line – if in a 2-way street
 signal for at least 3 seconds before turning
 turn into the closest lane of the one-way street.

Making a right turn from a one-way street or a multi-laned road

When turning right from a one-way street, you should stay in the same lane
throughout the turn.

That means:
if you’re turning from the left-hand lane of the one-way street, turn into
the left-hand lane of the 2-way street
 if you’re turning from the right-hand lane of the one-way street, turn into

the lane immediately to the left of the centre line of the 2-way street.
Remember to signal for at least 3 seconds before turning.

When you’re turning from a multi-laned road, the same rules apply.

Turning right from a one-way street

Turning right form a multi-laned street

Important!
If you're turning at an intersection where there's a cycle lane, give way to cyclists going straight
through.

Two vehicles turning into the same road at a laned intersection

When 2 vehicles are turning into the same road at an intersection that has more
than one marked lane in both directions:

 both vehicles must show they want to turn by signalling for at least 3
seconds
 both vehicles stay in their own lane throughout the turn:
o car A turns from the left-hand lane into the left-hand lane
o car B turns from the right-hand lane into the right-hand lane.

Two vehicles turning onto the same road

Changing lanes at an intersection
Try to get into the correct lane before you get to the intersection. However, if
you must change lanes:

 make sure it’s safe before you start

 signal for at least 3 seconds before changing lanes
 before changing lanes, look over your shoulder to check that there are no

vehicles in your blind spot.

Never change lanes suddenly.
Changing lanes at an intersection
Passing lanes
When there are passing lanes, drive in the left-hand lane unless you're passing
another vehicle.

If you’ve been driving slower than the speed limit, don’t speed up when you
reach a passing lane if other vehicles are following – give them the opportunity
to pass you safely.

Passing
Special vehicle lanes
Special vehicle lanes have signs or markings that show they’re only for the use
of specific vehicles, such as buses, cycles, taxis or vehicles carrying a specified
number of passengers – transit lanes.

Other vehicles may use special vehicle lanes to make a turn or get to a parking
space. Using the lane for this must be kept to a minimum length and be no more
than 50 metres. You must give way to any vehicles entitled to use the lane.

Some special vehicle lanes operate 24 hours a day for specific vehicles to use.
Others have times of operation specified on their signs, for example, 4pm to
6pm. In that case, you may be able to park or stop in them outside of these
times.

Examples of special vehicle lane signs

Main types of signs

Most of the signs you’ll see on our roads are international symbolic signs. This
means they use the same shapes and symbols as traffic signs all over the world.

Symbolic signs are used because they’re quick and easy to read
and understand.

The signs are generally made of reflective material, making them easier to read
at night.

The 3 types of signs

The signs on our roads can be divided into 3 types:

 compulsory signs
 warning signs
 information signs.

You must be able to recognise and understand each type of sign.

Some examples of these signs are shown below.

Note: the examples are only a small sample of the symbolic signs used on our
roads. This is to familiarise you with the 3 main types of sign rather than show
you all the signs you’ll see when driving.
Compulsory signs
Compulsory signs tell you what you must or must not do. They’re usually red or
blue.

Turn right

Keep going straight ahead

Keep left

You must not go faster than 50km/h

You must not drive into this road

You must not turn left

You must not make a U-turn

You must stop and then give way

You must slow down and give way (or stop, if necessary)

School patrol – you must stop

Some compulsory signs have red borders.

You must keep left unless passing

Bus lane that can also be used by cycles, motorcycles, mopeds

Bus lane that can only be used by buses

Transit lane – can only be used by passenger service vehicles, cycles,

motorcycles, mopeds and vehicles carrying at least the number of people
shown on the sign. T2 means 2 or more people, T3 means 3 or more.

Important!
Road authorities, such as local councils, may have special rules for road users in specific areas.
These restrictions should be shown by signs or markings.

 Those that warn you of a permanent hazard.

 Those that warn you of a temporary hazard.
Both types of sign are usually diamond shaped.

Permanent warning signs

These warning signs are yellow and black.

Pedestrian crossing

Look out for children

Slippery surface

Road narrows
Clearance height advance warning
Temporary warning signs
These warning signs are orange and black.

Roadworks

Left lane closed

Slips

Gravel surface

Stop on request

Other hazard
Bilingual traffic signs
You may also see some signs in both te reo Māori and English.

Kura school sign

Information signs
These signs give you useful information, for example, the distance to the next
town. They’re all rectangular, but come in a range of different colours and sizes.

You may turn left, but first give way to any

pedestrians and vehicles

Shows the state highway number and the

distance in kilometres to places listed
Shows directions to places

at the next intersection

Shows the way to the nearest

information centre

Shows the state highway number

and direction to places listed

Temporary information sign – roadworks or

construction site access 100 metres ahead

About signs
 Main types of signs
 Vehicle mounted signs

Following distance
It’s very important to make sure you have a safe distance between you and the
vehicle in front, so you have enough time if you need to stop suddenly. It also
gives you a better view of the road ahead and the hazards you need to avoid.
Several seconds will pass from the time you see the hazard until you can come
to a complete stop. This is because you need time to react to the hazard and
take action. Consider the time it takes to put your foot on the brake, as well as
the time for the brakes to slow the vehicle down.

The faster you’re going, the longer it’ll take to stop. This means you
must increase your following distance as you increase your speed.

Important!
Some people take longer to react to hazards than others.

If you’re tired, or your reaction times are slower than normal, you should increase your following
distance.

Keeping a safe following distance

A good way to make sure you always keep a safe following distance is to use the
2-second rule or the 4-second rule.

The 2-second rule

Under normal conditions, the 2-second rule is an easy way to make sure you’ve
allowed enough following distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in
front, no matter what speed you’re travelling at.

To check if you’re travelling 2 seconds behind the vehicle in front:

 watch the vehicle in front of you pass a landmark – such as a sign, tree or
power pole – at the side of the road
 as it passes the landmark, start counting ‘one thousand and one, one
thousand and 2’
 if you pass the landmark before you finish saying those 8 words, you're
following too closely – slow down, pick another landmark and repeat the
words to make sure you've increased your following distance.
The 2-second rule
The 4-second rule
In bad weather, when the road is wet or slippery, or if you’re towing a trailer,
you need to increase your following distance to 4 seconds, because you’ll take
longer to stop if you need to.

If the vehicle behind you is following too closely you should:

 increase your following distance to 4 seconds from the vehicle in front

of you. This gives you time and space to slow down gradually and reduce
the risk of sudden braking and being hit from behind.
 when it’s safe, you can pull over to the side of the road and let the

vehicle pass you.

To check that you’re travelling 4 seconds behind the vehicle in front, follow the
instructions for the 2-second rule, but count from one thousand and one to one
thousand and 4 instead.

Important!
When you’re following another vehicle and you don’t intend to overtake them, you must leave
enough space in front of your vehicle for vehicles behind you to pass.

Passing
Many serious crashes on our roads are caused by dangerous passing.

To safely pass another vehicle, you need to be extremely careful. You must have
a clear view of the road ahead, to make sure you can finish passing safely. You
must also pay close attention to the vehicle you’re passing, in case it changes its
course.

Passing on the right

Passing on the right can be dangerous, especially if you have to:

 change your path of travel

 enter a lane or part of the road used by oncoming vehicles.
Before passing, always ask yourself, ‘do I really need to pass?’ Don’t pass
just because you’re feeling impatient with the vehicle in front – that’s often
when crashes happen.

If you do decide to pass, follow the rules below.

Before you pass:

 make sure you'll be able to see at least 100 metres of clear road for the
whole time you're passing – if not, don’t pass
 look well ahead to make sure there are no vehicles coming towards you
 look behind to make sure there are no vehicles passing you
 signal right for at least 3 seconds and check your blind spot before
moving out to pass.
Passing on the right
Before pulling in front of a vehicle you've passed:

 make sure you can see the vehicle in your rear-view mirror
 signal left for at least 3 seconds.
Important!
Take extra care, and leave extra room, when passing cyclists, horses or pedestrians, as the wind
gust from your vehicle could affect their balance.

Passing on the left

You can only pass on the left when:

 there are 2 or more lanes on your side of the centre line and you're able to
pass safely by using the left-hand lane
 you're directed to by a police officer
 the vehicle you're passing:
o has stopped, or
o is signalling a right turn, or
o is turning right.
At all other times, when you're passing, you must pass on the right.

Important!
Keep a safe distance behind the vehicle you're about to pass. Follow the 2-second rule.

If you're being passed by another vehicle:

 move as far to the left of the road as possible

 never speed up to stop the other vehicle from passing you.

No-passing line
On some sections of road there will be a solid yellow line painted on your side of
the centre line. This line is called a no-passing line.

No-passing lines are usually there because it’s unsafe to cross the centre line to
pass, because features like hills and curves make it impossible to see if there’s
oncoming traffic.

Sometimes no-passing lines are marked because:

 there’s already a passing lane on your side of the road and you must
use that to pass
 the road is multi-laned, so you don't need to cross the no-passing line to

pass.
You must not pass a motor vehicle or animal-drawn vehicle if it means you have
to cross over a no-passing line on your side of the centre line.
If you see a broken yellow line on your side of the centre line, that means that a
no-passing line is about to start.

While you may come back over the broken yellow line to finish passing,
you must not cross it to start passing.

No passing line
As shown in the picture above:

 you may come back over the broken yellow line between A and B to finish
passing
 you must not cross the solid yellow line between C and D.

You can pass at a no-passing line if:

 you stay on your side of the solid yellow line, and

 you can see 100 metres of clear road in front of you for the whole time
while you're passing, and
 the lane is wide enough for 2 vehicles.
Passing without crossing the no passing line

Passing without crossing the centre line

Passing on a 3-laned road
If there's no solid yellow line on your side of the centre line, you may use the
centre lane to pass as long as:

 there are no vehicles in that lane, and

 you can see 100 metres of clear road in front of you for the whole time
while you're passing.
Don’t use the centre lane to pass if there's an oncoming vehicle in the centre
lane.
Passing on a 3-laned road
Passing a cyclist
You should allow at least 1.5 metres between you and a person riding a bicycle
when passing. If you can’t pass safely, slow down and wait behind the cyclist
until you can.

Sometimes a rider may want to move to the centre of the lane to keep safe. This
is called taking the lane. You can use a flush median to pass a rider as long as
you can do it safely.
Using a flush median to pass a cyclist
Situations when riders may take the lane are:

 on roundabouts
 turning right at intersections
 turning left at intersections
 when the road is too narrow for motor vehicles to safely pass them
 when parked car doors might unexpectedly open in their path.
Cyclist taking the lane at an intersection
You may see a sharrow marking in these situations.

The sharrow road marking shows where riders are likely to ride in the centre of
the lane for safety. You should slow down and follow the riders until the road
widens and you can pass safely, or use another lane to pass them.
Sharrow road marking
Where you must not pass
Remember, it’s against the law to cross over a no-passing line on your side of
the centre line to pass another vehicle. But this isn’t the only situation where
you mustn’t pass. There are other situations where passing is both unsafe
and illegal.

Don’t pass any vehicle that’s stopped, or is slowing down, for people on a
pedestrian crossing.

Illegal passing near a pedestrian crossing

Don’t pass any vehicle when you’re coming to a blind corner or curve. A blind
corner or curve is where you can’t see what’s around the corner.
Illegal passing on a corner
Don’t pass any vehicle when you can’t see at least 100 metres of clear road in
front of you for the whole time while you’re passing.

When approaching or crossing

an intersection, don’t pass on the right of a vehicle if it means you’ll cross the
centre line. You must not get in the way of:
 vehicles coming towards you
 vehicles coming out of side roads.

Don’t pass:

 any moving vehicle when you're less than 60 metres from a railway level
crossing
 any vehicle that's stopped for a train.
Illegal passing near a railway level crossing
Don’t pass any vehicle if it means you have to drive over a flush median.

Turning on or off a road with a flush median

Passing at an intersection
In some situations, you're allowed to pass another vehicle at an intersection.
However, you need to be very careful when doing this.

Passing on the left at an intersection with one lane on your side of the road
In this situation, you can pass on the left if there's enough room in your lane for
you to pass and the vehicle you're passing:

 has stopped, or
 is signalling a right turn, or
 is turning right.

Don’t pass if the vehicle has signalled a left turn.

Passing on the left at an intersection with one lane on your side of the road
Passing on the left at an intersection with more than one lane on your side of
the road
In this situation, you can pass on the left if the vehicle you're passing is in a
different lane and you can pass safely.

Passing on the left at an intersection with more than one lane on your side of the
road
Passing on the right at an intersection with more than one lane on your side of
the road
In this situation, you can pass on the right if you're turning right or going
straight ahead.

Passing on the right at an intersection with more than one lane on your side of
the road

Motorway driving
Motorways are designed so that traffic can flow with as little disruption as
possible. On a motorway, you shouldn’t come across things that hold up traffic
flow, such as intersections, turning vehicles, parked vehicles and pedestrians.

Although the number of driving hazards are reduced on motorways, you

still need to drive carefully as motorway traffic usually moves very quickly.

Motorway signs
Most motorway signs are green with white around the edges.

Pay special attention to signs that show the beginning and end of the
motorway, as well as signs that show particular exits.
Safe driving on motorways
When driving on a motorway:

 keep left, unless you're passing

 watch for exit signs
 get into the correct exit lane in plenty of time
 signal for at least 3 seconds before you change lanes
 you must not stop your vehicle, except in an emergency
 you must not make a U-turn
 you must not stop to drop off or pick up passengers
 if you miss your exit, don’t stop and reverse – drive on to the next exit
instead.

Reversing
Make sure the way is clear when reversing. All vehicles have blind spots,
so make sure you know your vehicle’s blind spots and pay extra attention
to these when reversing. If you’re in any doubt that the way behind you is
clear, get out and check.

Every year, young children are killed and injured by reversing

vehicles. Always check for children around your vehicles before driving off.
Young children are unpredictable and can move quickly. If you’re on your own
with young children and need to move a vehicle, the safest place for the
children is seated in the car with you.

Reversing guidelines
Follow these guidelines whenever you're reversing:

 Before you move, make sure it’s safe to reverse. The best way to do this
is to walk around the vehicle and make sure there are no children or
other obstacles in your path.
 Don’t rely on your mirrors, cameras or sensors alone. Always turn
around and look over your shoulder.
 Try to reverse in a straight line.
Stopping and parking

How to park safely

Moving vehicles aren’t the only potential hazards on the road. Parked vehicles can
be hazards too.

Where not to park

There are places where you can’t park. You can be fined and/or have your vehicle
towed away if you park in these places.

Parking signs

Any parking sign that has a red border around the outside means that you can’t
stop there at any time, unless other times are shown.
Blocking intersections and pedestrian crossings

When traffic is heavy, queues of vehicles can build up quickly. If you find yourself
in a traffic queue, it’s important you don’t block intersections, railway lines or
pedestrian crossings.

Road markings for cyclists

Learn about road markings for cyclists you'll see on our roads, like cycle-only
lanes, advanced stop boxes and hook turn signs.

How to park safely

Moving vehicles aren’t the only potential hazards on the road. Parked vehicles
can be hazards too. That’s why it’s important to follow the safe parking rules
and guidelines.

Safe parking rules

By law, you must follow these rules when parking:

 Indicate for at least 3 seconds before slowing down to park.

 Park parallel to the road and as close to the left as possible, unless you're
parking in an area where angle parking is permitted. There will be lines on
the road, or signs to show where you can angle park. Most of the time
you'll need to drive forward into an angle park.
 Move as far off the road as possible when stopping or parking on a road
with fast-moving traffic.
 Always check for passing vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians before
opening your door.
 Be careful when pulling out of a parking space. Don’t forget to:
o check for vehicles
o signal for at least 3 seconds before pulling out.
 A motor vehicle must not be parked on the road during the hours of
darkness unless it's clearly visible to other road users. This means it
should be lit by street lights, or you should turn on the tail lights and the
side light nearest the centre of the road on the front of the vehicle.
 A light, flat-decked vehicle that's parked on the street at night must
display a rear red light that:
o is on the side of the vehicle closest to the centre of the road
o is visible at a distance of 100 metres.

Safe parking guidelines

These guidelines will ensure that when you park your vehicle, it won’t move
forward or backward when parking on a steep road.

 Turn the front wheels towards the kerb.

 Leave your car in reverse gear if it’s manual, or in park if it’s automatic.
 Apply your handbrake.

Where angle parks are marked at 90 degrees to the kerb, you can choose
to reverse in or drive in forwards. Reversing in will allow better visibility
when leaving the park.

Safety
When there's lots of traffic, it’s a good idea to get out of your vehicle on the side away from the
traffic.

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3. General road code

4. About driving

5. Stopping and parking

Where not to park

There are places where you can’t park. You can be fined and/or have
your vehicle towed away if you park in these places. You must not park or
stop your vehicle:

 on the right-hand side of the road, except in a one-way street

 where it’s in the way of other road users, including pedestrians
 near a corner, curve, hill, traffic island or intersection, if it stops
other people from seeing along the road
 on the road, if you can park on the margin or off the road
without damaging grass or gardens – unless there are no parking signs
 on any footpath, traffic island, taxi stand or marked bus stop
 closer than 6 metres to an intersection, the approach side of a
pedestrian crossing or a bus stop marked only by a sign
 in front of, or closer than 1 metre to a vehicle entrance
 alongside another parked vehicle – that is, you must not double-park
 on no stopping lines – broken yellow lines marked near the edge of
the road
 where traffic signs say you must not stop or park
 where a sign says that part of the road is only for buses, taxis or
goods service vehicles
 in a cycle lane
 in a bus or transit lane during the hours of operation shown on the signs
 on a fire hydrant, marked by a yellow rectangle and circle, unless
a licensed driver who can move the vehicle stays with it
 within 50cm of any fire hydrant, unless a licensed driver who can
move the vehicle stays with it
 between a yellow arrow indicating the direction of a fire hydrant and
the kerb, unless a licensed driver who can move the vehicle stays with it.

Fire hydrant road marking

Indicates the direction of the fire hydrant

Park with care and consideration for others. You must leave enough room
between your vehicle and other parked vehicles to allow easy access.

Parking signs
You must obey all parking signs.

Examples of parking signs

Any parking sign that has a red border around the outside means that you can’t
stop there at any time, unless other times are shown.
Here are some examples of parking signs and what they mean.

You must not stop here between the times shown on the sign. If you do, your
vehicle will be towed away. You'll have to pay the tow fee to get your vehicle
back

You must not stop for the distance shown on the sign

You can't stop here at any time

You can stop after you pass this sign

You can’t stop between 8am and 6pm in the direction shown by the arrow

Only buses can stop here. Other vehicles may not stop here at any time

All other parking signs apply between 8am and 6pm, other than public holidays,
unless other times are shown.

The number shown under the P shows how many minutes you can park for
Only EVs can park here and for no more than 120 minutes

A coupon must be displayed in the window of the vehicle if you park here

Only motorcycles can park here

Any vehicle can stop here to unload goods or people, but the vehicle must not
be left unattended for more than 5 minutes

Only goods vehicles can stop here to unload goods or people, but the vehicle
must not be left unattended for more than 5 minutes

Parking for people with disabilities

Parking areas with these signs are set aside to give mobility parking permit
holders easy access to places such as supermarkets, libraries and community
centres.

To park here you must display a mobility parking permit on your front window.
Otherwise, you may be fined or have your vehicle towed away.

For information on how to get a permit, and the special parking conditions that
go with it, contact CCS Disability Action.

CCS Disability Action(external link)

Only vehicles displaying a mobility parking permit

can park here

Mobility parking permit

Blocking intersections and pedestrian

crossings
When traffic is heavy, queues of vehicles can build up quickly. If you
find yourself in a traffic queue, it’s important you don’t block
intersections, railway lines or pedestrian crossings.

You must not go into or attempt to cross the intersection, railway level crossing,
pedestrian crossing or an area controlled by pedestrian traffic
signals, unless there’s space for your vehicle on the other side.

In this illustration, vehicle A must not go into the intersection because there's
no space on the other side of the intersection. Vehicles B and C can go into the
intersection because there's enough space on the other side of the intersection.
Not blocking the intersection
The vehicle in this illustration is blocking the area controlled by pedestrian
traffic signals.
Blocking the area controlled by pedestrian traffic signals
When turning right at traffic lights you can enter and stop in an intersection, as
long as there are no other cars already waiting to turn right. When it’s safe you
may complete the turn even if the light is no longer green by the time you get to
turn.

Road markings for cyclists

Learn about road marking for cyclists you'll see on our roads. It's important you
know what to do when you see these markings or signs.

Sharing the road with cyclists

Cycle-only lanes
Cycle-only lanes are marked by a symbol of a cycle on the road. You must not
stop in or block a cycle lane. When coming up to an intersection you must not
enter a cycle lane if stationary traffic is in the way and you’ll block the
cycle lane.
Advanced stop box
An advanced stop box is a green square with a white cycle symbol at the top of a
controlled intersection. It’s only for cyclists and gives them a head start when
the lights turn green. You should not go onto the green cycle box. You should
expect cyclists to come through to the front of the queue.

Hook turns
You may also see this sign ahead of an intersection where a hook turn is
recommended. Riders doing hook turns may cross the intersection and stop in
front of you in an advanced stop box or hook turn box to wait for the light to
turn green.
Doing a hook turn

Hook turn markings and signs

Road markings at intersections with traffic

lights
The signs, road markings, traffic lights and give way rules at intersections with
traffic lights generally work the same for everyone on the road.

This page describes:

Using turning lanes

Using advanced stopping places
Alternatives to turning right across traffic
Doing a hook turn
Activating detectors at traffic lights
Bike detectors

Using turning lanes

Some intersections have lanes dedicated to turning traffic. Lane arrows, signs or
traffic lights indicate these turning lanes. You must use the correct lane if you
want to turn, and if you are in a turning lane when entering the intersection you
must turn.
Using advanced stopping places
Some intersections have advanced stopping places for bikes. These are areas
marked with a bike symbol, further ahead than the stop line where other traffic
waits at the intersection. There are two types – advanced stop boxes and
advanced stop lines.

You can use advanced stopping places when you need to wait at an intersection.
Take care if you need to pass a queue of traffic to reach an advanced stopping
place.

Passing other people and vehicles

When you wait in an advanced stopping place instead of beside a queue, you are
more visible to drivers. Because you start from the front of the queue, turning
vehicles are less likely to cross your path.

Drivers of other vehicles must not stop or block advanced stopping places or the
marked cycle lanes leading to them. This includes motorbike riders.

Advanced stop boxes

Advanced stop boxes are areas at the front of the traffic lanes at an intersection,
marked with a bike symbol on a green background.

Advanced stop boxes sometimes have a marked cycle lane leading to them, or a
row of painted diamonds to show where the bike detector is.

Bike detectors

Several riders can fit in one advanced stop box. If possible, leave room for other
riders and position yourself to suit the direction you want to go.
Advanced stop boxes
Advanced stop lines
Advanced stop lines are stop lines where a cycle lane extends further than the
general traffic lane next to it. This means riders stop further ahead than general
traffic.
Advanced stop lines
Alternatives to turning right across traffic
Turning right at some intersections can be difficult. If you prefer, you can:

 pull to the left and pause to wait for a safe opportunity to cross
 stop in a safe place and walk your bike to cross as a pedestrian would
 complete the turn in four steps as a hook turn.

Hook turns mean that you can stay on the left side of the road at all times – you
don’t need to move across traffic to turn right.

Doing a hook turn

A hook turn at a crossroads with traffic lights takes four steps.

Steps in a hook turn:

1. Approach the intersection in the cycle lane or the left-most lane that goes
straight ahead.
2. Cross the intersection when the traffic light for going straight ahead turns
green.
3. Stop in the marked area of road just before the footpath, turning to face
the direction you want to go. If there isn’t a marked place, stop ahead of
the lane for the direction you want to go. Stay clear of crossing
pedestrians and traffic that will need to pass while you are waiting.
4. Cross the intersection when the traffic light for going straight ahead turns
green.
Hook turns are most useful at crossroads with traffic lights. The basic idea of
making a right turn in stages can also help you in other situations where
you want to avoid moving across traffic.

Doing a hook turn

Hook turn markings and signs
Some intersections have markings and signs to help you do a hook turn.

Road markings

Information signs
Hook turn markings are a green box marked with a bike and a turning arrow.
They show you a good place to stop and wait for the traffic lights to change –
ahead of traffic in the direction you want to go and away from the traffic you
started with.

Hook turn markings

Hook turn signs show a hook turn diagram. They recommend hook turns at a
particular intersection.

Hook turn sign

Activating detectors at traffic lights
All intersections with traffic lights have vehicle detectors set in the road surface
just before the intersection’s white stop lines. When a vehicle stops over the
detector, a message tells the traffic light you are waiting. Sometimes bikes
aren’t detected because they are smaller than other vehicles.
Stop your bike directly over the vehicle detector for the best chance of being
detected. Look for signs of the detector’s location – check for cut lines in the
road, sometimes covered with tar. Stop your bike over any of the cut lines.

If you have been waiting for a while and your bike hasn’t been detected, pushing
a pedestrian crossing button can trigger the traffic lights.

Traffic lights detector

Bike detectors
Some advanced stopping places and crossing points are marked with a row of
diamonds to show there’s a special detector for bikes. Stop your bike over the
diamonds to trigger the traffic lights.
Bike detector symbol
Diamonds in a line indicate bike detectors.

Bike warning signs

Bike warning signs are active warning signs designed to warn approaching
drivers that you are riding nearby. You may see bike warning signs at narrow
bridges, on and off ramps, places where you ride across busy driveways and in
other similar places.

Some bike warning signs activate automatically when you ride over a bike
detector marked with diamonds. Others have a button to push. The lights are
designed to stay on long enough for you to ride past the place where drivers
may cross your path.

Bike warning sign

Road markings at intersections with traffic

lights
The signs, road markings, traffic lights and give way rules at intersections with
traffic lights generally work the same for everyone on the road.

This page describes:

Using turning lanes

Using advanced stopping places
Alternatives to turning right across traffic
Doing a hook turn
Activating detectors at traffic lights
Bike detectors
Using turning lanes
Some intersections have lanes dedicated to turning traffic. Lane arrows, signs or
traffic lights indicate these turning lanes. You must use the correct lane if you
want to turn, and if you are in a turning lane when entering the intersection you
must turn.

Using advanced stopping places

Some intersections have advanced stopping places for bikes. These are areas
marked with a bike symbol, further ahead than the stop line where other traffic
waits at the intersection. There are two types – advanced stop boxes and
advanced stop lines.

You can use advanced stopping places when you need to wait at an intersection.
Take care if you need to pass a queue of traffic to reach an advanced stopping
place.

Passing other people and vehicles

Drivers of other vehicles must not stop or block advanced stopping places or the
marked cycle lanes leading to them. This includes motorbike riders.

Advanced stop boxes

Advanced stop boxes are areas at the front of the traffic lanes at an intersection,
marked with a bike symbol on a green background.

Advanced stop boxes sometimes have a marked cycle lane leading to them, or a
row of painted diamonds to show where the bike detector is.

Bike detectors

 pull to the left and pause to wait for a safe opportunity to cross
 stop in a safe place and walk your bike to cross as a pedestrian would
 complete the turn in four steps as a hook turn.

Hook turns mean that you can stay on the left side of the road at all times – you
don’t need to move across traffic to turn right.

Doing a hook turn

A hook turn at a crossroads with traffic lights takes four steps.

Steps in a hook turn:

Doing a hook turn

Hook turn markings and signs
Some intersections have markings and signs to help you do a hook turn.

Road markings

Hook turn markings

Hook turn signs show a hook turn diagram. They recommend hook turns at a
particular intersection.

Hook turn sign

If you have been waiting for a while and your bike hasn’t been detected, pushing
a pedestrian crossing button can trigger the traffic lights.

Traffic lights detector

Bike warning signs

Bike warning sign

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2. Road code

3. General road code

4. About driving

Hazards and emergencies

Driving can be dangerous, particularly when other hazards are involved. Find
out how to be aware of hazards and how to avoid getting into crash situations.

Dealing with hazards

As a driver, you’ll always face hazards on the road. A hazard is any object or
situation that could be dangerous.

Multiple hazards

It’s rare for there to be only one hazard at a time when driving. Most of the time
you’ll have to deal with several hazards at once.

Safe driving tips

One of the most important things you can do to be a safer driver is to look well
ahead of you when you’re driving, so you can pick up potentially dangerous
situations before it’s too late.

Tips for handling driving emergencies

Sometimes, no matter how carefully you drive, you may find yourself in an
emergency situation. Find out how to handle emergencies if they develop.

1. Home

2. Road code

3. General road code

4. About driving

5. Hazards and emergencies

Dealing with hazards

As a driver, you’ll always face hazards on the road. A hazard is any object
or situation that could be dangerous.

Hazards include:

 intersections – including driveways

 curves or bends in the road
 pedestrian crossings
 the position or movement of other road users, such as other vehicles,

cyclists or pedestrians
 changes in weather and road conditions.

To deal with hazards safely, you should get into the habit of using the
hazard action plan and system of car control covered in this section.

The hazard action plan

When you’re driving you should always:

 watch out for potential hazards that could affect you

 predict how the hazard might develop and endanger your safety
 decide what action to take to clear the hazard
 act on your decision by using the system of car control.

For example, if children are playing near the kerb, they may run out after a ball
or after each other. Using the system of vehicle control, choose a course as far
away from the children as possible while still keeping on your side of the road,
check the mirror, use the brakes and slow down.

The system of car control

This is a safe and simple method of driving to help you deal with hazards safely.
It makes sure you’re always positioned in the right place on the road, travelling
at the right speed and in the right gear.

Use this system when you approach any type of hazard.

 Course: choose a safe and legal path.

 Mirrors: check your mirrors frequently to see the position of all other
traffic around you.
 Head check: always check your blind spots.
 Signal: always signal if you intend to change your position on the road.
 Brake: use the brakes to reduce your speed.
 Gear: select the correct gear for the speed you've chosen.
 Accelerate: accelerate safely to leave the hazard.
Multiple hazards
It’s rare for there to be only one hazard at a time when driving. Most of the time
you’ll have to deal with several hazards at once.

This means you’ll need to stay aware of all the hazards, but give most attention
to the hazard that’s most likely to develop into a dangerous situation and
require you to take urgent action.

Identifying the main hazard

These images show scenes involving multiple hazards for the driver of the blue
car.

Remember, the main hazard is the one most likely to need you to take urgent
action.

Hazard A is the main hazard. The cyclist is about to pull out around the parked
car and move into the path of the blue car.
Hazard B is the main hazard. This car is reversing out of a parking space and is
about to enter the path of the blue car.

Hazard D is the main hazard. This car is about to turn across the path of the
blue car.
Hazard B is the main hazard. The child’s attention is focused on the adult on the
other side of the road. Remember, the child may try to cross the road without
looking.

afe driving tips

Extend your vision
One of the most important things you can do to be a safer driver is to look well
ahead of you when you’re driving, so you can pick up potentially dangerous
situations before it’s too late.

The earlier you spot a potential hazard, the more time you’ll have to
take evasive action if you need to.

Rather than looking only as far as the vehicle in front of you when driving, you
should actually be scanning the road in front to a distance of at least 12 seconds
ahead of where your car is – that is, the place you’ll be after driving for 12
seconds.
As a rough guide, at 50km/h, 12 seconds is 166 metres or about 2 city blocks. At
100km/h, 12 seconds is 333 metres. This means at 100km/h you should look
ahead as far as you can see.

Keep your eyes moving

Many people only look ahead of them when driving. This means they’re
not getting the full picture of what’s happening on the road.

As well as looking ahead, you should also use your mirrors to look to the sides
and behind often, to be aware of surrounding traffic. This will help you spot
potentially dangerous situations that could be forming around or behind you.

Moving your eyes regularly and concentrating on what’s going on around you
will also help you to stay alert on long journeys.

Important!
The cheapest insurance you can have is space around your vehicle.

The more space you have, the safer you'll be.

Create a safety cushion

You should create a cushion of safety around your whole vehicle by making sure
there’s a safe distance in all directions between you, other vehicles
and potential hazards.

This will give you and other road users more time and space to avoid any
hazards.

 Create a cushion of safety ahead of you by keeping a safe following

distance. Use the 2-second rule or the 4-second rule when appropriate.
 Create a cushion of safety behind you by keeping a safe distance between

you and any following vehicles. If a vehicle is following you too closely,
slow down, move over and let it pass as soon as you can do so safely.
 Create a safety cushion to your sides by keeping a safe distance from any

hazards on your sides, such as driveways, parked vehicles, cyclists or

children playing on the footpath.
2-second and 4-second rules

Stay focused
It’s easy to get distracted when you’re driving. Things like music,
talking passengers, passing scenery and roadside advertising can all take
your attention from your driving and the road.
You must learn to ignore distractions and concentrate on your driving
when you’re behind the wheel. If, for any reason, you must look away from
the road, follow these pointers:

 Check well ahead and behind for any potential hazards. Don’t look away if
you can see potential hazards.
 Remember if you do look away from the road make sure you don’t go off

course.
 Never take your eyes off the road for longer than is absolutely necessary.

For example, while driving at 90km/h, if you take your eyes off the road
for 2 seconds you'll have travelled 50 metres.
Identify escape routes
Following the tips on this page will help you avoid many potentially dangerous
crashes. However, there may still be times when you find yourself on a
direct collision course with another vehicle or other hazard.

For this reason, it’s good to identify possible escape routes all the time
while you’re driving. That way, if you find yourself in danger of a crash, you’ll
be ready to take quick evasive action.

Most escape routes will be to your left, so take note of what’s on the left-
hand side of the road as you drive. Ask yourself questions like:

 Is there a wide shoulder I could steer onto?

 Can I steer off the road safely if I need to?
If there are no safe escape routes, reduce your speed and increase
your following distance so you can stop in plenty of time if a crash
situation develops.

Boosting your driver education

As a driver, you never stop learning. You should always be looking for ways to improve your safe
driving skills.

Practice, combined with the right attitude, will help you refine your skills, but there are also
courses you can take to help you become a safer driver.

Advanced driving courses

Tips for handling driving emergencies

Sometimes, no matter how carefully you drive, you may find yourself in
an emergency situation. Find out how to handle emergencies if they develop.
Skids
Skids don’t happen without reason. They're usually caused by:

 heavy acceleration
 heavy braking
 changing direction suddenly
 driving too fast on wet or unsealed roads.

Different kinds of skids require you to take different corrective action. You
should know what to do if your car goes into a skid.

Note: the following guidelines relate only to vehicles with conventional brakes
and not vehicles with ABS brakes. If your vehicle has ABS brakes, never pump
the brakes in an emergency. Keep the pedal pressed down hard and steer out of
trouble.

4-wheel skid
In a 4-wheel skid, all 4 wheels lock under heavy braking.

You should:

 pump your brakes gently so the wheels turn and grip the road again.

4-wheel skid
Front-wheel skid - understeer
In a front-wheel skid, the vehicle goes in a straight line instead of following the
direction your front wheels are turned in.

In this kind of skid you shouldn’t brake.

You should:

 push in the clutch – if driving a manual vehicle

 take your foot off the accelerator
 turn the steering wheel in the direction that the vehicle is heading
 once you’ve regained control, let the clutch out.

Front-wheel skid
Rear-wheel skid - oversteer
In a rear-wheel skid, the rear of the vehicle swings out.

In this kind of skid you shouldn’t brake.

You should:

 push in the clutch – if driving a manual vehicle

 take your foot off the accelerator
 turn the steering wheel in the direction that the rear wheels are sliding
 once you’ve regained control, let the clutch out.

Rear-wheel skid
Tyre blowouts
Tyre blowouts can be dangerous, especially if you're driving fast, because they
can cause your vehicle to lose control.

A front-tyre blowout usually causes the vehicle to pull towards the side with the
blowout. A rear-tyre blowout usually causes the vehicle to sway from side-to-
side.

You can try to avoid having a blowout by checking your tyres regularly. It’s
important to have correct tyre pressure. If a tyre has a large cut or bulge, or is
very worn, it needs to be replaced.

If you do have a blowout while driving, you should:

 grip the steering wheel tightly

 ease off the accelerator
 try to keep the vehicle on its path
 signal and steer to the side of the road once you’ve reduced speed.

Engine failure
If your engine cuts out suddenly while driving, you must try to get the vehicle to
the side of the road as quickly and safely as possible.
You should:

 signal and steer towards the side of the road

 put the vehicle into neutral gear – this will help you roll further
 put your hazard lights on once you’ve stopped.

If your vehicle has power steering, it'll be difficult to steer once the engine is
dead. Try not to be alarmed by the reduced control. Grip the wheel tightly and
steer as best as you can.

Jammed accelerator
An instinctive response of many drivers to a jammed accelerator is to turn the
engine off. This isn’t a good idea, particularly if your vehicle has power steering
and braking, as this will make it much harder to steer and the brakes will be less
effective.

You should:

 try to lift the accelerator up with your toes

 leave the vehicle in gear
 brake – the brakes will be strong enough to stop the vehicle, even with

the engine going

 keep steering and look for a spot where you can safely pull off the road.

Shattered windscreen
Shattered windscreens are becoming less common these days because modern
vehicles are fitted with laminated windscreens, which crack but don’t shatter.
Stone chips can turn into cracks which weaken the screen. Always repair chips
before they turn into cracks.

If you’re driving an older model vehicle and your windscreen shatters, you
should:

 steer by looking through the side window if you can’t see through
the shattered windscreen. If you’ve been concentrating on the road
ahead by using the 2-second rule you should have a good mental picture
of the road, which will help you steer
 avoid pushing a hole in the shattered glass unless absolutely necessary.
You might cut your hand and pieces of broken glass will be blown into
your eyes
 pull over and stop as soon as possible
 once you've stopped, punch out the shattered glass using a jack or
another tool. If no tools are available, wrap your hand in thick cloth, such
as a jersey or towel, and carefully knock out the glass
 drive slowly to the nearest windscreen repairer.
Vehicle fire
If you think your vehicle is on fire, you'll need to act immediately. You should:

 signal and pull over to the side of the road

 get yourself and any passengers out of the vehicle as quickly as possible
 keep everyone clear of the vehicle and try to warn oncoming traffic
 phone the fire service.

Don’t try to put out the fire yourself, as you could inhale toxic fumes and there's
also a danger the vehicle could explode.

Earthquake
In a severe earthquake driving can be very difficult because the road may be
shaking or moving up and down beneath you.

If you think an earthquake is happening while you’re driving, you should:

 pull over and stop

 stay inside your vehicle until the shaking stops. Your vehicle will provide
you with some protection against falling objects.
After the earthquake:

 if power lines have fallen onto your vehicle, stay inside it until help arrives
 if you continue driving after the earthquake, be on the lookout for slips or

other road damage and obstacles

 turn on your radio and listen for news about possible road closures and

other information.
Submerged vehicle
Aotearoa has a high number of coastal and riverside roads and sometimes
vehicles can end up underwater.

Knowing what to do if you’re ever in this situation can mean the difference
between life and death.

 If possible, get out of the vehicle while it’s still afloat. It'll normally sink
within minutes.
 Escape by winding down the window. The weight of water against the
doors will usually make them too hard to open.
 Once submerged, water will gradually seep into the vehicle. Escape
through the windows. If this isn’t possible, wait until the vehicle is filled
almost to head height with water. The doors will be easier to open then as
the pressure inside the vehicle will be almost the same as it is outside.
 Before leaving the vehicle, turn the lights on so rescuers can find it more
easily.
 Form a human chain with any other passengers as you leave the vehicle.

This will make sure you all stay together.

Bonnet flying up
You can try to avoid having your bonnet fly up by:

 remembering to re-fasten your vehicle’s bonnet securely whenever you

open it
 pulling over to the side of the road immediately if you notice the bonnet

flexing or coming loose while you are driving.

If the bonnet flies up while you're driving you should:

 steer by looking through the gap under the hinge of the bonnet or out the
side window
 brake smoothly, indicate and move over to the left-hand side of the road.

Brake failure
If your vehicle’s brakes fail, it'll be an alarming experience.

You can try to avoid this happening by checking your brakes regularly. Always
replace worn brake pads immediately and top up the brake fluid levels
whenever necessary.

If your brakes do fail while driving:

 change to a lower gear – automatic vehicles included – to help slow the

vehicle down
 pump the brakes hard and quickly to make use of any capacity still left in

the hydraulic brake system

 gradually pull up on the handbrake – don’t pull too hard or you may

cause the rear wheels to lock

 warn other road users by switching on your headlights and hazard lights

and sounding your horn

 look for an escape route, such as a wide shoulder of the road, a flat field

or an uphill road
 if you're travelling downhill and the vehicle is starting to lose control, try

to scrape against something on the side of the road, such as a safety rail,
a bank or the kerb.
Headlight failure
It’s uncommon for both headlights to fail while you're driving, but it can
happen.
If your headlights do fail while you’re driving, you should:

 slow down
 move off the road gradually and stop somewhere safe
 turn your hazard lights on.

Avoiding a head-on crash

A head-on crash is probably the most dangerous type of crash you can be
involved in. This is because when 2 vehicles collide head-on, the force of the
impact can be twice as much as when a vehicle hits a non-moving object.

If you find yourself heading towards a head-on crash, there are some things you
can do to try to avoid the crash or limit its damage:

 Brake hard. Every kilometre of speed that you slow down by will lessen
the impact of a crash if it happens.
 Flash your headlights and blow your horn to attract the attention of the
other driver.
 Look for an escape route to your left, even if it means driving off the road.
A roll-over crash is likely to be less dangerous than a head-on crash.
 Don’t swerve to your right. The other driver is most likely to respond by
swerving to their left and you would be likely to crash into each other.
Giving way
Learn when you must give way to other vehicles when driving, and find out what
to do in different situations and at different kinds of intersections. It’s very
important that you know the give way rules.

What is an intersection?

An intersection is where 2 or more streets or roads join or cross, or where a public

entrance or exit joins a street or road.

Driving up to an intersection

If any other vehicle is approaching or crossing an intersection, don’t speed up as

you approach. Use the system of car control to help you deal with hazards safely.
The give way rules

There are give way rules that apply at intersections. If you’re turning, give way to
all traffic that’s not turning.

Giving way at roundabouts

A roundabout is a central island in the middle of an intersection, where all vehicles

must travel to the left of the island.

Giving way at railway level crossings

A railway level crossing is a point where the road crosses over a railway line.

Giving way on one-lane bridges

Some roads in Aotearoa have one-lane bridges on them. At these bridges,

vehicles travelling in one direction have to give way to vehicles going in the
other direction.

Merging
Sometimes on a road, 2 lanes will merge into one lane.

The lanes merge where the broken lane lines stop. It’s important to make sure
that all vehicles from both lanes have plenty of space to merge safely.

Merge like a zip

The best way to merge is like a zip – where a vehicle from the left lane goes and
then a vehicle from the right lane goes, and so on.

As you merge, let one vehicle from the other lane go first, and then go.
Merge like a zip
Leaving a merge lane after turning right at an intersection
Some roads have a merge lane to help vehicles that have turned onto the road
join the traffic flow.

If you're in a merge lane at an intersection:

 show you want to merge by signalling for at least 3 seconds

 move into a safe gap in the traffic
 adjust your speed and following distance.
Using on-ramps and off-ramps when entering and leaving a motorway
Motorway on-ramps are similar to merge lanes.

When using an on-ramp to enter a motorway:

 change your speed to match the speed of the motorway traffic

 use the whole length of the on-ramp to adjust your speed – don’t change
speed suddenly just as you enter the motorway
 signal right for at least 3 seconds
 move into a safe gap in the traffic
 don’t enter the motorway at a sharp angle
 adjust your speed and following distance.
Using an on-ramp to enter the motorway
When using an off-ramp to leave a motorway:

 watch for exit signs

 signal left for at least 3 seconds
 move into the left-hand lane as soon as possible
 keep up with the traffic flow until you're on the off-ramp
 don’t leave the motorway at a sharp angle
 adjust your speed.
Using an off-ramp to exit the motorway

Safe driving tips

The earlier you spot a potential hazard, the more time you’ll have to
take evasive action if you need to.

As a rough guide, at 50km/h, 12 seconds is 166 metres or about 2 city blocks. At

100km/h, 12 seconds is 333 metres. This means at 100km/h you should look
ahead as far as you can see.
Keep your eyes moving
Many people only look ahead of them when driving. This means they’re
not getting the full picture of what’s happening on the road.

Moving your eyes regularly and concentrating on what’s going on around you
will also help you to stay alert on long journeys.

Important!
The cheapest insurance you can have is space around your vehicle.

The more space you have, the safer you'll be.

Create a safety cushion

You should create a cushion of safety around your whole vehicle by making sure
there’s a safe distance in all directions between you, other vehicles
and potential hazards.

This will give you and other road users more time and space to avoid any
hazards.

 Create a cushion of safety ahead of you by keeping a safe following

distance. Use the 2-second rule or the 4-second rule when appropriate.
 Create a cushion of safety behind you by keeping a safe distance between

hazards on your sides, such as driveways, parked vehicles, cyclists or

children playing on the footpath.
2-second and 4-second rules

You must learn to ignore distractions and concentrate on your driving

when you’re behind the wheel. If, for any reason, you must look away from
the road, follow these pointers:
 Check well ahead and behind for any potential hazards. Don’t look away if
you can see potential hazards.
 Remember if you do look away from the road make sure you don’t go off

course.
 Never take your eyes off the road for longer than is absolutely necessary.

Most escape routes will be to your left, so take note of what’s on the left-
hand side of the road as you drive. Ask yourself questions like:

 Is there a wide shoulder I could steer onto?

Boosting your driver education

As a driver, you never stop learning. You should always be looking for ways to improve your safe
driving skills.

Practice, combined with the right attitude, will help you refine your skills, but there are also
courses you can take to help you become a safer driver.

Advanced driving courses

What is an intersection?
An intersection is where:

 2 or more streets or roads join or cross

 a public entrance or exit joins a street or road.
Intersections can include entrances to and exits from supermarkets,
petrol stations and other public parking areas, such as airports and
hospitals. There are a number of different types of intersections, depending on
how many roads meet at the intersection.

Driving up to an intersection
If any other vehicle is approaching or crossing an intersection, don’t speed up as
you approach. Use the system of car control to help you deal with hazards
safely.

 Course – look ahead for a safe and legal path.

 Mirrors – look behind and in your blind spots.
 Signal – for at least 3 seconds if turning.
 Brakes – slow down so you can give way if required.
 Gears – change if necessary.

When it's safe:

 Accelerate – up to traffic speed.

The red shading in the diagram below shows you which areas to check carefully
before entering an intersection.
Areas to check

What are the give way rules?

 Road users must stop or give way as necessary at stop signs, give way signs and traffic
signals.
 If you’re turning, give way to vehicles not turning. Note: if you’re leaving the path of a
marked centre line, you’re considered to be turning and must give way to vehicles that are
following the centre line.
 If you’re turning right, give way to all vehicles coming towards you including those turning
left. Note: this applies if both vehicles are facing no signs or signals, or the same signs or
signals.
 At a T-intersection or driveway, traffic on a terminating road or driveway (bottom of the T)
must give way to all traffic on a continuing road (top of the T).
 In all other situations, give way to all vehicles coming from your right, for example, at a
roundabout or at a crossroad controlled by traffic signals, when the signals have failed and
all approaches have flashing yellow lights.

2 vehicles coming towards each other and turning right

When 2 vehicles are coming towards each other and both are turning right, no
one should have to give way.

This is because normally they won’t cross each other’s path, so both vehicles
can turn safely. However, be careful if the other vehicle is a large truck or bus, as
they may need more room to make the turn.

Remember to check for traffic coming towards you that’s going straight through
the intersection. Your view might be blocked by the turning vehicle.
Two vehicles coming towards each other and turning right at give way signs

Two vehicles coming towards each other and turning right at stop signs
At many intersections traffic is controlled by stop signs, give way signs and
traffic signals. See below for when to use the give way rules at these
intersections. If a police officer is directing traffic, you must obey their directions
as they overrule the give way rules.

Stop sign
At an intersection controlled by a stop sign:

 come to a complete stop – don't just slow down

 stop where you can see vehicles coming from all directions
 stay stopped until you've given way to all other vehicles, this includes
cycles and motorcycles
 if you and another vehicle are both facing stop signs, use the give way

rules
 you must not go until it's safe.

Give way rules

The word STOP and a single yellow line will be painted on the road.

Intersection with a stop sign

Give way sign
At an intersection controlled by a give way sign:

 slow down and be ready to stop

 give way to all other vehicles, except those facing a stop sign
 if you and another vehicle are both facing a give way sign, use the give

way rules
 you must not go until it's safe.

Give way rules

A triangle give way marking and a white line will be painted on a sealed road.

A car facing a stop sign gives way to a car facing a give way sign.

The give way rules

There are give way rules that apply at intersections.

If you're turning, give way to all traffic that's not turning.

Give way - no signs

Give way - with signs

This includes giving way to cyclists using cycle and bus lanes, and vehicles using
bus lanes.
Give way to cyclists

Important!
If you’re turning right, give way to all vehicles coming towards you who are turning left.

It also applies when both vehicles are facing the same control, such as stop
signs, give way signs and green traffic signals.
If you’re leaving the path of a marked centre line at an
uncontrolled intersection, you must give way to vehicles following the centre
line. This is because vehicles leaving the path of the centre line are legally
turning, even though sometimes they might actually be going in a straight line,
and the give way rules apply.
Leaving the path of the centre line

If you're turning right and the opposing vehicle is turning left, you must give
way.
If you’re on a terminating road (bottom of the T), give way to traffic on
the continuing road (top of the T).
You must give way to all traffic on the road and any road user on a footpath,
cycle path or shared path.
In all other situations give way to your right. For example at a roundabout, an
uncontrolled intersection or crossroads controlled by traffic signals
when signals have failed and all approaches have a flashing yellow light.

Important!
Giving way means that the road user you’re giving way to, whether they’re a driver, cyclist,
pedestrian or any other kind of road user, doesn’t need to stop, brake or slow down, swerve or take
any other evasive action to avoid you.

Traffic signals
These rules apply at an intersection controlled by traffic signals – also known as
traffic lights.

A red signal means stop.

A green signal means you can go, provided it's safe, and:

 if you're turning right, you give way to vehicles coming towards you that
are going straight through, or vehicles turning left
 you give way to pedestrians crossing. This includes riders of mobility
devices and wheeled recreational devices.
A yellow signal means stop, unless you're so close to the intersection that you
can’t stop safely. It means that the lights will soon turn red.

A flashing yellow signal means the traffic signals aren't working. In this case, you
must apply the give way rules.

Arrow traffic signals

When arrows are displayed on traffic signals, they apply only to vehicles going in
the direction the arrow is pointing.

A red arrow means you must stop if you're travelling in the direction the arrow is
pointing.
A yellow arrow means you must stop if you're travelling in the direction the
arrow is pointing, unless you're so close to the intersection that you can’t stop
safely.

A green arrow means you can go if you're travelling in the direction the arrow is
pointing, provided it's safe.

Reading the traffic signals

Get to know what traffic signals and arrows mean.

Signal Vehicle path Action

Turning left Must stop. The red arrow protects pedestrians crossing the road.

Straight May go, if it's safe.

through

Turning right May go, if:

 it's safe, and

 you give way to vehicles coming towards you that are going
straight through the intersection, and
 you give way to vehicles coming towards you that are turning
Signal Vehicle path Action

left at the intersection.

Turning left May go, if it's safe.

Straight May go, if it's safe.

through

Turning right Must stop, unless it's not safe to do so.

Turning left May go, if it's safe.

Straight May go, if it's safe.

through

Turning right May go, if it's safe. All vehicles coming towards you or turning left
should be stopped.

Turning left Must stop.

Straight Must stop.

through

Turning right May go, if it's safe. All vehicles coming towards you or turning left
should be stopped.

Cycle, tram and bus signals

At some intersections there are special signals for cycles, trams and buses.
Cycles, trams and buses can move when these signals are on, but all other
vehicles must wait for the green traffic signal. A cyclist, moped or motorcycle
rider lawfully using a bus lane may go when the white B light is showing.
Giving way at roundabouts
A roundabout is a central island in the middle of an intersection, where all
vehicles must travel to the left of the island. Roundabouts can be small, large,
single-laned or multi-laned. The number of roads that come into a roundabout
can range from 3 to 5 or even more.

Single-laned roundabouts
When you come up to a roundabout that has only one lane in each direction:

 slow down as you come up to the roundabout and be prepared to give

way
 give way to all vehicles that will cross your path from your right as you
enter the roundabout.

Multi-laned roundabouts
Most roundabouts that have more than one lane in each direction are marked
with lanes and arrows. The lane markings and arrows will tell you which lane to
use. Not all roundabouts are marked the same way, so take extra care –
especially at the exits. If you need to cross into another lane to exit, give way to
any vehicles in the lane that you want to enter.

When coming up to a multi-laned roundabout:

 slow down as you come up to the roundabout and be prepared to give

way
 be in the correct lane for where you want to go
 give way to all vehicles that will cross your path from your right as you
enter the roundabout.

Signal use at roundabouts

If you're turning left at the first exit of a roundabout:

 signal left as you come up to the roundabout.

Single-laned roundabout

If you're travelling more than halfway around a roundabout:

 signal right as you come up to the roundabout

 signal left as you pass the exit before the one you wish to take.
Single-laned roundabout

Multi-laned roundabout

If you're going straight through a roundabout:

 don’t signal as you come up to the roundabout

 signal left as you pass the exit before the one you wish to take.
Look out for cyclists who may find it difficult to maintain a turn signal on a
roundabout and are exempt from this requirement.

Roundabout signs
Some of the signs you may see at a roundabout are shown below.

This sign tells you that you're coming up to a roundabout. You should be ready
to give way.
This sign tells you to keep to the left of the traffic island as you come up to the
roundabout.

These signs tell you that you must apply the roundabout give way rules.

This picture shows you where you can expect to see these signs at a
roundabout.
Important!
At roundabouts, look out for vehicles that:

 may have to change lanes to exit

 may not be able to stay in their lane because they're:
o large, such as buses
o travelling too fast.

Giving way at railway level crossings

A railway level crossing is a point where the road crosses over a railway line. This
means you drive over the railway tracks and could come into the path of a train.
You need to be careful around railway level crossings to avoid a very serious
crash.

Crossing a railway level crossing

Here are some of the signs you may see when coming up to a railway level
crossing.
When you see one of these signs:

 slow down and be ready to stop

 as you come up to the railway crossing, search up and down the railway
line. You’ll need to search further up the railway line, as trains often travel
at a higher speed than vehicles on the road
 cross only if you’re sure no trains are coming in either direction and no

vehicles are stopped in front of you on the other side of the crossing.
At railway level crossings controlled by signals, bells and barrier arms
Many railway level crossings are controlled by flashing red signals, bells and/or
barrier arms, as shown below.

You must stop if the signals have started flashing, the bells have started ringing
and/or the barrier arm has started to lower.

Don’t cross until the barrier arms have lifted, the lights have stopped flashing,
the bells have stopped ringing and there are no trains coming in either
direction.

At railway level crossings controlled by a stop sign or give way sign

Railway level crossings that aren’t controlled by signals, bells or barrier arms
may be controlled by a stop sign or a give way sign.

At railway level crossings controlled by a stop sign or a give way sign:

 make sure you can see in both directions along the railway line
 if there’s a stop sign, come to a complete stop before the railway line –
there will usually be one or 2 yellow lines showing you where to stop
 only cross the railway line if you’re sure that no trains are coming in
either direction and no vehicles are stopped in front of you on the other
side of the crossing
 take extra care if there's more than one railway line.

Important!
 Never try to cross the railway line unless there's enough space for your vehicle on the other
side of the line.
 Never pass a vehicle that's stopped for a train.
 Never try to race a train over the crossing.

Following other vehicles over railway level crossings

Take extra care when following buses and vehicles carrying dangerous
goods approaching a railway level crossing as they may be legally required to
come to a complete stop before crossing.

Giving way on one-lane bridges

Some roads in Aotearoa have one-lane bridges on them. At these bridges,
vehicles travelling in one direction have to give way to vehicles going in the
other direction. All one-lane bridges are clearly signposted, showing who should
give way.

Signs that show you must give way on one-lane bridges

If you have to give way at a one-lane bridge, you should see one or both of these
warning signs.

The yellow diamond-shaped warning sign tells you you’re coming up to a one-
lane bridge and the round sign with a red border tells you to give way to vehicles
coming towards you.

The second warning sign reminds you that you must give way.

Signs that show that other drivers should give way to you on a one-lane bridge
If other drivers should give way to you on a one-lane bridge, you’ll see this sign
as you come up to the bridge.

The big white arrow on the blue rectangle shows that you can go onto the
bridge first.

Slow down and check for vehicles that may already be on the bridge, before
driving on.
Important!
When coming up to a one-lane bridge, take note of the signs:

 A red circle shows you must give way.

 A blue rectangle shows that other vehicles should give way to you.

When conditions change

Learn how to drive safely when conditions become more hazardous than usual.

Driving in bad weather

If it’s raining, icy, snowing or foggy, conditions on the road will be more
dangerous. You need to drive with extra care.

Night driving

Knowing how to use your headlights, adjust your speed and read road markers
will help you drive safely at night.

Roadworks
Road repair crews often work on roads to keep them in good condition.

Sunstrike

Sunstrike can happen at any time during the day, but most likely during sunrise
or sunset, when the sun’s rays hit your windscreen at a low angle.

Road surface

You may need to adjust your driving to suit the particular surface you’re driving
on, as different types of surfaces can affect your vehicle’s handling.

1. Home

2. Road code

3. General road code

4. About driving

5. When conditions change

Driving in bad weather

If it’s raining, icy, snowing or foggy, conditions on the road will be
more dangerous. You need to drive with extra care.

Tips for driving in bad weather

Check your car
Good brakes, tyres, windscreen wipers, lights and steering are even
more important in wet weather. Check your vehicle regularly to make sure
they’re all in good condition.
Adjust your driving
Wet, frosty or icy roads can be very slippery. You need to increase your following
distance because it takes longer to stop on a slippery surface. Use the 4 second
rule to increase your following distance. Roads are extra slippery just after it
starts to rain, and will stay slippery until the rain has washed any oil off the road.

4-second rule

Watch your visibility

Visibility, how far you can see, can be seriously reduced by rain, snow or
fog. This can increase the risk of a crash. To improve visibility, keep all
windows and mirrors clean. Don’t let windows fog up – turn on the demister or
open a window.

Brake carefully
Unless your vehicle has anti-lock braking system (ABS) brakes, don’t brake too
hard when it’s wet. You may go into a dangerous skid. Instead, pump the brakes
gently.

If your vehicle has ABS brakes, never pump the brakes in an emergency. Keep
the pedal pressed down hard and steer out of trouble. Don’t be overconfident in
your driving just because your vehicle has ABS brakes.

Spray
Be aware of approaching vehicles, especially large trucks, as these can
spray water on your windscreen as they pass. Even if it’s stopped raining, if
the road is still wet, you may need to turn on your windscreen wipers as
the truck approaches.

Reduce speed
On a wet road, driving at the speed limit could be too fast for the conditions. You
can lose control very easily in wet weather, especially if you have to brake
suddenly, so slow down.

Dip your headlights in fog

If you drive with your headlights on full beam in fog, the light will just
reflect back on you. Dip your lights – it’ll be much easier to see.

Don’t just turn your park lights on. They’re hard for oncoming drivers to see and
do little to improve your vision.

Front fog lamps have a wide, low beam of white or yellow light to help you see
better in fog or snow.
Rear fog lamps have a low beam of red light to help following vehicles see you
better in snow or fog. You should only use fog lamps in conditions of severely
reduced visibility, like fog or snow.

It’s an offence to use fog lamps under clear atmospheric conditions, even during
the hours of darkness.

Night driving
When to use headlights
You must turn on your vehicle’s headlights:

 from 30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes before sunrise

 at any other time when you can’t clearly see a person or vehicle 100

metres away.
Never drive with just the park lights on.

Note: park lights are also known as position lamps.

When to dip your vehicle’s headlights

You must dip your vehicle’s headlights:

 when other vehicles are coming towards you, so that you don’t blind the
oncoming driver
 when following other vehicles
 when approaching a police officer who's directing traffic
 when parked.

Dipping headlights for an oncoming vehicle

If there's plenty of street lighting, you should be able to drive with your
headlights dipped the whole time.

Important!
Be aware that at night, because most road signs are highly reflective, your lights shining on them
may make you think you can see further than you really can. Make sure you drive more slowly and
carefully at night, particularly on unfamiliar roads.

Speed at night
You must drive at a safe speed at night. This means that:

 on a road with lanes, you must be able to stop in the length of clear road
you can see in front of you
 on a road with no lanes, you must be able to stop in half the length of

clear road you can see in front of you.

Safety tips for night driving
Driving at night is more dangerous than driving during the day. To improve your
safety on the road at night:

 make sure your windscreen and lights are clean

 never wear dark glasses
 watch for pedestrians and cyclists – they're harder to see at night
 stop and rest if you're sleepy
 don’t blind other drivers with your vehicle’s headlights – dip them when

vehicles are coming towards you or when you're following another

vehicle
 if you're blinded by the lights of oncoming vehicles:
o slow down or stop
o try to keep your eyes on the left side of the road, so you’re not

looking directly at the light

 drive at a speed that means you can see the road at least 2 seconds ahead
 in an area without street lighting, use full beam as appropriate to increase

how far you can see.

Use markers to guide you when driving at night
Many roads have reflectors and guide posts to help you read the road at night.
Some examples of these are shown below.
Left side of the road marker post

Right side of the road marker post indicating left-hand bend

Left side of bridge

Right side of bridge

Left side of road

Centre line

No passing

Fire hydrant

Roadworks
Road repair crews often work on roads to keep them in good condition. This
means you’ll sometimes come across heavy vehicles, machinery and workers on
the road, which you must be careful around.

The road surface itself can also be dangerous when under repair, as it may
be uneven or have new seal.

When you see a roadworks sign, always slow down and be ready to stop.

Obey the signs

If there are roadworks on the road ahead, it’ll always be clearly signposted.
Slow down and read the signs. They will prepare you for the particular hazards
you’re about to face.

Two of the signs commonly used to indicate roadworks are shown below.

Roadworks ahead

Flooding ahead
Because it can be dangerous to drive through roadworks or on new
seal, temporary speed limit signs are often posted. You must not drive faster
than the speed shown on the temporary speed limit sign.

Obey any directions given

Road repair crews may sometimes need to stop traffic. They may use temporary
traffic signals or hand-held stop/go signs (shown below) to do this.

Stop before reaching the sign

You may move forward carefully
Follow all directions given to you, otherwise you could be involved in a serious
crash.

Important!
Crashes can happen when drivers ignore roadworks warning signs and temporary speed limits.
Don’t ignore these warnings. You don’t know what’s ahead, so slow down and take care.

Detour signs
When a road is closed or being maintained, you may see detour signs showing
you an alternative way around the road block.

Detour ahead sign

Detour direction sign

You should follow the direction signs and expect to see them when approaching
and leaving intersections. Take note of the shape and colour of the symbol on
detour signage as one detour may pass through another.

Lane change signs

When roads or lanes are being maintained, a truck with a message board on it,
called an attenuator, is often used. It directs traffic to an open lane in advance of
roadworks. Slow down and follow the arrow.
An attenuator

Sunstrike
Sunstrike can happen at any time during the day, but most likely during sunrise
or sunset, when the sun’s rays hit your windscreen at a low angle. This can make
it difficult, or even impossible, to see. This is a very dangerous condition to drive
in. Follow these guidelines to avoid a crash.

Reducing the danger of sunstrike

 Be prepared for possible sunstrike when driving at sunrise or

sunset, especially when turning or driving towards the sun.

 Be especially careful in winter, when sunstrike is more likely, because

the sun is lower in the sky.

 Keep your windscreen clean, inside and out. Dust and grime on

the windscreen can make the effects of sunstrike much worse.

 Wear sunglasses when driving with the sun in your eyes.
 Use your car’s sun visors to block the sun.
 If you experience sunstrike, it may be safest to pull over and wait for a

few minutes until your eyes adjust or visibility improves.

 Be careful if snow has fallen and the sky is clear – sunlight shining on

snow can cause snow blindness, which produces similar effects to

sunstrike.
Road surface
There are 3 main types of surface used on our roads and highways:

 asphalt
 chip-seal
 unsealed.

You should be alert for changes in the road surface. You may need to adjust your
driving to suit the particular surface you’re driving on, as different types of
surfaces can affect your vehicle’s handling.

Asphalt
Asphalt, also called bitumen, has a smooth, black appearance and produces a
low level of road noise when you drive over it. It’s often used on busy roads and
curves because it stands up well to wear caused by braking vehicles.

Asphalt provides good overall grip, but has reduced skid resistance when
it’s wet. This means you should slow down and take extra care when driving
on asphalt in wet weather.
Asphalt
Chip-seal
Chip-seal is a thin layer of stones set in tar. It has a rough appearance when in
good condition, but may wear smooth with age and frequent use.

Worn chip-seal has reduced skid resistance, so be alert for smooth patches as
you drive.

Slow down on newly laid chip-seal. There may be patches of loose chips, which
can increase your risk of skidding.
Chip-seal
Unsealed surfaces
Unsealed roads can be clay, pumice or gravel, sometimes called loose metal.

Because the surface of the road is loose, it can move under your wheels
and offers very low skid resistance. Loose stones can be thrown up and chip
or break a windscreen. Take extra care on gravel roads and adjust your speed
to suit the conditions.

Take extra care in dry weather, as your visibility may be reduced by dust thrown
up by any vehicles in front of you. Always increase your following distance to
stay back from the dust cloud.
Gravel

Introduction
Learn to be a safe and responsible driver with The official New Zealand road
code. It has all the information you need to get your learner licence.

The road code is about Aotearoa New Zealand’s traffic law and safe
driving practices, which you’ll be tested on when you sit your theory and
practical driving tests. It covers a range of topics including the legal
responsibilities of vehicle owners and the legal requirements for your vehicle.

The road code also has the questions you could be asked when you sit the
theory test for your learner licence.

Theory test questions

Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency also publishes road codes for heavy vehicle
drivers, motorcyclists and cyclists. You can find all our road codes online.

Heavy vehicle road code

Motorcycle road code

Code for cycling

Updates
Any changes made to the web version of The official New Zealand road
code since the last published edition are listed on the Updates page.

Updates to the road code

Where can I buy the road code?

You can buy copies of the road code at Waka Kotahi agents and most
booksellers.

Find an agent in you area

Disclaimer
Waka Kotahi aims to ensure the material in this document is technically and
legally accurate. However, this road code is a plain language summary of
the legislation and doesn’t override it.

We don’t accept liability for any consequences arising from the use of this
document. If you’re unsure the material in this document is correct, refer to the
relevant legislation.

New Zealand legislation

Updates to the general road code

This page lists any updates to The official New Zealand road code since the last
published edition. These changes will usually have been caused by a legislation
change.

The current version of The official New Zealand road code is 2023.

Information we removed
This information is now available in the driver licensing section of our website.

Practical tests

Driving offences and penalties

What you can drive on each class of driver licence

This information is now available in the vehicles section of our website.

Your responsibilities as the registered person

Vehicle licensing (rego)

Buying and selling a vehicle

Warrants of fitness (WoF)

Updates to road code content

Page 12
Changed the How much does it cost to get your class 1 driver licence? section:

How much does it cost to get your class 1 driver licence?

Application fee Amount

Learner licence $96.10

Restricted licence $167.50

Full licence $98.90

The application fee includes the tests required for each stage. It’s free to
change, cancel or rebook your test if you need to.

All fees include GST and are non-refundable.

Page 13
Deleted this text:

Note: this amount doesn’t include fees for re-sitting tests if you fail the first time.
If you need to re-sit a test you’ll need to pay another test fee, but you won’t be
charged another application fee.

Changing or cancelling your test

You’ll have to pay a further fee if you want to change or cancel your test.

Where there are 2 or more completely working days between the day you
change or cancel your test and the date of your appointment, you’ll need to pay
a rescheduling fee of $16.40.

This covers the time and costs included when a test is cancelled or rescheduled.
Where there are less than 2 complete working days between the day you change
or cancel your test and the date of your appointment, you won’t pay a
rescheduling fee but you’ll need to pay another test fee.

You can apply for a refund of the first test fee paid. If the test time is filled by
another person. Then the test fee may be partly refunded – a processing fee of
$16.40 will be deducted.

How to get your driver licence - updated road code content

Page 14
Added this text:

If you fail the test twice on the same day, you’ll need to wait 10 working days
before you can sit the test again. This is to give you more time to learn the road
rules, and to make sure other people also have a change to take their test.

Page 15
Added Thai language to the theory test options.

Stage 1 – learner licence - updated road code content

Page 18
In the How do I apply for a restricted licence section, deleted reference to test
fees.

Stage 2 – restricted licence - update road code content

Page 20
In the How do I apply for a full licence section, deleted reference to test fees.

Stage 3 – full licence - updated road code content

Page 64
Updated image: Passing on the right at an intersection with more than one
lane on your side of the road

We've moved the arrow showing the vehicle in the lane closest to the centre line
turning right into the far left lane, to show the vehicle turning into the lane
closest to the centre line.

Passing on the right - updated road code content

Page 127
Added new beach and river variable speed limit signs.

Beach and river variable speed limit signs

These speed limit signs can be used at beaches or rivers. If pedestrians are
present, the speed limit is 30km/h. If there are no pedestrians, the speed limit is
60km/h.

Beach and river variable speed limit signs - updated road code content
Page 143
Added text about reflective warning triangles, and made it clearer that Police
use Crash and Accident warning signs rather than reflective triangles at crash
sites.

Crash warning signs

At a crash site the police may use signs, flashing lights and flares to warn
approaching drivers.

When coming up to a crash site, slow down and drive carefully. The road may be
blocked and there could be injured people lying on it.

Police put these signs near a crash site. They mean you must ride at 20km/h or
less until you pass the crash site. Watch out for emergency workers and injured
people.

This is a reflective warning triangle. It means there's a breakdown or crash

ahead. Anyone can put a warning triangle on the side of the road to warn other
road users.

Crash warning signs - update road code content

Road code changes for 2023 version

In November 2022 we released the 2023 version of The official New Zealand road
code.

This road code has had a refresh to make it more accessible for learner drivers.
We removed information that isn't essential to preparing for a learner test, and
it's available on our website instead.

We also updated most of the pictures to make them clearer for learner drivers.
The pictures were updated in the computerised theory test from 1 December
2022.

There are no changes to road rules or driving regulations, so learner drivers can
still use older versions of the road code to prepare for their test.

General questions

Core questions

Parking questions

Emergency questions

Signs and markings questions

Road position questions

Behaviour questions

Intersection questions
Core questions
This page has core theory test questions.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.
If you don’t know the answer, click on the link underneath the question to find
out.

C1 You must turn your vehicle headlights on when visibility is less

than: ___________ metres

Night driving

C2 A vehicle should not send out visible smoke for more than: ___________
seconds

Important driver responsibilities

C3 Which of your vehicle's lights do you have on if you are driving in fog?

Driving in bad weather

C4 What is the least distance of clear road you MUST have in front of you when
you have finished passing another vehicle? ___________ metres

Passing

C5 If anybody is hurt in a crash, the driver must tell a police officer as soon as
possible but within: ___________ hours

Crashes
C6 To help you from being blinded by the headlights of an oncoming vehicle,
what should you do?

Night driving

C7 You must check that there is space for your vehicle on the other side of the
line before going over a railway level crossing. True or False?

Giving way at railway level crossings

C8 What must you do when you hear a siren or see red flashing lights from an
ambulance or fire engine?

Receiving signals

C9 You are waiting at a railway level crossing and the red lights continue to
flash after the train has passed. What should you do?

Giving way at railway level crossings

C10 For the purpose of applying the give way rule, entrance ways into public
car parks should be treated as:

What is an intersection?

C11 What rule should you use to judge a safe following distance in wet or frosty
conditions if driving a car?

Driving in bad weather

C12 What is the purpose of the 2-second rule?

Following distance
C13 When coming to a pedestrian crossing without a raised traffic island, what
must you do?

Sharing the road with pedestrians

A pedestrian crossing without a raised island

C14 When coming to a pedestrian crossing with a raised traffic island in the
middle, what must you do?

Sharing the road with pedestrians

A pedestrian crossing with a raised island

C15 When driving on a road with lanes, you must be able to stop in half the
length of clear road you can see in front of you. True or False?

Safe speed guidelines

C16 When should you apply the 4-second rule?

Following distance

C17 What should you do when you come up to a one-lane bridge?

Giving way on one-lane bridges

C18 When are you allowed to pass another vehicle?

Passing

C19 What does the legal definition of a road include?

Keeping left

C20 Directions from a police officer overrule traffic signals, road signs and give
way rules at an intersection. True or False?

Receiving signals

C21 You are turning right at traffic signals showing a red arrow pointing to the
right. What should you do?

Giving way at intersections

C22 What does one or more yellow lights flashing at traffic signals mean?

Giving way at intersections

C23 At night, you MUST always dip the headlights on your vehicle when:

Night driving

C24 What is the speed limit for vehicles passing a school bus that has stopped
to let children on or off? ___________ km/h

Speed limits

C25 What must you do if you want to turn right at traffic signals where a green
light is showing?

Giving way at intersections

C26 What is the speed limit from the time you pass an Accident sign until you
are past the crash site? ___________ km/h

Speed limits

C27 When coming up to a roundabout you must give way to all vehicles that
will cross your path from your left. True or False?

Giving way at roundabouts

C28 When driving at night, which vehicle lights should you turn on?

Night driving

C29 When may you pass on the left at an intersection, if you can do so safely?
Passing at an intersection

C30 What does the ‘speed limit’ mean?

Speed limits

C31 If you are turning left at an intersection, you must give way to all vehicles
coming towards you that are turning right. True or False?

Giving way at intersections

Turning left at an intersection

C32 If you are going straight through a roundabout, don't signal as you come
up to the roundabout, only signal left as you pass the exit before the one you
wish to take. True or False?

Giving way at roundabouts

C33 If you are under 20 the legal alcohol limit is zero. What does this mean?

Alcohol and drug limits

C34 What must you do when you see blue and red flashing lights behind you?

Receiving signals

C35 What must you do when red lights are flashing at a railway level crossing?

Giving way at a railway crossing

C36 When must you signal that you are turning to the right?

Giving signals

C37 When must you turn your vehicle headlights on?

Night driving

Parking questions
This page has theory test questions about parking.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.
If you don’t know the answer, click on the link underneath the question to find
out.

P1 What is the closest distance your vehicle may be parked to a vehicle

entrance?
_____ metres

Where not to park

P2 When may you park your vehicle on a loading zone?

Parking signs
P3 When parking downhill on a steep road, what does the Road code suggest
that you should do?

How to park safely

P4 When may you park your vehicle over a fire hydrant?

Where not to park

P5 How close can you park your vehicle to the approach side of a pedestrian
crossing where no broken yellow lines have been marked?
_____ metres

Where not to park

P6 How close may you park your vehicle to an intersection where no broken
yellow lines have been marked?
_____ metres

Where not to park

P7 What does this sign mean?

Parking signs

P8 Can you stop on a bus stop in a private motor vehicle?

Parking signs

P9 What does this sign mean?

Parking signs

P10 You can stop or park your vehicle over a fire hydrant if someone stays with
the vehicle who can move it. True or False?

Where not to park

P11 You must NOT park on the right-hand side of the road, except when:

Where not to park

P12 What does this sign mean?

Parking signs

Emergency questions
This page has theory test questions about emergencies.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.
If you don’t know the answer, click on the link underneath the question to find
out.

E1 You are driving on a country road at night when your vehicle headlights
suddenly go out. What is the safest thing to do?

Tips for handling driving emergencies

E2 If you are a driver involved in a crash, what is the FIRST action you should
take?

Crashes

E3 If you are the driver and hurt somebody in a crash, who must you report it to?

Crashes
E4 When should you use your hazard lights?

Giving signals

E5 What should you do if you are driving and become sleepy?

Driver fatigue

E6 When must you pull over and allow an ambulance or fire engine to pass?

Receiving signals

E7 What does a reflectorised triangle placed on the side of the road mean?

Crashes

E8 You are driving past a line of parked cars. You notice a ball bouncing out into
the road ahead. What should you do?

Multiple hazards

E9 What must you do if glass falls on to the road from your vehicle?

Responsible driving

E10 What should you do if an ambulance comes up behind you, flashing red
lights or sounding its siren?

Receiving signals
General questions
 Core questions
 Parking questions
 Emergency questions
 Signs and markings questions
 Road position questions
 Behaviour questions
 Intersection questions

Other signals
There are some other signals that road users will use to communicate to
you. You must know what these signals are and what to do when you see them.

Flashing lights and sirens

If a police car is following you with its siren on and/or flashing blue, or blue and
red lights, you must pull over and stop as soon as possible.

If asked to, you must give a police officer:

 your name, address and date of birth

 your driver licence
 the name of the vehicle’s owner.
If a vehicle is following you with flashing blue lights, you must pull over and stop
as soon as possible. Flashing blue lights are used by customs, fisheries and
marine reserve officers. These officers have the right to stop vehicles.

Doctors, nurses or midwives on urgent business may use a roof-mounted green

flashing light. If you see these lights, you must pull over and allow the vehicle to
pass.

Oversize vehicles may use flashing amber lights and pilot vehicles may use
flashing amber and purple lights. You may need to pull over or stop to let the
vehicles pass.

Oversize vehicles and vehicle-mounted signs

Red flashing signals outside a fire station or airport mean you must stop and
remain stopped until the lights stop flashing.
Flashing red signals
Police officer directing traffic
When a police officer is directing traffic, you must stop or go where the officer
directs you. A police officer’s directions overrule:

 traffic signals
 road signs
 the give way rules.

If a police officer is controlling an intersection, be careful to get into the correct

lane. If you don’t, you may have to go the wrong way.

Show the officer where you want to go by using your indicators.

Responsible driving
Responsible driving means driving with the safety and convenience of all road
users in mind.

Important driver responsibilities

Operation of a vehicle
A driver must not operate a vehicle in a condition or way that could cause:

 injury to any person or animal

 annoyance to any person
 damage to any property
 distraction to the driver.
Unsafe vehicle or load
You must not drive an unsafe vehicle or a vehicle with an unsafe load which:

 isn't tied down

 could fall from the vehicle
 is dragging on the ground.
Dangerous riding
You must not ride in or on a vehicle in a way that might result in injury. If you’re
the driver you must not let your passengers ride in or on the vehicle in an unsafe
way.

Carrying people or packages

Holding a package, person or animal in your lap or arms while driving is
dangerous. Put packages in a secure place such as the boot. If this isn’t possible,
put them somewhere inside the vehicle where they won’t hurt anyone if the
vehicle stops suddenly.

Children and pets

Children and pets can be noisy or need your help when you’re driving. If you
have to deal with the needs of children or pets, pull over to the side of the road
and park your vehicle first.

Lighting
A driver or passenger must not use any vehicle lighting equipment in a way that
will dazzle, confuse or distract other road users.

Noisy and smoky vehicles

You must not drive a vehicle that:

 makes a lot of noise, inside or outside the vehicle, due to:

o the way the vehicle is being driven
o the condition of the vehicle
o any other means – such as a car stereo
 makes noise that's likely to annoy anyone
 makes smoke for 10 seconds or more.

Make sure your vehicle’s exhaust system and engine are in good working order.
This will prevent gases and excessive noise entering the car.

Making the wheels of a motor vehicle lose traction and spin on the road surface
may make unnecessary noise or smoke and is a traffic offence.

Using the horn

The horn should only be used as a reasonable traffic warning. It should not
make an unnecessary or unreasonably loud, harsh or shrill noise.
Opening and closing doors
You must not open or close the door of a motor vehicle if it is likely to:

 cause a hazard to any road user – including pedestrians, cyclists or other

users of a footpath
 hurt anyone.
Music
Don’t play music in your car so loudly that you can’t hear:

 the sounds your car is making

 emergency sirens
 warning bells or trains when you’re coming up to a railway level crossing.
Uphill and downhill traffic
On steep, narrow roads, it's easier for vehicles moving downhill to give way to
vehicles moving uphill.

Funeral processions
If you're driving in a funeral procession, drive with your vehicle’s headlights on
dip to let other drivers know you're part of the procession.

Animals on the road

Farmers often use country roads to move stock between paddocks. If animals
are on the road:

 slow down or pull over to the side of the road

 don’t sound your horn or make a noise that could frighten the animals
 follow any advice the farmer may give you.
Broken glass and other debris on the road
You're responsible for removing the following things if they fall or escape from
your vehicle onto the road:

 Any slippery substance.

 Any piercing or dangerous substance.
 Glass.
 Any other substance of any kind that, because of its size or nature, could

be a danger to road users.

If it can be removed quickly and safely, you must immediately remove it or
make sure it’s removed.

If it can’t be removed quickly and safely, and it can cause harm, you must warn
the public or report it immediately to the police.
If you can’t remove it, warn the public, or report it, then the person removing
the vehicle from the scene must do these things.

Firearms – guns
You must not carry a firearm in your vehicle unless you hold a firearms licence.
You must never carry a loaded firearm in a vehicle. This also means you must
not carry ammunition in the chamber or attached magazine of the gun.

Space-saver wheels
Some cars have a space-saver wheel as the spare wheel. Space-saver wheels are
much smaller than the vehicle’s other wheels to take up less storage room.

Space-saver wheels are for emergency use only and aren’t designed to be used
over long distances. If you get a flat tyre and replace a wheel with a space-saver
wheel, you should only use it to get directly home or to a place where the flat
tyre can be repaired or replaced.

The vehicle is likely to handle differently with a space-saver wheel. Drive

carefully and don’t drive faster than 80km/h. If the space-saver wheel has a
sticker showing a lower speed, then you should follow that speed.

Space-saver wheels must have a safety label that states that the tyre is for
temporary use only, what the maximum safe speed is for the tyre and what the
correct pressure is. Make sure you read and follow the label.

Note: make sure the space-saver tyre is inflated to the correct pressure. This is
much higher than normal tyre pressure.

Cellphones
While you’re driving, you can’t use a hand-held cellphone to create, send or read
a text message, make or receive a phone call or access online services in any
way. This includes when sitting in traffic, such as stopped at traffic lights.

You can, however, use your cellphone for calls while driving if the phone is
secured in a mounting fixed to the vehicle and you use the phone rarely and
briefly.

You can also use a cellphone while driving to make a 111 or *555 call if it’s
unsafe or you’re unable to pull over and stop in a safe place at the side of the
road to make the call.
Driver distractions
Anything that takes your attention away from the road can be a potential
hazard.

You should avoid or minimise these distractions when you're driving:

 looking at things on the roadside

 looking at scenery
 talking on a hands-free cellphone
 talking to passengers
 noisy children
 pets
 eating food
 lighting a cigarette – including using an e-cigarette or vape
 adjusting radio or climate controls
 daydreaming
 tiredness
 reading maps
 objects moving in the vehicle
 electronic gadgets
 reaching for items in the glovebox
 cleaning the inside of the windscreen.
Work time and logbook requirements
If you’re driving a transport service vehicle, such as a taxi, Uber or truck, you’ll
be subject to restrictions on how long you can drive and the amount of rest you
must have. You may also need to keep a logbook of your work time.

Work time and logbooks

Multiple hazards
It’s rare for there to be only one hazard at a time when driving. Most of the time
you’ll have to deal with several hazards at once.

This means you’ll need to stay aware of all the hazards, but give most attention
to the hazard that’s most likely to develop into a dangerous situation and
require you to take urgent action.

Identifying the main hazard

These images show scenes involving multiple hazards for the driver of the blue
car.
Remember, the main hazard is the one most likely to need you to take urgent
action.

Tips for handling driving emergencies

Sometimes, no matter how carefully you drive, you may find yourself in
an emergency situation. Find out how to handle emergencies if they develop.

Skids
Skids don’t happen without reason. They're usually caused by:

 heavy acceleration
 heavy braking
 changing direction suddenly
 driving too fast on wet or unsealed roads.

Different kinds of skids require you to take different corrective action. You
should know what to do if your car goes into a skid.
Note: the following guidelines relate only to vehicles with conventional brakes
and not vehicles with ABS brakes. If your vehicle has ABS brakes, never pump
the brakes in an emergency. Keep the pedal pressed down hard and steer out of
trouble.

4-wheel skid
In a 4-wheel skid, all 4 wheels lock under heavy braking.

You should:

 pump your brakes gently so the wheels turn and grip the road again.

4-wheel skid
Front-wheel skid - understeer
In a front-wheel skid, the vehicle goes in a straight line instead of following the
direction your front wheels are turned in.

In this kind of skid you shouldn’t brake.

You should:

 push in the clutch – if driving a manual vehicle

 take your foot off the accelerator
 turn the steering wheel in the direction that the vehicle is heading
 once you’ve regained control, let the clutch out.
Front-wheel skid
Rear-wheel skid - oversteer
In a rear-wheel skid, the rear of the vehicle swings out.

In this kind of skid you shouldn’t brake.

You should:

 push in the clutch – if driving a manual vehicle

 take your foot off the accelerator
 turn the steering wheel in the direction that the rear wheels are sliding
 once you’ve regained control, let the clutch out.
Rear-wheel skid
Tyre blowouts
Tyre blowouts can be dangerous, especially if you're driving fast, because they
can cause your vehicle to lose control.

A front-tyre blowout usually causes the vehicle to pull towards the side with the
blowout. A rear-tyre blowout usually causes the vehicle to sway from side-to-
side.

You can try to avoid having a blowout by checking your tyres regularly. It’s
important to have correct tyre pressure. If a tyre has a large cut or bulge, or is
very worn, it needs to be replaced.

If you do have a blowout while driving, you should:

 grip the steering wheel tightly

 ease off the accelerator
 try to keep the vehicle on its path
 signal and steer to the side of the road once you’ve reduced speed.

Engine failure
If your engine cuts out suddenly while driving, you must try to get the vehicle to
the side of the road as quickly and safely as possible.
You should:

 signal and steer towards the side of the road

 put the vehicle into neutral gear – this will help you roll further
 put your hazard lights on once you’ve stopped.

If your vehicle has power steering, it'll be difficult to steer once the engine is
dead. Try not to be alarmed by the reduced control. Grip the wheel tightly and
steer as best as you can.

You should:

 try to lift the accelerator up with your toes

 leave the vehicle in gear
 brake – the brakes will be strong enough to stop the vehicle, even with

the engine going

 keep steering and look for a spot where you can safely pull off the road.

If you’re driving an older model vehicle and your windscreen shatters, you
should:

 signal and pull over to the side of the road

 get yourself and any passengers out of the vehicle as quickly as possible
 keep everyone clear of the vehicle and try to warn oncoming traffic
 phone the fire service.

Don’t try to put out the fire yourself, as you could inhale toxic fumes and there's
also a danger the vehicle could explode.

Earthquake
In a severe earthquake driving can be very difficult because the road may be
shaking or moving up and down beneath you.

If you think an earthquake is happening while you’re driving, you should:

 pull over and stop

 stay inside your vehicle until the shaking stops. Your vehicle will provide
you with some protection against falling objects.
After the earthquake:

 if power lines have fallen onto your vehicle, stay inside it until help arrives
 if you continue driving after the earthquake, be on the lookout for slips or

other road damage and obstacles

 turn on your radio and listen for news about possible road closures and

other information.
Submerged vehicle
Aotearoa has a high number of coastal and riverside roads and sometimes
vehicles can end up underwater.

Knowing what to do if you’re ever in this situation can mean the difference
between life and death.

This will make sure you all stay together.

Bonnet flying up
You can try to avoid having your bonnet fly up by:

 remembering to re-fasten your vehicle’s bonnet securely whenever you

open it
 pulling over to the side of the road immediately if you notice the bonnet

flexing or coming loose while you are driving.

If the bonnet flies up while you're driving you should:

 steer by looking through the gap under the hinge of the bonnet or out the
side window
 brake smoothly, indicate and move over to the left-hand side of the road.

Brake failure
If your vehicle’s brakes fail, it'll be an alarming experience.

You can try to avoid this happening by checking your brakes regularly. Always
replace worn brake pads immediately and top up the brake fluid levels
whenever necessary.

If your brakes do fail while driving:

 change to a lower gear – automatic vehicles included – to help slow the

vehicle down
 pump the brakes hard and quickly to make use of any capacity still left in

the hydraulic brake system

 gradually pull up on the handbrake – don’t pull too hard or you may

cause the rear wheels to lock

 warn other road users by switching on your headlights and hazard lights

and sounding your horn

 look for an escape route, such as a wide shoulder of the road, a flat field

or an uphill road
 if you're travelling downhill and the vehicle is starting to lose control, try

 slow down
 move off the road gradually and stop somewhere safe
 turn your hazard lights on.

Avoiding a head-on crash

If you find yourself heading towards a head-on crash, there are some things you
can do to try to avoid the crash or limit its damage:

Tips for handling driving emergencies

Sometimes, no matter how carefully you drive, you may find yourself in
an emergency situation. Find out how to handle emergencies if they develop.

Skids
Skids don’t happen without reason. They're usually caused by:

 heavy acceleration
 heavy braking
 changing direction suddenly
 driving too fast on wet or unsealed roads.

Different kinds of skids require you to take different corrective action. You
should know what to do if your car goes into a skid.

You should:

 pump your brakes gently so the wheels turn and grip the road again.

4-wheel skid
Front-wheel skid - understeer
In a front-wheel skid, the vehicle goes in a straight line instead of following the
direction your front wheels are turned in.

In this kind of skid you shouldn’t brake.

You should:

 push in the clutch – if driving a manual vehicle

In this kind of skid you shouldn’t brake.

You should:

 push in the clutch – if driving a manual vehicle

A front-tyre blowout usually causes the vehicle to pull towards the side with the
blowout. A rear-tyre blowout usually causes the vehicle to sway from side-to-
side.

You can try to avoid having a blowout by checking your tyres regularly. It’s
important to have correct tyre pressure. If a tyre has a large cut or bulge, or is
very worn, it needs to be replaced.

If you do have a blowout while driving, you should:

 grip the steering wheel tightly

 ease off the accelerator
 try to keep the vehicle on its path
 signal and steer to the side of the road once you’ve reduced speed.

Engine failure
If your engine cuts out suddenly while driving, you must try to get the vehicle to
the side of the road as quickly and safely as possible.
You should:

 signal and steer towards the side of the road

 put the vehicle into neutral gear – this will help you roll further
 put your hazard lights on once you’ve stopped.

If your vehicle has power steering, it'll be difficult to steer once the engine is
dead. Try not to be alarmed by the reduced control. Grip the wheel tightly and
steer as best as you can.

You should:

 try to lift the accelerator up with your toes

 leave the vehicle in gear
 brake – the brakes will be strong enough to stop the vehicle, even with

the engine going

 keep steering and look for a spot where you can safely pull off the road.

If you’re driving an older model vehicle and your windscreen shatters, you
should:

 signal and pull over to the side of the road

 get yourself and any passengers out of the vehicle as quickly as possible
 keep everyone clear of the vehicle and try to warn oncoming traffic
 phone the fire service.

Don’t try to put out the fire yourself, as you could inhale toxic fumes and there's
also a danger the vehicle could explode.

Earthquake
In a severe earthquake driving can be very difficult because the road may be
shaking or moving up and down beneath you.

If you think an earthquake is happening while you’re driving, you should:

 pull over and stop

 stay inside your vehicle until the shaking stops. Your vehicle will provide
you with some protection against falling objects.
After the earthquake:

 if power lines have fallen onto your vehicle, stay inside it until help arrives
 if you continue driving after the earthquake, be on the lookout for slips or

other road damage and obstacles

 turn on your radio and listen for news about possible road closures and

other information.
Submerged vehicle
Aotearoa has a high number of coastal and riverside roads and sometimes
vehicles can end up underwater.

Knowing what to do if you’re ever in this situation can mean the difference
between life and death.

This will make sure you all stay together.

Bonnet flying up
You can try to avoid having your bonnet fly up by:

 remembering to re-fasten your vehicle’s bonnet securely whenever you

open it
 pulling over to the side of the road immediately if you notice the bonnet

flexing or coming loose while you are driving.

If the bonnet flies up while you're driving you should:

 steer by looking through the gap under the hinge of the bonnet or out the
side window
 brake smoothly, indicate and move over to the left-hand side of the road.

Brake failure
If your vehicle’s brakes fail, it'll be an alarming experience.

You can try to avoid this happening by checking your brakes regularly. Always
replace worn brake pads immediately and top up the brake fluid levels
whenever necessary.

If your brakes do fail while driving:

 change to a lower gear – automatic vehicles included – to help slow the

vehicle down
 pump the brakes hard and quickly to make use of any capacity still left in

the hydraulic brake system

 gradually pull up on the handbrake – don’t pull too hard or you may

cause the rear wheels to lock

 warn other road users by switching on your headlights and hazard lights

and sounding your horn

 look for an escape route, such as a wide shoulder of the road, a flat field

or an uphill road
 if you're travelling downhill and the vehicle is starting to lose control, try

 slow down
 move off the road gradually and stop somewhere safe
 turn your hazard lights on.

Avoiding a head-on crash

If you find yourself heading towards a head-on crash, there are some things you
can do to try to avoid the crash or limit its damage:

igns and markings questions

This page has theory test questions about signs and markings.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.
If you don’t know the answer, click on the link underneath the question to find
out.

S1 You are driving in a 100km/h speed area and you see an Accident sign. What
speed must you slow down to? _____ km/h

Speed limits

S2 The 100 speed limit sign shown is the minimum speed you are allowed to
drive in good conditions. True or False?
Speed limits

S3 This sign means the speed for safe and comfortable driving around the curve
is 35km/h. True or False?

Speed limits

S4 You are in the left-hand lane at traffic signals. You are waiting to turn left. At
which of these traffic signals may you move on?

Giving way at intersections

S5 When passing a bus displaying a School sign that has stopped to let children
on or off, what should your speed be? _____ km/h

Speed limits

S6 A broken yellow line painted close to the edge of the road means you may
stop or park your vehicle there at any time. True or False?

Where not to park

S7 When coming up to a one-lane bridge, what does this sign indicate?

Giving way on one-lane bridges

S8 You are coming up to a school patrol crossing and both signs are held out.
When can you drive on?

Sharing the road with pedestrians

S9 When coming up to a stop sign, where should you stop?

Driving up to an intersection

S10 What does this traffic signal mean?

Giving way at intersections

S11 What does this sign mean?

Giving way at a railway level crossing

S12 What does this sign mean?

Speed limits

S13 This sign tells you that you are coming up to a railway level crossing. What
should you do?

Giving way at a railway level crossing

S14 What does this sign mean?

Speed limits

S15 What does this sign mean?

Main types of signs

S16 What does this sign mean?

Speed limits

S17 What does this sign mean?

Speed limits

S18 On a Transit Lane sign, what does T2 mean?

Main types of signs

S19 What does this sign mean?

Main types of signs

S20 What must you do at an intersection controlled by a stop sign?

Driving up to an intersection

S21 What must you do at an intersection controlled by a give way sign?

Driving up to an intersection

S22 What does a blue reflector (cat’s eye) placed on the road mean?
Night driving

S23 What is the meaning of a yellow broken line painted on the road near the
kerb?

Where not to park

S24 You may use a right turn bay to overtake a vehicle travelling straight ahead.
True or False?

Turning

S25 When can flush medians be used?

Turning

S26 What do these road markings mean?

Turning

S27 What does a white diamond painted on the road mean?

Sharing the road with pedestrians

S28 What does this marking mean?

Where not to park

S29 You are driving on a road with marked lanes and you are in the lane with an
arrow showing a left turn only. What must you do?

Using lanes correctly

S30 What does a white reflector (cat’s eye) placed on the road mean?

Night driving

S31 What does a yellow reflector (cat’s eye) placed on the road mean?

Night driving

S32 What does it mean if yellow traffic signals are flashing?

Giving way at intersections

S33 You are coming up to a one-lane bridge and you see this sign. What must
you do?

Giving way on a one-lane bridges

S34 For what purpose can a vehicle use the flush median strip?

Turning

S35 What must you do when you come up to a red light showing at traffic
signals?

Giving way at intersections

S36 What must you do when you see 2 red lights flashing outside a fire station?

Receiving signals

S37 What does this sign mean?

Giving way at railway level crossings

Road position questions

This page has theory test questions about road positions.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.
If you don’t know the answer, click on the link underneath the question to find
out.

RP1 When driving on an unlaned road, where should your vehicle be

positioned?

Keeping left

RP2 When turning right from a 2-laned road into a one-way street that has 2
lanes, which lane must you turn into?

Using lanes correctly

RP3 What must you do if you intend to move your vehicle from the right-hand
lane to the left-hand lane?

Using lanes correctly

RP4 What must you do when turning right at a roundabout?

Giving way at roundabouts

RP5 What must you do before turning left into a driveway?

Turning

RP6 You wish to make a right turn on a narrow country road. There is a vehicle
coming towards you and traffic behind you. What is the safest option?

Turning

Behaviour questions
This page has theory test questions about behaviour.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.
If you don’t know the answer, click on the link underneath the question to find
out.

B1 If you are driving at night with your vehicle headlights on high beam, when
MUST you dip them?

Night driving

B2 When passing a horse and rider, what should you do?

Sharing the road with horse riders

B3 If you have to drive at a slow speed that may hold up other vehicles, what
should you do?

Using lanes correctly

B4 What are you NOT allowed to do when driving on a motorway?

Motorway driving

B5 When a flock of sheep are coming towards you on a country road, what
should you do?

Responsible driving

B6 What is the recommended distance you should allow when driving past a
cyclist?
_____ metres

Sharing the road with cyclists

B7 When following a vehicle on a dusty metal (gravel) road, what should you
do?

Road surface

B8 What should you do when driving in foggy weather?

Driving in bad weather

B9 You are driving downhill on a steep, narrow road and a vehicle is coming up
the hill. What should you do?

Responsible driving

B10 You MUST you dip the headlights on your vehicle when:

Night driving

B11 When traffic is merging, what is a good rule to follow?

Merging

B12 What is the safest way to carry goods inside a vehicle?

Responsible driving

B13 You must NOT open the door of your motor vehicle when:

Responsible driving

B14 If you miss your exit on a motorway, you should:

Motorway driving

B15 If you are driving and you want to use a cellphone what should you do?

Responsible driving

B16 What should you do if the vehicle behind you wishes to pass?

Passing

B17 Alcohol slows down your reactions when driving. True or False?

Alcohol and drug limits

B18 In addition to checking it is safe to move out from the kerb into the traffic
flow, what must you do?

Giving signals

B19 Before making a lane change to your left, you must signal for at least 3
seconds. What else must you do?
Using lanes correctly

B20 What should you do when another vehicle is following you very closely?

Safe driving tips

B21 You wish to move your vehicle out of a parking space into the traffic flow.
What must you do before you move?

Giving signals

B22 When driving into bright sunlight, you should use sunglasses and your
vehicle sun visors for safety. What else are you advised to do?

Sunstrike

B23 What should you do if the vehicle behind you starts to pass you?

Passing

B24 You see a pedestrian carrying a white cane crossing the road. What should
you do?

Sharing the road with pedestrians

B25 You wish to turn left at the intersection. What should you do?
Giving way at intersections

B26 You look in the mirror and see a cyclist. What should you do when opening
the car door?

Responsible driving

B27 What is the best way to check for hazards before reversing your vehicle?

Reversing

B28 You are the driver of the blue car. Of the 4 hazards marked, which one is
most likely to require you to take urgent action? A, B, C or D?
Multiple hazards

B29 You are the driver of the blue car. Of the 4 hazards marked, which one is
most likely to require you to take urgent action? A, B, C or D?
Multiple hazards

B30 You are the driver of the blue car. Of the 4 hazards marked, which one is
most likely to require you to take urgent action? A, B, C or D?

Multiple hazards

B31 You are the driver of the blue car. Of the 4 hazards marked, which one is
most likely to require you to take urgent action? A, B, C or D?
Multiple hazards

B32 What is the safest way to drive up to intersections?

Driving up to an intersection

B33 What should you do when following another vehicle in wet conditions?

Driving in bad weather

B34 What should you do if you meet animals coming towards you on the road?

Responsible driving

B35 What should you do when you are coming up to traffic signals and the
signals change from green to yellow?
Giving way at intersections

B36 You should check that there is space for your vehicle on the other side of
the crossing before going over a railway level crossing. True or False?

Giving way at railway level crossings

B37 Are you allowed to drive a vehicle with a load that is not tied on properly?

Responsible driving

Intersection questions
This page has theory test questions about intersections.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.
If you don’t know the answer, click on the link underneath the question to find
out.

I1 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I2 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I3 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I4 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I5 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I6 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I7 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I8 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I9 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersection

I10 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Driving up to an intersection

I11 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Driving up to an intersection

I12 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I13 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Driving up to an intersection

I14 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I15 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Giving way at intersections

I16 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Driving up to an intersection

I17 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Driving up to an intersection

I18 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Driving up to an intersection

I19 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Driving up to an intersection

I20 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Driving up to an intersection

I21 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Driving up to an intersection

I22 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at an intersections

I23 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Giving way at intersections

I24 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I25 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Giving way at intersections

I26 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I27 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Driving up to an intersection

I28 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at roundabouts

I29 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Giving way at roundabouts

I30 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at intersections

I31 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?
Giving way at roundabouts

I32 Does the driver of the blue car have to give way?

Giving way at roundabouts

I33 You are the driver of the blue car. What must you do?
Driving up to an intersection

I34 You are the driver of the blue car. What must you do?

Giving way at intersections

Creating a safe road system

Everyone should get to where they’re going safely, whether they’re walking,
cycling, driving, motorcycling or using public transport.

Road to Zero is Aotearoa New Zealand’s road safety strategy to 2030. It puts
people at the heart of transport and sets us on a path to achieve Vision Zero:

‘An Aotearoa where no one is killed or seriously injured on our roads.’

To achieve this we need to improve all parts of the transport system. This is a
job for all of us - it includes anyone using our roads and for everyone working in
the transport sector.

You can contribute by choosing to:

 buy the safest vehicle you can afford so it protects you and your
loved ones in a crash
 keep your vehicle well maintained
 travel at a safe speed for the road and conditions - such as the weather,

other traffic on the road, the safety of your vehicle, and your level of
experience
 give driving the attention it deserves and be aware of roadside hazards
 think ahead and leave plenty of time for your journey - even short ones
 share the road safely with other people
 stay sober and drug-free behind the wheel and encourage your friends

to do the same.
We and our road safety partners will work to:

 ensure roads and roadsides are more predictable and forgiving of

drivers’ mistakes
 improve people’s understanding of safe speeds and safe behaviour
 encourage the uptake of vehicle safety features that help prevent crashes.

People dying and being seriously injured on our roads is preventable if we all
play our part. Please do your bit to stay safe and keep your friends and whānau
safe on our roads.
Licence conditions
If your licence is issued with conditions on it, you must follow them when you
drive, otherwise you could get a ticket, demerit points and a fine.

Demerit points

Common conditions include always wearing correcting lenses, such as glasses,

when driving, only driving automatic vehicles, or only driving specially adapted
vehicles. A condition can apply to all or some of the classes and endorsements
you hold.

Note: learner and restricted licence conditions aren’t on your licence.

Learner licence conditions

Restricted licence conditions

Driver licence classes

There are 6 classes of driver licence in Aotearoa New Zealand. Each class covers
different types and weights of vehicle because the skills you need to drive a
heavy vehicle or motorcycle are different from driving a car.

Driver licence classes and what you can drive

To drive a car, you’ll need a class 1 licence.

Class 1 – Car
Class 1 learner or restricted licence holders can drive:

 a vehicle with a gross laden weight (GLW) or gross combined weight

(GCW) of 4500kg or less, including tractors or combination vehicles, but
not including motorcycles
 a moped or all-terrain vehicle
 a motorhome or tradesperson’s vehicle with a GLW of 6000kg or less and
an on-road weight of 4500kg or less.
Class 1 restricted licence holders can also drive:

 an agricultural tractor that has a GLW of 18,000kg or less, if driven at

40km/h or less
 an agricultural tractor towing an agricultural trailer that has a GCW of
25,000kg or less, if driven at 40km/h or less.
Class 1 full licence holders can drive:

 a vehicle with a GLW or GCW of 6000kg or less, including tractors and

combination vehicles, but not including motorcycles
 a moped or all-terrain vehicle
 a motorhome or tradesperson's vehicle with a GLW of 6000kg or less
 a forklift* with a GLW of 18,000kg or less
 a special-type vehicle* that runs on rollers or self-laying tracks and has a
GLW of 18,000kg or less
 a special-type vehicle* that runs on wheels and has a GLW of 6000kg or
less
 a special-type vehicle* that runs on wheels and has a GLW of 6001kg to
18,000kg, if driven at:

o 40km/h or less if it's a special-type agricultural motor vehicle

o 30km/h or less if it's any other special-type vehicle
 a tractor with a GLW of 6001kg to 18,000kg, if driven at:

o 40km/h or less if it's an agricultural tractor

o 30km/h or less if it's any other tractor
 a tractor/trailer combination vehicle with a GCW of 25,000kg or less, if
driven at:

o 40km/h or less if it's an agricultural tractor towing an agricultural

trailer
o 30km/h or less if it's any other tractor towing a trailer and used in
non-agricultural land management operations
 an agricultural tractor with a GLW of 6001kg to 18,000kg, with a special-
type vehicle endorsement
 an agricultural tractor/trailer with a GCW of 25,000kg or less, with a
special-type vehicle endorsement.
*You also need an endorsement to drive these vehicles.

Note: if you drive a tractor, you’ll need to hold the right class of licence for the
weight of the tractor, but you won’t need a special-type endorsement.
Classes 2 to 5 cover trucks and other heavy vehicles.

Heavy vehicle road code

Class 6 covers motorcycles.

Motorcycle road code

Licence endorsements
To safely drive some vehicles or provide certain services, you need to have
special knowledge or training. A licence endorsement on your driver licence
shows that you've completed the courses or qualifications you need for that
endorsement.

These are the types of endorsement you can get and what they allow you to do:

Endorsement Allows you to:

D drive a vehicle carrying dangerous goods

F drive a forklift

I be a driving instructor

O be a driver testing officer

drive a passenger service vehicle, for example, a bus, taxi, Uber or

P
Ola

R drive a special-type vehicle that runs on rollers

T drive a special-type vehicle that runs on tracks

V drive a tow truck

Endorsement Allows you to:

W drive a special-type vehicle that runs on wheels

Getting an endorsement

What are the licence classes

These are the classes you could have on your New Zealand driver licence.

1 Car licence

2 Medium rigid vehicle licence

3 Medium combination vehicle licence

4 Heavy rigid vehicle licence

5 Heavy combination vehicle licence

6 Motorcycle licence
If you have an L next to the licence number (eg 6L), this means you have a
learner licence for that class.

If you have an R next to the licence number (eg 1R), this means you have a
restricted licence for that class.

Keep reading for details of what you can drive with each class.

What does each class of driver licence cover

If you have then you can drive a … with a weight of… at a spe
a class… of…

1L or 1R vehicle* GLW or GCW 4500kg or -

less

Moped or all-terrain vehicle -

Motorhome or tradesperson’s vehicle GLW 6000kg or less, but -

If you have then you can drive a … with a weight of… at a spe
a class… of…

with an on-road weight

4500kg or less

1R Agricultural tractor GLW less than 18,000kg 40km/h

less

Agricultural tractor towing an GCW 25,000kg or less 40km/h

agricultural trailer less

1 Any vehicle* GLW or GCW 6000kg or -

less

Moped or all-terrain vehicle -

Motorhome or tradesperson’s vehicle GLW 6000kg or less -

Combination vehicle which is not a GCW 6000kg or less -

tractor/trailer or agricultural
tractor/trailer

Tractor GLW 6001kg to 18,000kg 30km/h

less

Agricultural tractor GLW 6001kg to 18,000kg 40km/h

less

Agricultural tractor towing an GCW 25,000kg or less 40km/h

agricultural trailer less

Tractor towing a trailer, that is being GCW 25,000kg or less 30km/h

used in non-agricultural land less
management operations

2 Rigid vehicle GLW 6001kg to 18,000kg -

If you have then you can drive a … with a weight of… at a spe
a class… of…

Combination vehicle (that is not a GCW 12,000kg or less -

tractor/trailer combination)

rigid vehicle (that is not a tractor) CLW of rigid vehicle -

towing a light trailer 18,000kg or less

Rigid vehicle with two axles or less GLW over 18,000kg -

Tractor GLW 6001kg to 18,000kg 30km/h

less

Any vehicle covered in Class 1

3 Combination vehicle GCW 12,001kg to -

25,000kg

Any vehicle covered in classes 1 and 2

4 Rigid vehicle (including a tractor) GLW over 18,000kg -

rigid vehicle towing a light trailer GLW of rigid vehicle over

18,000kg

Vehicles covered in classes 1 and 2 (but not class 3)

5 Combination vehicle GCW over 25,000kg -

Vehicles covered in classes 1, 2, 3 and 4

6L and 6R Motorcycles acceptable under the learner approved motorcycle scheme (LAM

Moped or all-terrain vehicle

6 Any motorcycle
If you have then you can drive a … with a weight of… at a spe
a class… of…

Moped or all-terrain vehicle

*includes tractors and combination vehicles, but not a motorcycle.

Endorsements
You will need a current endorsement, as well as a driver licence class, to operate
some kinds of vehicles and services.

Endorsement requirements to drive special type vehicles and services

Vehicle weight: how to find it

All vehicles over 3500kg must have a certificate of loading, which is usually
displayed on the vehicle’s front windscreen. The certificate of loading will tell
you the vehicle’s gross vehicle mass (GVM) or gross combined mass (GCM).

In most cases gross vehicle mass is the same as gross laden weight (GLW), and
gross combined mass is the same as gross combined weight (GCW).

Don’t use the vehicle’s unladen weight, tare weight, or the weight on the road
user charges (RUC) distance licence, as these are all different.

Towing a light trailer

A light trailer is a trailer with a GLW of 3500 kg or less. If you have a class 2 or 4
licence, you can tow a light trailer behind your rigid vehicle. Don’t count the
weight of the light trailer in any gross combined weight calculations.

Traction engines
A person steering (or directing) a traction engine must hold a New Zealand class
1 full licence and one of the following:

 an NZQA unit standard 11157 or an equivalent unit standard, or

 a qualification issued or certificate of competency granted under the
Boilers, Lifts and Cranes Act 1950 that:
o was current immediately before 16 January 2006 and has not been
revoked or suspended, and
o allowed the holder to steer a traction engine, or
 an equivalent foreign qualification recognised in writing by the NZ
Transport Agency.
A person driving (firing or operating) a traction engine’s pressure equipment
and managing the engine’s steam pressure levels must hold a New Zealand
class 1 full licence and one of the following:

 an NZQA unit standard 21754, 21755, or an equivalent unit standard, or

 a qualification issued or certificate of competency granted under the
Boilers, Lifts and Cranes Act 1950 that:
o was current immediately before 16 January 2006 and has not been
revoked or suspended, and
o allowed the holder to fire or operate a traction engine’s pressure
equipment, or
 an equivalent foreign qualification recognised in writing by the NZ
Transport Agency.
Overseas licence for agricultural vehicles
If you have a valid overseas agricultural motor vehicle licence (eg a UK tractor
licence) you may be able to drive some of the same agricultural vehicles as the
holder of a class 1 New Zealand licence. Call our contact centre for more
information.

Definitions
Gross weight means the weight of a rigid or combination vehicle, together with
any load it is carrying (including equipment and accessories).

Gross laden weight (GLW) is the greatest of the following:

 any weight specified (following the latest modification, if applicable) as a

vehicle’s gross laden weight by the vehicle’s manufacturer
 any weight specified as the gross laden weight of a particular vehicle (or a
vehicle of its kind) by the Transport Agency
 the weight of a vehicle together with any load it is carrying, including any
equipment and accessories.
Gross combined weight (GCW) is the sum of the gross laden weights of the
vehicles that make up a combination vehicle.

Tare weight means the weight of the vehicle without any load.

On-road weight means the total weight of the vehicle and load at any particular
time.

Mass means the quantity of material contained in or on that vehicle which,

when subjected to acceleration due to gravity, will exert downwards on a level
surface a force that can be measured as the weight of the vehicle.
Gross vehicle mass (GVM) is the greater of:

 the mass specified as the gross vehicle mass of a particular vehicle, by the
vehicle’s manufacturer
 the mass specified as the gross vehicle mass of a particular vehicle (or a
vehicle of its kind) by the Transport Agency.
Light trailer means a trailer with a GLW which does not exceed 3500kg.

Factsheet 11: Driver licence classes [PDF, 94 KB]

1. Home

2. Road code

3. General road code

4. About driver licences

How to get your driver licence

To become a fully licensed class 1 driver, you need to pass through the 3 stages
of the driver licensing system:

 Stage 1 – learner licence.

 Stage 2 – restricted licence.
 Stage 3 – full licence.

You need to complete the requirements of each stage before you can move to
the next.

You must pass a theory test before you can start stage 1 – learner licence.

Practical driving tests

As part of getting your driver licence, you must pass 2 practical driving tests:

 The restricted licence practical driving test, to get your restricted licence.
 The full licence practical driving test, to get your full licence.

Practical tests
How much does it cost to get your class 1 driver licence?

Application fee Amount

Learner licence $96.10

Restricted licence $167.50

Full licence $98.90

The application fee includes the tests required for each stage. It’s free to
change, cancel or rebook your test if you need to.

All fees include GST and are non-refundable.

60minute restricted licence test

30minute full licence test

Make sure you're prepared for your test

Wait times for driver licence tests have increased since we changed our fees, so make
sure you prepare well for your driver licence test. If you don't pass, you may need to wait
a while to get another slot. Check out Drive and the Drive Go app to help you prepare.

Drive - everything you need to prepare for your test(external link)

If you get a test booking and can't use it, please make sure you cancel. Even an hour's
notice will mean someone else can use the slot.

Cancel or rebook your practical test

This is the only website you should use for booking New Zealand practical
driving tests.

Here's all the information you need to prepare for your practical driving test,
and things you need to do on the day of your test.

Practical tests assess your driving

The practical driving tests are designed to assess your ability to apply your
knowledge of road rules and safe driving practices.
Get lots of practice (we recommend at least 120 hours if you have a learner
licence) before you sit a practical test.

Car (class 1) driver licence tests

Restricted test
The test is 60 minutes long and includes 45 minutes of drive time. The remaining
15 minutes is used to check the safety of the vehicle before driving and to
provide feedback after.

You need to demonstrate you have basic driving skills, can recognise and
respond to a range of common road hazards and can drive safely in higher
speed zones.

About the restricted licence practical test

Full licence test

The full licence test is 30 minutes long and includes 20 minutes of driving.

Test applicants will be expected to be able to apply appropriate hazard and

detection responses to all assessable tasks without explanation of what is
required by the testing officer, demonstrate good driving skills in more complex
situations and maintain safe driving behaviours across a wide variety of traffic
situations and road conditions.

About the full licence practical test

Read the guides

Our practical test guides provide detailed information about the Class 1 (car)
driver licence tests. They shouldn't take the place of well-structured and
comprehensive lesson plans together with high levels of supervised driving
experience in a broad range of driving situations.

Restricted licence test guide

Full licence test guide
Driving skills syllabus

Drive videos
Watch our Drive videos for more helpful information about the driver licence
tests.

 Critical errors in the restricted and full licence tests(external link)

 Immediate fail errors in the restricted and full licence tests(external link)
 How to tell if your car is ready for the test (roadworthy)(external link)
Motorcycle (class 6) practical riding tests
To get your motorcycle restricted licence you'll need to either successfully
complete the 60 minute restricted practical riding test or present a CBTA 6R
certificate.

To apply for your class 6 full licence you'll need to either successfully complete
the 30 minute full practical riding test or present a CBTA 6F certificate.

Find out how to get your motorcycle licence

Motorcycle practical riding tests
Competency-based training and assessment (CBTA)

If you plan to sit your motorcycle restricted licence test, make sure you have
plenty of practice (including at least 120 hours on your learner licence) to
prepare for the test.

Be on time
The test can’t be rushed. If you’re late, your test will be cancelled and you’ll
have to rebook.

If you book online, allow extra time

Allow an extra 30 minutes before your test, or visit a driver licensing agent the
day before, to complete the application requirements (eg having your photo
taken and eyesight checked).

Check what time the agent opens

Check what time the licensing agent opens on the day of your test. If your test is
early in the morning and the agent isn't open, you won't be able to complete the
application requirements. You'll need to visit an agent on a day before your test.

Check the test location

Not all test sites have driver licensing agents. This means that if your test is
booked at a testing-only site, you'll need to visit a driver licensing agent at
another location to complete the application requirements before your new
licence can be issued.

Find a driver licensing agent in your area

Take your driver licence

Make sure that your photo driver licence is current and that you have it with
you.
If you received a two-year extension to your learner or restricted licence, you
should note there are particular requirements about the licence you show the
testing officer before the test.

Driver licence extension requirements

If you arrive for the test and your licence isn’t current or you don’t have it with
you, you won’t be able to sit the test. You’ll need to rebook.

Your vehicle will be checked before the test

The testing officer will look over your vehicle before the test to ensure it is
roadworthy.

They’ll check things like the tyres, indicators and brakelights.

They’ll also make sure your vehicle has a current warrant of fitness (WoF) or
certificate of fitness (CoF), a valid licence label, and a road user charges (RUC)
licence if required.

If your vehicle isn’t roadworthy, you won’t be able to take the test (even if it has
a current WoF or CoF). You’ll need to rebook.

Vehicles displaying trade plates or being driven on a space-saver tyre cannot be

used to sit a practical driving test.

See the list of things that will be checked before your test can go ahead

You can take a support person if you need to

When you sit a practical driving test you can choose to have a support person
with you during the test.

Information you need to know if you want to take a support person

The testing officer may use a video camera

The testing officer may attach a small video camera to the front windscreen at
the beginning of your practical test.

The camera records the test and enables the testing officer’s performance to be
audited. It also assists in investigating complaints where the test result is
disputed.

If you do not want your test to be recorded, please let the testing officer know.
Changing or cancelling your test
If you want to change or cancel your test time, you can do this online. There's no
fee to change, cancel or rebook your test.

Change or rebook your test

Use this checklist to make sure you have everything ready

Check the items on this list to make sure you have it all ready

Do it online – book a practical test, replace a licence

Stage 1 – learner licence

Before you start to learn to drive on the road, you’ll need to get a learner
licence. Once you receive your learner licence you can start learning to drive in a
car or other light vehicle.

Who can apply for a learner licence?

To apply for a learner licence you have to be at least 16 years old.

How do I apply for a learner licence?

You’ll need to go to a driver licensing agent to:

 pay the application fee of $96.10

 complete the application requirements
 sit and pass the theory test.

Application requirements

Driver licensing agents

Learner licence theory test

This is a computer-based multi-choice test of 35 questions you can take at a
driver licensing agent. It covers road rules, hazards and safe driving practices to
make sure you have the knowledge to begin driving on the road safely.

The questions appear in a random order and you select the answer you think is
correct. You can change your mind after selecting an answer, but it’ll be locked
in when you move on to the next question.
You need to get at least 32 questions right to pass the test. If you get more than
3 questions wrong, you’ll need to book another test.

When you pass the test, you’ll be given a temporary learner licence, valid for 21
days, to use until your photo driver licence arrives.

Note: please don’t bring children to your test. Having children with you may be
a distraction and cause you to fail the test.

Preparing for the theory test

You need to be thoroughly familiar with the road rules to pass the test. You’ll
find everything you need to know in the road code.

To help you learn the road rules, you can practice with questions from the
theory test. You can also use our free website Drive to work through the road
code with real theory test questions, games and quizzes.

Theory test questions

drive.govt.nz(external link)
Speech or language needs
If you're having trouble getting ready for your theory test because of a reading
or language issue, there are several organisations that may be able to help:

 Literacy Aotearoa
phone: 0800 678 910
website: literacy.org.nz(external link)
 English Language Partners

phone: (04) 471 7790

website: englishlanguage.org.nz(external link)
 Citizens Advice Bureau

phone: 0800 FOR CAB (0800 367 222)

website: cab.org.nz(external link)
People with reading issues can also apply for:

 extra time to complete the theory test

 the theory test to be given orally.

Besides English, the test is available in the following languages:

 Arabic
 Chinese (simplified and traditional)
 Gujarati
 Hindi
 Korean
 Māori
 Punjabi
 Samoan
 Thai
 Tongan.

Talk to your driver licensing agent for more information about these options.

Driver licensing agents

Learner licence conditions

 You must not drive on your own. You must always have a supervisor

sitting in the front passenger seat beside you.

What is a supervisor?
 If you're learning to ride a moped, you must not ride it between 10pm and

5am and you must not carry passengers.

 You must always display L (learner) plates on the vehicle when you drive.
 You may carry passengers in your car, but your supervisor must agree.

Your supervisor is responsible for everyone in the car and for what
happens while you’re driving.
There are also conditions around alcohol and driving.

Alcohol and drug limits

If you break the learner conditions of your driver licence, you could get 25 to 35
demerit points and a $100 fine.

Demerit points

Important!
If you don't follow your licence conditions, the police can stop you from driving. They may tell
you to drive straight home, take your keys, clamp your vehicle, or have it moved to where it's not a
traffic hazard.

L plates
If you’re driving with a class 1 or class 6 learner licence, you must display L
plates on your vehicle.
L plates show other road users that you're a learner driver and help police
officers make sure learner drivers are following their learner licence conditions.

The L plate must have a black L on a yellow background and must be no smaller
than the measurements shown on the diagram.

If you’re driving a car, van or ute, your L plates:

 must be displayed on both the front and rear of the vehicle

 must be clearly visible to other road users
 must not restrict your front or rear vision.

If you’re riding a moped, you must display an L plate on the back of your moped.

You can buy L plates from driver licensing agents, or you can make your own.

Driver licensing agents

Learning to drive
Learning to drive is a big responsibility. It’s important that you develop good
driving skills so you’ll be a safe driver on our roads.

Professional or private instruction?

You can get training from a qualified professional driving instructor or get a
friend or family member to be your driving coach.
Many people do a mixture of both, getting lots of practice with a driving coach
but also having some lessons with a driving instructor to improve their skills.

Learning to drive with an instructor

Driving instructors charge a fee for training and must:

 hold a driving instructor (I) endorsement for each class of licence they
want to teach
 sit in the front passenger seat while instructing you.

Before your first lesson, ask the instructor to show you proof that they hold a
current driving instructor endorsement.

Learning to drive with a driving coach

A driving coach is someone you know who's willing to teach you how to drive.
They must hold a current and valid full New Zealand car licence without a
supervisor condition and have held it, or an equivalent overseas licence, for at
least 2 years.

Your coach should:

 always carry their driver licence while supervising your driving

 be prepared to commit to the time needed for you to practise
 be a responsible, skilled and confident driver
 be an effective communicator, able to get information and ideas across
clearly
 have the patience to instruct you effectively
 be able to teach and build on previous lessons
 review, evaluate and assess your progress.

Identification for driver licensing

When you apply for each stage of your licence, you'll need to show acceptable
evidence of your identity.

Evidence of your identity

You must present:

 your current New Zealand passport, or

 your New Zealand driver licence, which can be current or expired up to 2
years, or
 2 of the following kinds of identification. There must be one primary
document and one supporting document. All documents must be
originals and not photocopied or scanned.
Primary documents

New Zealand passport*

Overseas passport*

New Zealand emergency travel document

New Zealand refugee travel document

New Zealand certificate of identity (issued under the Passports Act 1992)

New Zealand certificate of identity (issued under the Immigration Act 1987)

New Zealand firearms licence*

New Zealand full birth certificate issued on or after 1 January 1998

New Zealand citizenship certificate

* These documents can be current or expired up to 2 years. All other documents

must be current.

Supporting documents

18+ card or Kiwi Access card

Community services card

SuperGold card
Supporting documents

Veteran SuperGold card

New Zealand student photo ID card

New Zealand employee photo ID card

New Zealand electoral roll record

Inland Revenue number

New Zealand-issued utility bill

Overseas driver licence

Steps to freedom form

If neither document contains a photo, you must also provide a passport-style

photograph signed by an identity referee.

Identification - more information about evidence of identity.

Evidence of name change

If your name has changed from the name on your driver licence or on either of
your 2 forms of identification, you’ll need to provide one of the following
documents as proof of your name change. They must be original and issued in
New Zealand.

 A marriage or civil union certificate.

 Copy of particulars of marriage or civil union.
 A dissolution of marriage or civil union order.
 A certificate of annulment.
 A deed poll certificate, change of name certificate or birth certificate
showing both names.
 A statutory declaration confirming change of name which has been
registered with the Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages.
Eyesight requirements
You need to prove that your eyesight is up to standard when you apply for each
stage.

To do this, you can:

 pass an eyesight screening check at a driver licensing agent, or

 present an original eyesight or medical certificate no more than 60 days
old.
The certificate must be issued by a New Zealand registered optometrist or
health practitioner. This could be your doctor (GP), a registered nurse or nurse
practitioner, or a specialist. If you don’t pass the eyesight check at an agent,
you’ll need to provide a certificate instead.

Sight in only one eye can affect your ability to judge distance. If you can only see
out of one eye, or only have one eye, you must present an acceptable certificate.

If you don’t pass the eyesight requirements, or don’t provide an eyesight

certificate before your test, you won’t be given a temporary licence – even if you
pass your driving test. You’ll need to complete the eyesight requirements before
your new licence can be issued.

Medical declaration
You must be medically fit to drive.

These conditions may affect your driving:

 diabetes
 locomotive joint or limb problems
 strokes
 nervous or mental disorders
 high blood pressure
 seizures, fits, convulsions, epilepsy
 serious injuries – for example, head or spinal injuries
 visual disturbances – for example, cataracts, double vision, glaucoma
 cerebral vascular accidents or disease
 cognitive impairment
 any other condition that may affect your ability to drive safely.
If you don’t have any of these, you can sign a declaration stating this.

If you do have one of these conditions, you may need a medical certificate.

What you need to know about medical certificates

A medical certificate for driver licensing purposes must:

 be the original
 be issued by a New Zealand-registered health practitioner – for example
your doctor (GP), a registered nurse or nurse practitioner, or a specialist
 be no more than 60 days old
 state that you’re fit to drive, or set out the conditions under which you
can drive.
The cost of a medical certificate will vary. You’re responsible for meeting these
costs.

Ask for a Medical certificate for driver licence – your health practitioner will have
copies.

Organ donation
When you fill out your driver licence application form, you’ll be asked the
following question:

Would you be willing to donate organs in the event of your death?

If you tick the Yes box, you’re showing you wish to be an organ and tissue donor,
and will have the word Donor printed on your driver licence. It’s also put on
your record in the driver licence database.

Your family will be asked for their agreement before organs or tissue are
removed for donation, so it’s very important to discuss your decision with your
family. It’s a good idea to think about organ donation before you go to the
driver licensing agent.

Visit donor.co.nz (external link)or contact Organ Donation New Zealand on 0800
4 DONOR (0800 436 667) for more information.
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

AA Albert Street AA Driver and Vehicle Licensing Constellation Drive Ce

99 Albert Street 2B/60 Constellation Drive
Auckland Central Rosedale

Freephone: 0800 500 444 Freephone: 0800 500 444

Hours: Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday Hours: Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Frid
8.30am–5pm, Tuesday 9am–5 pm 8.30am–5pm, Tuesday 9am–5pm, Saturda
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licences/ Sunday 9am–4pm
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licen
 Admin
 Admin
 Theory
 Theory
 overseas-conversions
 overseas-conversions
AA Great Barrier Island mobile unit AA LynnMall
Auckland City Council Shop 104, LynnMall Shopping Centre
Great Barrier Service Centre 3058 Great North Road
Great Barrier Island New Lynn

Freephone: 0800 500 444 Freephone: 0800 500 444

Hours: The third Friday quarterly (February, May, Hours: Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and
August, November) 10am–3pm 9am - 5:30pm, Tuesday 9:30am - 5:30pm, S
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licences/ 9am - 4pm, Sunday 10am - 4pm
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licen
 Admin
 Admin
 Theory
 Theory

 overseas-conversions
AA Manukau AA Meadowlands
39 Cavendish Drive Shop 12, Meadowlands Shopping Plaza
Manukau 112 Whitford Road
Howick
Freephone: 0800 500 444
Hours: Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday Freephone: 0800 500 444
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

8:30am - 5pm, Tuesday 9am - 5pm, Saturday - Hours: Monday, Wednesday - Friday 8:30am
Sunday 9am - 4pm. Tuesday 9am - 5pm, Saturday 9am - 4pm
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licences/ Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licen
Overseas Conversions until 4:30pm
 Admin
 Admin
 Theory
 Theory
 overseas-conversions
 overseas-conversions
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

AA Orewa AA Penrose
30 Hillary Square 419 Great South Road
Orewa Penrose

Freephone: 0800 500 444 Freephone: 0800 500 444

Hours: Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday Hours: Monday, Wednesday,Thursday, Frid
8.30am–5pm, and Tuesday 9am–5pm. 8:30am–5pm, Tuesday 9am–5pm
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licences/ Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licen

 Admin  Admin

 Theory  Theory

 overseas-conversions  overseas-conversions
AA Pukekohe AA Takapuna
Matts Photoworld 12 Northcroft Street
137 King Street Takapuna
Pukekohe
Mobile: 0800 500 444
Freephone: 0800 500 444 Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 5pm.
Hours: Monday–Friday 9am–5pm, Saturday 9am- Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licen
2pm.
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licences/  Admin

 Admin
 Theory

 Theory
 overseas-conversions
AA Vehicle Testing Glen Innes AA Vehicle Testing Mt Roskill
77 Felton Mathew Avenue 6 Carr Road
Glen Innes Mt Roskill
Auckland
Freephone: 0800 500 444
Hours: Monday - Friday 8am - 4:30pm, (last theory Freephone: 0800 500 444
test 3:45pm), Saturday 8:30am - 2:30pm (last Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 4:30pm, S
theory test 1:45pm). 8:30am - 3pm
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licences/ Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licen
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

 Admin  Admin

 Theory  Theory
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

AA Waiheke Island mobile unit AA Wellsford mobile unit

Adult Learning Centre Wellsford Community Centre
2 Korora Rd Cnr Rodney and Matheson Streets
Oneroa Wellsford

Freephone: 0800 500 444 Freephone: 0800 500 444

Hours: The 1st and 3rd Wednesday of each month Hours: The 4th Friday of odd months 9:30a
9.30am - 4pm 4pm
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licences/ Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licen

 Admin  Admin

 Theory  Theory
AA Westgate VTNZ Driving Centre Auckland Business Chamber Man
Westgate Shopping Centre 33 Lambie Drive
Cnr Westgate and Fernhill Drive Manukau
Massey
Auckland Freephone: 0800 500 444
Hours: Monday - Friday 8am - 4pm (last the
Freephone: 0800 500 444 3:30pm)
Hours: Monday, Wednesday - Friday 8:30am – Website: www.vtnz.co.nz
5pm, Tuesday 9am - 5pm, Saturday 9am - 4pm
Website: www.aa.co.nz/drivers/driver-licences/  Admin
Overseas conversions processed until 3:30pm
Monday to Friday, 12pm Saturday.  Theory
 Admin
 1R
 Theory
 1F
 overseas-conversions
VTNZ Glen Innes VTNZ Henderson
115-155 Apirana Avenue 13 Sel Peacock Drive
Glen Innes Henderson
Auckland
Phone: 09 521 0756
Hours: Monday - Friday 9am - 4pm, Saturday 9am - Phone: 09 836 0996
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

12pm. Hours: Monday - Friday 9am – 4pm (theory

Website: www.vtnz.co.nz closing time 3pm), Saturday 8:30am - 12:30
Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3:30pm, Website: www.vtnz.co.nz
Saturday 9am - 11:30am. Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm,
Saturday 8:30am - 12:30pm
 Admin
 Admin
 Theory
 Theory
 1R

 1F

 ORST
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

VTNZ Highbrook VTNZ Kingsland

33 Cryers Road 384 - 392 New North Road
Highbrook Kingsland

Phone: 09 265 0490 Phone: 09 845 3001

Hours: Monday - Friday 9am - 4pm, Saturday 9am - Hours: Monday - Friday 9am – 4pm (theory
12pm closing time 3pm), Saturday 8am - 12pm
Website: www.vtnz.co.nz Website: www.vtnz.co.nz
Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3:30pm, Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm,
Saturday 9am - 11:30am Saturday 8am - 12pm

 Admin  Admin

 Theory  Theory

 1R  overseas-conversions

 1F

 2F-5F

 ORST
VTNZ Kumeu VTNZ Manukau
190 Main Road 132 Cavendish Drive
Kumeu Manukau
Auckland
Phone: 09 412 2195
Hours: Monday - Friday 9am - 4pm, Saturday Hours: Monday - Friday 9am - 4pm, Saturda
8:30am - 12:30 pm. 12pm
Website: www.vtnz.co.nz Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm,
Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm, Saturday 9am - 11:30am.
Saturday 8:30am - 12pm.
 Admin
 Admin
 Theory
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

 Theory
 1R

 1F
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

VTNZ New Lynn VTNZ North Harbour

46 Portage Road 3-5 Saturn Place
New Lynn Albany
Auckland
Phone: 09 827 5714
Hours: Monday - Friday 9am – 4pm (theory testing Phone: 09 414 2056
closing time 3pm), Saturday 8am - 12pm Hours: Monday - Friday 9am – 4pm (theory
Website: www.vtnz.co.nz closing time 3pm), Saturday 8:30am - 12:30
Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm, Website: www.vtnz.co.nz
Saturday 8am - 12pm. Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm,
Saturday 8:30am - 12:30pm.
 Admin
 Admin
 Theory
 Theory
 1R
 1R
 1F
 1F
 ORST
 6R

 6F
VTNZ North Shore VTNZ Pukekohe
120 Sunnybrae Road 14-26 Subway Road
Glenfield Pukekohe

Phone: 09 444 4848 | Fax: 09 444 1827 Phone: 09 237 1516

Hours: Monday - Friday 9am – 4pm (theory testing Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 4:30pm, S
closing time 3pm), Saturday 8am - 12pm. 8:30am - 12pm
Website: www.vtnz.co.nz Website: www.vtnz.co.nz
Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm, Theory tests: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 4pm
Saturday 8am - 12pm. Saturday 8:30am - 11:30am

 Admin  Admin
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

 Theory  Theory

 1R  1R

 1F  1F

 ORST  2F-5F

 overseas-conversions  6R

 6F

 ORST
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

VTNZ Silverdale VTNZ Sylvia Park

5 Furnace Place 5 Sylvia Park Road
Silverdale Mt Wellington
Auckland
Phone: 09 573 1115
Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 3:30pm Hours: Monday - Friday 8am - 4pm, Saturda
Website: www.vtnz.co.nz 11am
Website: www.vtnz.co.nz
 Admin Theory tests: Monday - Friday 8am -3pm, S
8am -11am.
 Theory
 Admin

 1R
 Theory

 1F
 1R

 2F-5F
 1F

 6R
 overseas-conversions

 6F

 ORST
VTNZ Takanini VTNZ Warkworth
2-14 Spartan Road 6/14 Glenmore Drive
Takanini Warkworth

Phone: 09 268 2900 Phone: 09 425 7441

Hours: Monday - Friday 8:30am - 4pm, Saturday Hours: Monday to Friday 8.30 to 3.30 (DLR
9am - 12pm Services), Monday to Friday 8.30 to 3.00pm
Website: www.vtnz.co.nz (Theory Testing)
Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm, Website: www.vtnz.co.nz
Saturday 9am - 12pm.
 Admin
 Admin
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

 Theory  Theory

 1R  1R

 1F  1F

 overseas-conversions
Driver licensing agents / Auckland

VTNZ Westgate VTNZ Wiri

2-6 Pinot Lane 103 Roscommon Road
Westgate Wiri
Auckland Manukau

Phone: 09 832 6562 Phone: 09 268 6500

Hours: Monday - Friday 9am – 4pm (theory testing Hours: Monday - Friday 9am - 4pm (last the
closing time 3pm), Saturday 8am - 12pm 2:30pm), Saturday 9am -12pm (last theory
Website: www.vtnz.co.nz 11am)
Theory tests: Monday - Friday 9am - 3pm, Website: ww.vtnz.co.nz
Saturday 8am - 12pm.
 Admin
 Admin
 Theory
 Theory
 1R
 1R
 1F
 1F

 2F-5F

 6R

 6F

 ORST
Identification for driver licensing
When you apply for each stage of your licence, you'll need to show acceptable
evidence of your identity.

Evidence of your identity

You must present:

 your current New Zealand passport, or

New Zealand passport*

Overseas passport*

New Zealand emergency travel document

New Zealand refugee travel document

New Zealand certificate of identity (issued under the Passports Act 1992)

New Zealand certificate of identity (issued under the Immigration Act 1987)

New Zealand firearms licence*

New Zealand full birth certificate issued on or after 1 January 1998

New Zealand citizenship certificate

* These documents can be current or expired up to 2 years. All other documents

must be current.

Supporting documents

18+ card or Kiwi Access card

Community services card

SuperGold card
Supporting documents

Veteran SuperGold card

New Zealand student photo ID card

New Zealand employee photo ID card

New Zealand electoral roll record

Inland Revenue number

New Zealand-issued utility bill

Overseas driver licence

Steps to freedom form

If neither document contains a photo, you must also provide a passport-style

photograph signed by an identity referee.

Identification - more information about evidence of identity.

Evidence of name change

 A marriage or civil union certificate.

To do this, you can:

 pass an eyesight screening check at a driver licensing agent, or

Sight in only one eye can affect your ability to judge distance. If you can only see
out of one eye, or only have one eye, you must present an acceptable certificate.

If you don’t pass the eyesight requirements, or don’t provide an eyesight

Medical declaration
You must be medically fit to drive.

These conditions may affect your driving:

If you don’t have any of these, you can sign a declaration stating this.

If you do have one of these conditions, you may need a medical certificate.
What you need to know about medical certificates
A medical certificate for driver licensing purposes must:

can drive.
The cost of a medical certificate will vary. You’re responsible for meeting these
costs.

Ask for a Medical certificate for driver licence – your health practitioner will have
copies.

Organ donation
When you fill out your driver licence application form, you’ll be asked the
following question:

Would you be willing to donate organs in the event of your death?

Visit donor.co.nz (external link)or contact Organ Donation New Zealand on 0800
4 DONOR (0800 436 667) for more information.

Specialist questions for car drivers

This page has specialist questions for car drivers.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.
If you don’t know the answer, click on the link underneath the question to find
out.
1 What is the maximum distance a load may overhang your vehicle behind the
rear axle? _____ metres

Safe loading and towing for light vehicles

2 Your vehicle has a current warrant of fitness but a rear red stop light is not
working. What should you do?

Car requirements

3 What does a warrant of fitness show?

Car requirements

4 What is the maximum distance a load may extend in front of a car?

Safe loading and towing for light vehicles

5 Which parts of the car must be in good condition to prevent too much noise
and gases entering the car?

Responsible driving

6 At night, what must a towed vehicle have at the back of it?

Safe loading and towing for light vehicles

7 What is the minimum tread depth required for car tyres? _____ millimetres

Car requirements

8 If you tow another vehicle, what is the maximum distance allowed between
the two vehicles? _____ metres
Safe loading and towing for light vehicles

9 What must be displayed on the back of a trailer being towed at night?

Safe loading and towing for light vehicles

10 What should you do before any modification is carried out on your vehicle?

Car requirements

11 You can drive a moped on a car licence. True or False?

Information for moped riders

12 What is the maximum legal speed limit for a car towing a trailer on the open
road? _____ km/h

Safe loading and towing for light vehicles

13 You have a restricted licence. A condition for driving at night without a

supervisor is that you MUST NOT drive between what hours?

Stage 2 - restricted licence

14 What is the maximum speed you may drive if you have a space saver wheel
fitted? _____ km/h

Responsible driving

15 If you have a restricted licence when can you carry passengers?

Stage 2 - restricted licence

16 If you have a learner licence can you carry passengers?

Stage 1 - learner licence

17 When you have a learner licence you must always drive with a supervisor.
What is a supervisor?

What is a supervisor?

18 When you have a learner licence do you have to have it with you when you
drive?

New Zealand driver licensing system

19 Who is responsible for making a child under 15 years use a seatbelt or a

safety seat in a vehicle?

Seatbelts and child restraints

20 What will happen if you have a front tyre blowout?

Tips for handling driving emergencies

21 What will happen if you have a rear tyre blowout?

Tips for handling driving emergencies

22 The bonnet of your vehicle lifts up while you are driving and you cannot see.
What should you do?

Tips for handling driving emergencies

23 What should you do if your vehicle breaks down on a motorway?

Breakdowns

24 Passengers in your vehicle are 15 years or over. Who is responsible for

making sure they wear a seatbelt?

Seatbelts and child restraints

Stage 2 – restricted licence

Who can apply for a restricted licence?
You can apply for your restricted licence once you have the driving skills you
need to pass the restricted licence test.

You must:

 be at least 16½ years old

 hold a current learner licence
 have held a current learner licence for at least 6 months.

How do I apply for a restricted licence?

To get your restricted licence, you need to pass the restricted licence practical
driving test.

To book your restricted licence practical driving test, you must either:

visit a driver licensing agent and:

o book a time to take the restricted licence practical driving test
o pay the application fee of $167.50
o complete the application requirements

Application requirements

Driver licensing agents

 book your restricted licence practical test online.

Book your practical test online(external link)
If you book online, you’ll need to complete the application process at a driver
licensing agent before your new licence can be issued. You should allow at least
30 minutes before or after your test to do this.
Check the agent opening hours, as they may not be open 30 minutes before
your test appointment. In that case you can complete the application process
before the day of the test or after the test.

Restricted licence practical driving test

Practical tests

Restricted licence conditions

 You can drive on your own, but not between 10pm and 5am. If you drive

between these times, you must have a supervisor with you.

 If you sit the restricted test in an automatic vehicle, you can only drive

automatic vehicles, unless you have a supervisor with you.

 You can't normally carry passengers, unless you have a supervisor with

you. The only passengers you can carry without a supervisor are:
o your spouse or partner
o children who live with you and are under your or your spouse or
partner’s care – you or your spouse or partner are their parent or
guardian
o relatives who live with you and who are on a social security benefit
o your parent or guardian
o someone you look after as their primary caregiver.

If you break the restricted conditions of your driver licence, you could get 35
demerit points and a fine of $100.

Demerit points

What is a supervisor?
A supervisor is someone who:

 holds a current and valid full New Zealand licence for the class of
vehicle, and
 doesn’t have a supervisor condition on their New Zealand licence, and
 has held the full New Zealand licence for at least 2 years OR has held an

equivalent overseas licence for at least 2 years.

They must always sit in the passenger seat next to you when you’re driving, and
they must carry their driver licence with them.

Stage 3 – full licence

Who can apply for a full licence?
You must be at least 18 years old. If you successfully complete an approved
advanced driving skills course, this is reduced to 17½.

You must hold a current restricted licence.

If you’re under 25, you must have held your restricted licence for:

 at least 18 months, or
 at least 12 months if you’ve successfully completed an approved
advanced driving skills course.
If you’re 25 or over, you must have held your restricted licence for:


at least 6 months, or
 at least 3 months if you’ve successfully completed an approved advanced

driving skills course.

Advanced driving course

How do I apply for a full licence?

To get your full licence, you need to pass the full licence practical driving test.

To book your full licence practical driving test, you must either:

 visit a driver licensing agent and:

obook a time to take the full licence practical driving test
opay the application fee of $98.90
o complete the application requirements

Application requirements

Driver licensing agents

 book your full licence practical test online.

Check the agent opening hours, as they may not be open 30 minutes
before your test appointment. In that case, you can complete the application
process before the day of the test or after the test.
The full licence practical driving test

Practical tests

Full licence practical driving test (class 1 -

car)
What is the full licence practical driving test?
The full licence practical driving test is the test that restricted licence holders
must pass to graduate to a full driver licence. It is designed to test whether your
skills are at a level where you can safely drive without the conditions of the
restricted licence. You must provide the vehicle for the test.

The test will take about 30 minutes. This allows for vehicle checks before the
test, the driving test itself and time for the testing officer to give you feedback
after the test.

During the test you'll need to demonstrate safe driving practices in a wide range
of driving situations.

How should I prepare for the full licence practical driving test?
You'll need to apply appropriate hazard detection responses to all assessable
tasks without explanation of what's required by the testing officer.

You should practise describing hazards aloud until you can confidently and
clearly describe the hazards you're looking at and what you're doing in response
to them.

You'll be asked to perform a number of tasks and to observe and remember the
hazards you see as you perform each task. Some examples of hazards are:

 other vehicles (including vehicles approaching from behind)

 children playing on the footpath
 pedestrians
 animals not on a leash
 cyclists.

You'll be marked on how well you performed the task, plus how well your
descriptions of the hazards match those noted by the testing officer. All of the
tasks will take place in busy, built-up areas such as town or suburban areas.
What does the full licence practical test involve?
You'll need to perform a number of tasks including:

 right and left turns at intersections

 right and left lane changes
 entering and exiting roundabouts.

When completing each task you'll also be assessed on:

 observing
 signalling
 gap selection
 following distance
 hazard detection
 hazard response.

During the test you could incur a critical error for:

 driving too slow or too fast

 not looking before performing a manoeuvre
 not signalling
 mounting the kerb
 stalling the vehicle
 not coming to a complete stop at a Stop sign
 blocking a pedestrian crossing
 any other illegal action, eg
o following too close
o not giving way to pedestrians at a pedestrian crossing
o driving over part of a roundabout.

What could cause me to immediately fail the test?

You'll fail the test (the test will be terminated) if you:

 drive recklessly, dangerously or inconsiderately

 are involved in a crash you're wholly or partly responsible for
 can't carry out the testing officer's instructions because of lack of driving

ability
 exceed the speed limit
 fail to comply with give way rules or give Way signs
 fail to comply with traffic signals or stop signs.

What are the most common reasons for failing a full practical test?
Some of the most common reasons for failing a full practical test are:

 going over the speed limit

 not indicating correctly when entering or leaving a roundabout
 not coming to a complete stop at a Stop sign
 not identifying hazards
 not stating the action you're taking in response to an identified hazard.

What happens at the end of the test?

At the end, the testing officer will tell you whether or not you've passed the test.
They'll also go over any errors you made so you can practise them.

If you pass the test, you'll have earned your full licence.

The testing officer will keep your restricted licence and give you a temporary full
licence. This temporary licence is valid for 21 days and you must carry it with
you when you drive.

You'll get your full photo driver licence in the mail. If you don’t get your new
photo driver licence within 10 working days, call us on 0800 822 422.

If you fail the test, the testing officer will give your restricted licence back.

How do I dispute the result of my test?

You can lodge a complaint if you believe a testing officer has acted
inappropriately or incorrectly failed or terminated your practical test.

VTNZ online complaint form (external link)

If you don't want to lodge your complaint online, you can also get a complaint
form by:

 calling us on 0800 822 422

 contacting us online
Your complaint will be investigated and you'll receive a response in writing. If
you’re not satisfied with the results of the investigation, you can ask Waka
Kotahi to review that investigation.

Introduction to the full licence test

This section provides detailed information about the Full Licence Test (FLT). It is
designed to inform drivers who have passed their restricted licence, about the
requirements of the FLT.
The full licence test
The FLT is 30 minutes long. In the FLT applicants have to demonstrate higher
order skills in hazard detection and response while at the same time
maintaining safe driving behaviours across a wide range of traffic situations and
road conditions, to the high standard required for the awarding of a full licence.

Test routes
The test is undertaken on test routes that have been developed according to a
set of standard requirements. This ensures that all test routes used are of a
nationally consistent standard.

The role of the testing officer

A testing officer undertakes many tasks during the test including directing the
applicant around the route, observing and marking driving behaviour and
keeping an eye on safety. Because of this, it is unlikely that the testing officer
will have time to engage in conversation with the applicant. Ensure the
applicant is aware of this, is prepared for it and is not offended by it.

Overview of the structure of the full licence

test
Test duration
The test takes a total of 30 minutes to administer. This time allows for:

 meeting the applicant

 conducting the pre-drive vehicle safety check
 conducting a 20 minute practical drive
 adding up the test score sheet at the end of each stage
 providing feedback to the applicant on their performance at the end of

the test.
Test route
The test is conducted in one stage and, as far as possible, is conducted in speed
zones between 50-80km/h.

During the test, the applicant is directed to drive around a fixed test route and
asked to perform specific driving tasks (such as turns or lane changes) at various
locations, while at the same time verbally describing the hazards and their
driving responses to those hazards. The Testing Officer (TO) uses a set of specific
assessment items to assess how well the applicant performs each task.
To pass the FLT, an applicant must demonstrate safe decision-making,
observance of road rules, a high standard of car-handling skills and ability to
identify and apply the correct driving response to any hazards encountered.

Driving tasks
There are two types of driving tasks in the FLT:

 Assessable tasks include left and right turns, lane changes (or turning
right across traffic where lane changes are not available) and right at a
roundabout. The applicant’s performance on each assessable task is
assessed according to predetermined task assessment items.
 Linking manoeuvres join up the assessable tasks into a complete driving

route that begins and ends at the car park of the testing office or other
suitable location for the start. Linking manoeuvres include similar driving
manoeuvres to the assessable tasks but do not have associated task
assessment items assigned to them.
There are eight assessable tasks in the FLT, which are described in the
Assessable driving tasks section.

Assessable tasks

Hazard perception
During each of the eight assessable driving tasks in the FLT, the applicant is also
required to verbally describe (in a few simple words) as they undertake each
assessable task:

 the hazards, and

 their actions in response to those hazards.
Assessment items
During the test the applicant will be assessed against three different assessment
criteria:

 Task assessment items - assess one aspect of driving performance

during the execution of each assessable task at a specific location on the
test route.
Task assessment items
 Critical errors - are recorded at any time they occur during the FLT,
whether during an assessable task or not.
Critical errors
 Immediate failure errors - also recorded at any time they occur and
result in the immediate failure of the test.
Immediate failure errors
Note that this guide does not cover the number of driving faults that are
permitted during the test as the pre-test preparation should not be focused
around how many driving faults may be made during the test, but rather
whether the novice driver has the necessary skills to be a safe driver (ie they can
consistently perform the driving tasks to the required standard).

If the novice driver is making any critical errors or immediate failure errors in
training then they are clearly not yet ready to attempt this test.

1. Home

2. Driver licences

3. Getting a licence

4. Take your test

5. Practical driving tests

6. Full licence test guide

Pre-drive checks
Documentation
Before beginning the FLT, the TO will:

 check the applicant’s identity

 conduct a pre-drive safety check
 conduct an in-vehicle safety check.

Prior to commencing the test the TO will:

 sight the applicant’s restricted driver licence to ensure it is current and to

confirm their identity
 check the vehicle to be used in the test for:
o a current warrant of fitness or certificate of fitness label
o a current vehicle licence (registration) label
o a current RUC label, if it is a vehicle subject to RUC
o sufficient fuel to complete the test.
If any of these requirements cannot be met, the test will be cancelled.

Vehicle roadworthiness and controls

The vehicle to be used for the test must comply with the legal provisions that
govern its use on the road. While TOs do not examine the vehicle in detail, they
will check the items listed below to ensure that all safety items are in a
roadworthy state. Applicants will be requested to assist with the pre-drive
check.

If the vehicle is not roadworthy, the test will not proceed.

Vehicle detail Requirements

Vehicle The vehicle is sitting square to the road, indicating all tyres have equal or close
posture (car only) to equal pressure.

Body work The vehicle has no obvious damage that could be considered dangerous.

Tyres and wheels Tyres should have the required tread depth and no uneven wear, and
wheels should appear undamaged (visual inspection only).

Winter and summer tyres are not mixed.

The test cannot proceed if a space-saver tyre is fitted to the vehicle.

Indicators and brake Indicators and brake lights (to meet equipment requirements) operate correctly
lights and all lenses are intact.

Headlights Lenses must be intact and high and low beams operate if the test is to take place
in low light conditions.

Windscreen wipers Wipers must operate satisfactorily if the test is to take place in rain or fog.

Horn The horn must operate.

Driver/rider safety Mirrors are checked for position and seatbelts are in safe and serviceable
Vehicle detail Requirements

condition.

In-vehicle safety checks

The TO will check if the applicant is able to identify where the following controls
are located in the vehicle:

 parking brake
 windscreen demister
 rear window demister (where fitted).

If the applicant is unable to identify the items above they will be pointed out to
them and the applicant will still be able to undertake the test. However if it
becomes necessary to use one of the controls during the test and the applicant
requires assistance to operate the control, an immediate failure error will result.

The pre-drive safety check and in-vehicle check do not contribute to the
applicant’s test score.

Full licence test guide

 Introduction to the full licence test
 Overview of the structure of the full licence test
 Pre-drive checks
 Assessable driving tasks
 Task assessment items
 Critical errors
 Immediate failure errors
 Glossary

Assessable driving tasks

The table below shows the typical assessable driving tasks for the FLT. Some
tasks may be assessed more than once and may be assessed at intersection
types that differ from those shown here. It is also possible that some tasks may
be replaced by others if they cannot be undertaken on a particular test route.
Traffic movement Task

Figure 1 Right turn giving way to intersecting traffic

(one lane each way). May be at a ‘T’ or cross-
intersection.
Note: This task occurs twice.

Figure 2 Right turn giving way to one lane of

oncoming traffic.
Note: This task occurs twice.

Figure 3 Right turn giving way to two lanes of

oncoming traffic.

Figure 4 Left turn giving way to intersecting traffic

(two lanes each way). May be at a ‘T’ or cross-
intersection.
Traffic movement Task

Figure 5 Lane change right.

OR
Figure 6 Lane change left.

Figure 7 Right turn at a roundabout.

Task assessment items

Each task assessment item assesses one aspect of driving performance during
the execution of an assessable task at a specific location on the test route. For
example, observation might be assessed when turning right from Smith Street
into Jones Road.

Task assessment items are not assessed while driving between assessable
driving tasks. They contribute to the applicant’s point score for the test.
There are six task assessment items that may be assigned to an assessable task
as follows:

 observation
 signalling
 gap selection
 following distance
 hazard detection
 hazard response.

Observation
Explanation
Safe, effective driving is achieved when drivers observe and assess the ever
changing driving environment in front of, to both sides and to the rear of their
vehicles. Throughout the test the applicant must demonstrate thorough
observation skills. This includes using mirrors and performing head checks (as
appropriate).

Requirements
 Maintains a continuous lookout ahead of the vehicle, except when
making brief checks of the mirrors and other directions.
 When driving straight, checks the mirrors often enough to maintain

awareness of surrounding traffic. The required frequency varies with

traffic conditions.
 When required to give way to other traffic (such as when facing a Give

Way sign, turning across oncoming traffic, approaching a pedestrian

crossing or entering a roundabout), looks in the direction(s) from which
conflicting traffic (or pedestrians) might approach before proceeding.
 Checks the relevant mirror(s) immediately before braking.
 Prior to turning or diverging (including when entering or crossing a

special vehicle lane in preparation for a left turn):

o checks the relevant mirror(s) immediately before signalling, and
o performs a head check immediately before moving laterally (if

appropriate).
 When turning, looks in the planned direction of travel (ie in the direction

of the turn) before making the turn.

 Prior to driving over a railway crossing, looks in both directions for

approaching rail vehicles.

Signalling
Explanation
Communication with other road users is an important aspect of safely sharing
the road. A vehicle’s indicators provide the main means of communicating a
driver’s intention to change direction. The applicant needs to demonstrate their
ability to apply the appropriate signals throughout the test, irrespective of
traffic conditions.

Requirements
 Activates the turn indicator for the appropriate direction (left or right) for
at least three seconds (even if no other traffic is present) before:
o turning
o pulling into the kerb
o pulling out from the kerb
o changing lanes
o diverging left or right by at least the width of the car (other than

pulling out from the kerb)

o diverging by less than the width of the car in circumstances where

it is necessary to warn other road users of the intended movement

(eg to indicate that the applicant intends to overtake a parked car
before allowing an oncoming vehicle to pass).
 When turning at a roundabout:
o activates the turn indicator in the appropriate direction (left or

right) for at least three seconds prior to entering the roundabout

o activates the left turn indicator before leaving the roundabout.
 When travelling straight ahead at a roundabout:
o does not signal prior to entering the roundabout
o activates the left turn indicator before leaving the roundabout.
 When turning left or right, does not activate the turn indicator so early as
to possibly mislead other road users about which street the applicant
intends to turn into.
 Maintains the turn signal until the turn or diverge has been completed.
 Cancels the turn indicator if necessary when the turn or diverge has been
completed.
Traffic movement Task

Figure 8 A signal is required when changing lanes.

Figure 9 If turning left, signals left on approach and

leaves on until roundabout has been exited.

Figure 10 If moving straight ahead signals left to exit

(if practicable to do so) when passing the entry point
immediately before the required exit.

Figure 11 If turning right, signals right on approach and

in the roundabout, then signals left to exit (if practicable
to do so) when passing the entry point immediately
before the required exit.
Gap selection
Explanation
Correct gap selection should allow any manoeuvre to be completed safely
without causing other road users to adjust their speed or direction.

Drivers who reject safe gaps cause increased congestion and delays, leading to
frustration for other road users. The applicant must demonstrate safe and
appropriate gap selection consistently throughout the test.

Requirements
 Selects the first available safe gap in traffic after an initial period of
observing approaching traffic to identify a gap.
 Rejects any unsafe gaps.

Following distance
Explanation
The applicant needs to maintain a safe following distance between the car
being driven and the vehicle in front by applying the appropriate two or four
second rules throughout the test.

Requirements
 When driving straight in good conditions, maintains a following distance
of at least two seconds behind the vehicle ahead.
 When driving straight in poor conditions (eg on a wet or unsealed road),

maintains a following distance of at least four seconds behind the vehicle

ahead.
 After changing lanes, resumes the applicable following distance (two or

four seconds, depending on conditions) behind the vehicle in front as

soon as practicable.
Hazard detection and hazard response
Explanation
The purpose of these assessable items is to enable the applicant to demonstrate
their higher order skills in hazard detection and response while at the same time
maintaining a polished driving performance.

Requirements
While driving through each of the assessable tasks the applicant is required to
verbally describe (in a few simple words):

 the hazards they detect, and

 the actions they would take in response to the hazards.
An example of this would be:
 on detecting oncoming traffic, the applicant would then say that the
oncoming traffic is a hazard
 their response could be to say that they will steer slightly left to maintain

a safe clearance.
A hazard is anything moving or potentially moving that poses a clear and direct
threat to the applicant in carrying out the driving manoeuvre. It therefore
requires a driving response from the applicant. In other words a hazard is
something that the applicant could realistically have a collision with in carrying
out the manoeuvre. The decision as to whether something is a hazard must be
made in the context of the manoeuvre being completed.

Hazards include:

 pedestrians (from the left, right or ahead)

 other motor vehicles (from the left, right, ahead, behind or oncoming)
 other road users such as cyclists (to the left, right, ahead or behind or

oncoming).
Hazards do not include:

 static objects such as protruding hedges, road signs, parked vehicles

without occupants
 road features such as intersections, merge lanes etc
 pedestrians walking away from the intended path of the applicant’s
vehicle
 vehicles that have cleared the intersection before the applicant arrives
there.

Critical errors
A critical error is a serious driving error that does not meet the conditions for an
immediate failure error. Critical errors are recorded at any time they occur
during the test, whether or not the applicant was undertaking an assessable
task at the time of the error. Most illegal driving actions are classified as critical
errors (except errors that endanger any road user, which are classified as
immediate failure errors). Critical errors are more important than the errors
assessed by task assessment items, so critical errors have a greater influence on
the outcome of the test.

Critical errors:

 driving too slow

 driving too fast
 failing to look
 failing to signal
 blocking a pedestrian crossing
 mounting a kerb
 stalling the vehicle
 other illegal action.

Too slow
Explanation
Drivers who travel much more slowly than necessary or stop unnecessarily
increase traffic congestion and cause additional frustration to other drivers,
potentially leading to unsafe behaviour by other drivers.

Recorded if:
 The applicant travels at 10km/h or more below the speed limit and
following traffic is inconvenienced, unless road or traffic conditions
make it unsafe to travel closer to the speed limit.
 The applicant travels at 10km/h or more below the speed limit for at least

two-thirds of the stage (either stage 1 or stage 2) and following traffic is

not inconvenienced, unless road or traffic conditions make it unsafe to
travel closer to the speed limit.
 The applicant remains stationary for no good reason for five seconds or

more when there was ample opportunity to proceed:

o at traffic lights, the applicable signal has turned green, or
o at an intersection, all vehicles to which the applicant is required to

give way have cleared the intersection, or

o vehicles queued in front of the applicant have moved off.

Note: when turning right onto a major road and there is a flush median
available, there is an expectation that the applicant will utilise the flush median
where it is appropriate and practicable to do so.

 When turning right at traffic signals and there are no other vehicles
already waiting in the intersection to turn the applicant does not move
forward to wait in the intersection for a safe gap in the oncoming traffic.
 Any situation where the applicant has priority over other road users and is
able to proceed but fails to do so.
 The applicant stops unnecessarily before driving through a pedestrian
crossing or school crossing when there are no pedestrians on or
approaching the crossing.
Too fast
Explanation
The applicant must not exceed the speed limit at any time during the test. This
includes any temporary speed limit areas.

Recorded if:
 The applicant exceeds the speed limit by 5km/h or more (but less than
10km/h) for less than five seconds.
Failing to look
Explanation
Applicants will be required to demonstrate thorough observation techniques
throughout the test.

Recorded if:
 When pulling out from the kerb, the applicant does not check the relevant
mirror(s) and does not do a head check before moving off.
 When diverging left or right by at least the width of the car, the applicant
does not check the relevant mirror(s) and does not do a head check
before diverging.
 When changing lanes or partially changing lanes, the applicant does not
check the relevant mirror(s) and does not do a head check before
crossing the lane boundary.
 When required to give way to conflicting traffic, the applicant fails to look
for conflicting traffic before proceeding.
 Prior to driving over a railway crossing the applicant fails to look in both
directions for approaching rail vehicles.
Immediate failure error
When turning or diverging (including changing lanes or pulling out from the
kerb), if the applicant fails to give way and causes another road user to take
evasive action, an immediate failure error (fail to give way) is recorded.

Failing to signal
Explanation
The applicant needs to demonstrate their ability to apply the appropriate
signals throughout the test irrespective of traffic conditions.

Recorded if:
 When pulling out from a parked or stationary position, the applicant fails
to signal before moving off.
 When stopping at the kerb or the side of the road, the applicant fails to
signal before diverging or stopping.
 When diverging left or right by at least the width of the car, the applicant
fails to signal before diverging.
 When changing lanes or partially changing lanes, the applicant fails to
signal before crossing the lane boundary.
 When turning at an intersection, the applicant fails to give a turn signal.
 When negotiating a roundabout, fails to give appropriate signal(s).
Exception
A critical error is not incurred if the applicant signals when required but does
not do so correctly (for example, the signal is not activated soon enough or is
allowed to cancel too soon). However, this will be counted as a ‘no’ for the
relevant task assessable item.

Blocking a pedestrian crossing

Explanation
A driver shall not stop a vehicle in a position that blocks a pedestrian crossing or
an area controlled by pedestrian traffic signals. However, in some cases (for
example in some left-turn slip lanes) it may be necessary for the first queued
vehicle to stop on the crossing if an adequate view of approaching traffic cannot
be obtained by stopping before the crossing.

Recorded if:
 The applicant stops the vehicle on, or partly on, a pedestrian crossing or
an area controlled by pedestrian traffic signals (but no pedestrians are
affected).
Exception
 The applicant is not penalised for stopping the vehicle on a pedestrian
crossing if it is necessary to do so to view approaching traffic before
completing a turn at an intersection (see Figure 12).
o If more than one vehicle is queuing to make the turn, this exception

applies only to the first vehicle in the queue (see Figure 13).
o Before stopping on the pedestrian crossing, the applicant must

take all reasonable care to ensure that no pedestrian has to take

evasive action.
Immediate failure error
If the applicant stops the vehicle at a position that intrudes onto or blocks a
pedestrian crossing and a pedestrian takes evasive action, the exception
described above does not apply. An immediate failure error (stop at dangerous
position) is incurred.
Traffic movement Task

Figure 12 Stopping before the crossing may not

provide an adequate view of traffic approaching from
the right.

Figure 13 The second queued vehicle should not

encroach on the pedestrian crossing until the first
vehicle has departed.

Mounting a kerb
Explanation
Causing the vehicle to mount the kerb during the test indicates the applicant
does not have sufficient skills to safely control the vehicle and does not meet
the high standard required for the awarding of a full licence.

Recorded if:
 While entering or leaving a parking space or performing a three-point
turn, the applicant allows one wheel of the vehicle to mount the kerb and
no other road user is required to take evasive action and there is no
danger to property.
Exception
If, while entering or leaving a parking space or performing a three-point turn,
one or more tyres contacts the kerb but not heavily enough to cause discomfort
to vehicle occupants and without mounting the kerb, no penalty is recorded.

Immediate failure error

An immediate failure error (collision) is incurred when mounting the kerb if:

 more than one wheel mounts the kerb

 a road user takes evasive action
 there is danger to property.
Stalling the vehicle
Explanation
Stalling the vehicle can lead to potentially dangerous conflicts with other traffic.

Recorded if:
 The applicant stalls the vehicle at any time during the test.
Immediate failure error
If the applicant requires physical or verbal assistance to start or re-start the
vehicle after a stall (or at any other time in the test), an immediate failure error
(intervention) is incurred.

Other illegal action

Explanation
Applicants are required to comply with legal requirements at all times during
the test.

Recorded if:
 The applicant performs an illegal driving action not specified and
recorded under any other critical error. For example:
o Following distance is between 1-2 seconds.
o Fails to give way to a pedestrian waiting to cross at a pedestrian

crossing (but not on the crossing).

o The applicant drives over part of the central island of a roundabout

designed to be driven over by heavy vehicles.

Exceptions
 If the applicant gives a turn/diverge signal that starts too late or finishes
too early, a critical error (other illegal action) will not be recorded. ‘No’
will be recorded for signalling if the task is assessable. However, if a
required turn/diverge signal is omitted altogether a critical error (fail to
signal) will be recorded.
 If the applicant breaches lateral position requirements, a critical error
(other illegal action) should only be recorded if the applicant:
o makes an incorrect lane change and no other road user is affected
o turns from a lane marked for straight-through traffic only
o turns into a multi-laned road and turns into the incorrect lane, and

no other road user is affected

o drives straight through an intersection from a lane marked for

turning traffic only

o unnecessarily drives in (or partly in) a special vehicle lane
o drives on (or partly on) the wrong side of the road
o does not drive wholly within their lane, unless avoiding an
obstruction.
For all other breaches of lateral position requirements, a critical error (other
illegal action) will not be recorded. If, when directed to pull over to the kerb at
the end of the FLT, the applicant stops the car very close to (but not blocking) a
driveway, a critical error (other illegal action) will not be recorded.

Immediate failure errors

Immediate failure errors are recorded at any time they occur during the test
regardless of whether or not the applicant was undertaking an assessable task
at the time of the error. All driving actions resulting in immediate danger to any
road user or to property are classified as immediate failure errors and would
usually be when the applicant is operating the vehicle carelessly, dangerously or
recklessly. Immediate failure errors are the most dangerous errors of all, and
result in immediate failure of the test.

Immediate failure errors:

 Testing Officer (TO) intervention

 failure to carry out an instruction

 collision

 excessive speed

 failure to give way

 stopping at dangerous position

 failure to stop

 other dangerous action.

TO intervention
Explanation
The applicant must be able to demonstrate they can independently drive safely
to the high standard required for the awarding of a full licence, ie without verbal
or physical assistance.
Recorded if:
 The TO or support person in the vehicle provides any verbal or physical
assistance to the applicant while the test is in progress.
 The TO or support person in the vehicle intervenes verbally or physically
while the test is in progress to prevent a collision or prevent the
development of an unsafe situation.
Exception
The applicant is not penalised if the TO repeats or clarifies an instruction while
the assessment is in progress.

Traffic movement Task

Figure 14 If an applicant commences a manoeuvre that

will cause immediate danger, the TO should intervene.
Note: ‘P’ indicates a parked vehicle.

Failure to carry out instruction

Explanation
Failure to carry out instruction during the test indicates the applicant does not
have the confidence or ability to correctly control the vehicle and does not meet
the high standard required for the awarding of a full licence.

Recorded if:
 The applicant is unable, because of lack of driving ability, to carry out the
TO’s instruction.
 The applicant disobeys a direction given by an enforcement officer.

Collision
Explanation
Causing the vehicle to collide with the kerb, an object or another road user
during the test indicates the applicant does not have the ability to control the
vehicle or negotiate the correct choice and does not meet the high standard
required for the awarding of a full licence.
Recorded if:
 While entering or leaving a parking space or performing a three-point
turn, one wheel mounts the kerb causing another road user to take
evasive action or causing danger to property.
 While entering or leaving a parking space or performing a three-point
turn, two or more wheels mount the kerb.
 Any wheel mounts the kerb at any time other than while entering or
leaving a parking space or performing a three-point turn.
 The vehicle contacts the kerb other than while entering or leaving a
parking space or performing a three-point turn.
 The vehicle touches any stationary object (such as a sign, fence, pole, tree
or rubbish bin).
 The vehicle touches any other vehicle or road user (pedestrian or cyclist).
Exceptions
 The applicant is not penalised if their vehicle collides with another vehicle
or road user and the collision is the fault of the other road user and the
applicant did not contribute to the collision.
 An immediate failure error (collision) is not recorded if the applicant
drives over part of the central island of a roundabout and that part of the
central island is designed to be driven on by heavy vehicles. In this case, a
critical error (other illegal action) is recorded.
Traffic movement Task

Figure 15 Immediate failure error (collision) –

mounting the kerb of a roundabout or striking the kerb.
Traffic movement Task

Figure 16 Critical error (other illegal action) – driving

on a part of the roundabout intended for use only by
heavy vehicles.

Figure 17 Immediate failure error (collision) –

mounting or driving over a part of the roundabout not
intended to be driven on by any vehicles.

Failure to give way

Explanation
Failing to give way during the test indicates the applicant does not have the
ability to control the vehicle or negotiate the correct choice and does not meet
the high standard required for the awarding of a full licence.

Recorded if:
 When merging or diverging (including lane changes), the applicant fails to
signal, resulting in another road user taking evasive action.
 When merging or diverging (including lane changes), the applicant both
fails to check relevant mirror(s) and fails to perform a head check,
resulting in another road user taking evasive action.
 Another road user (to whom the applicant should have given way) is
forced to take evasive action (or is otherwise unable to proceed) because
of the applicant’s poor gap selection when:
o turning
o merging
o diverging (including lane changes)
o proceeding straight ahead at a Stop or Give Way sign
o entering a roundabout
o proceeding across a pedestrian crossing (failing to give way to a
pedestrian
on the crossing).
Traffic movement Task

Figure 18 Making a left turn into a gap in the traffic on

a two-laned road.

Excessive speed
Explanation
Driving at excessive speed during the test indicates the applicant does not have
the ability to control the vehicle or make the correct speed choice and does not
meet the high standard required for the awarding of a full licence.

Recorded if:
 The applicant exceeds the speed limit by 5km/h or more for five seconds
or more, or exceeds the speed limit by 10km/h or more for any duration.
Stopping at dangerous position
Explanation
When stopping, applicants must ensure they do so in a position that will not
create a danger to themselves or other road users.

Drivers must not go into or attempt to cross an intersection, railway level

crossing, pedestrian crossing or an area controlled by pedestrian traffic signals,
if their intended passage or exit is blocked by stationary traffic.

Drivers must also not stop in a position that will obstruct the safe passage of
other road users who have the right of way. Any necessary evasive action by a
road user shows that the position of the vehicle potentially created a dangerous
situation.

A pedestrian who diverges around a vehicle blocking a pedestrian crossing is at

risk of being struck by other vehicles.
Recorded if:
 The applicant stops the vehicle at a position that intrudes onto or blocks
a pedestrian crossing, causing a pedestrian to take evasive action (ie stop,
slow,turn back, hurry or diverge around the vehicle).
 While waiting to turn right across oncoming traffic, the applicant stops
the vehicle at a position that blocks a lane for oncoming traffic (other
than a right-turn-only lane) (see Figure 19).
 While giving way at an intersection, the applicant unnecessarily stops the
vehicle at a position that intrudes into the intersecting traffic stream
(see Figure 20 and Figure 21).
 While waiting at an intersection or in a queue of traffic, the applicant
stops in a cross-hatched clear zone marking indicated by cross-hatched
yellow lines.
 The applicant stops the vehicle on a railway crossing.
 The applicant enters an intersection when their passage or exit is blocked
by stationary traffic.
Exceptions
 When giving way at a Stop or Give Way sign or at a T-intersection, the
presence of parked vehicles on the intersecting road may make it
necessary to stop partly in the intersection to look for intersecting traffic
(see Figure 22). The applicant is not penalised for stopping beyond the
Stop or Give Way line, provided that:
o the applicant does not block a line of moving traffic travelling along

the intersecting road but stops at a position protected by the line

of parked vehicles
o the applicant does not block the path of a vehicle that is already

waiting to turn right or is approaching the intersection and

signalling the intention to turn right into the street the applicant is
emerging from, and
o the applicant does not block the path of cyclists travelling along

the intersecting road if such cyclists are present.

 It may be necessary to stop the vehicle on a pedestrian crossing to view
approaching traffic before completing a turn at an intersection
(see Figure 23). If the applicant takes all reasonable care to ensure that
no pedestrian has to take evasive action, and it is necessary to stop on the
pedestrian crossing to view approaching traffic, the applicant is not
penalised. If more than one vehicle is queuing to make the turn, this
exception applies only to the first vehicle in the queue (see Figure 24).
Traffic movement Task

Figure 19 Stopping at a dangerous position while

waiting to turn right, blocking a lane of oncoming
traffic.

Figure 20 Stopping at a dangerous position that intrudes

into a line of moving traffic.

Figure 21 Stopping at a dangerous position that intrudes

into the path of cyclists on the intersecting road.

Figure 22 The driver is permitted to move forward to

view approaching traffic, but must not obstruct a line of
moving traffic.
Note: ‘P’ indicates a parked vehicle.
Traffic movement Task

Figure 23 Stopping before the crossing may not provide

an adequate view of traffic approaching from the right.

Figure 24 The second queued vehicle should not

encroach on the pedestrian crossing until the first
vehicle has departed.

Failure to stop
Explanation
Drivers are required to stop at Stop signs and for red or yellow traffic lights.

Recorded if:
 The applicant drives through a Stop sign without stopping. This includes
situations where the applicant slows and pauses, but fails to bring the
vehicle to a complete stop (with the wheels motionless).
 The applicant fails to stop when required to do so at:
o a red or yellow traffic light
o a railway level crossing.

Other dangerous action

Explanation
Any other dangerous action (that results in immediate danger to road users or
property) committed by the applicant during the test indicates they do not meet
the high standard required for the awarding of a full licence.

Recorded if:
 The applicant performs a driving action not covered by the other
immediate failure errors that:
o causes another road user to take evasive action
o causes immediate danger to road users or property
o will cause immediate danger to road users or property if the TO
does not intervene
o unnecessarily increases the risk of a collision, eg maintains a
following distance of less than one second from the driver in front.
Critical error
If the applicant performs an illegal driving action (other than those specified
under the other immediate failure errors) that does not result in another road
user taking evasive action or danger to road users or property, the appropriate
critical error is recorded.

Traffic movement Task

Figure 25 Illegal overtaking across double yellow lines

while approaching a blind curve or crest of a hill.

Figure 26 Driving on the wrong side of the road when

approaching an intersection unnecessarily increases the
risk of collision with a vehicle that may be approaching
from the right, so an immediate failure error (other
dangerous action) is recorded.

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Glossary
Term Meaning

Diverging Any lane change, lane merge or lateral movement within the lane (whether marked
or unmarked) of at least a car width.

Evasive Any change of course or speed (including swerving, stopping, slowing or

action accelerating) by another road user to avoid a potential collision with the
applicant’s vehicle.

Head check The applicant looks back over their left or right shoulder through the vehicle’s side
windows (not the rear window) to check for other road users in blind spots that
cannot be seen in the mirrors.

Lane A portion of the road intended for use by a single line of traffic. The left and right
boundaries of the lane may be defined by pavement markings (lane lines, centre
line or edge line) or by the kerb, the edge of the sealed road surface or the centre
of the road.

Lateral Movement sideways or from side to side (differs from forwards and backwards).

Merging  A single vehicle joining a traffic stream (eg when a vehicle pulls out from
the kerb).
 Two or more traffic streams joining to become one stream (eg when two
adjacent lanes join to become a single lane).

Pedestrian A part of the road painted with parallel white stripes and indicated by a pedestrian
crossing crossing sign, with or without flashing yellow lights.

Road user The driver or rider of a motor vehicle or the rider of a bicycle or a pedestrian.

TO Testing Officer.

Traffic Includes not only motor vehicles (cars, trucks, motorcycles, etc) but also bicycles
and pedestrians.

Turning Changing direction to travel from one road into another road at an intersection.
Does not include driving around a curve or bend when continuing on the same
road or when following the centre line at an intersection.
Flush medians
Flush medians are white diagonal lines, painted down the centre of some urban
and semi-urban roads, marking an area about one-car-width wide.

They're called 'flush' because they are not raised, just painted on the surface of
the road. Sometimes, however, there will be raised islands on the median to
provide extra protection for pedestrians.

What flush medians are for

Flush medians are there to:

 provide a wider separation between traffic streams on either side of the

road

 provide pedestrians with a place to pause while crossing two traffic

streams

 provide a refuge for vehicles turning into and out of side roads or
driveways.
Don't use flush medians as:

 overtaking lanes (except for short distances just before the turn or when
preparing to turn right and other traffic is occupying the adjacent lane)

 a place to park.

It's an offence to use a flush median to overtake, or to park on one.

How flush medians improve safety

In New Zealand, there has been a 19% overall reduction in crashes on streets
where flush medians have been installed. Rear-end crashes have reduced by
66% and incidents involving pedestrians by 30%.

How to use a flush median

It's alright to drive on a flush median for a short distance if you're turning into or
out of a side road or driveway. You can use them to slow down before making a
right-hand turn, or to merge left into a gap in the traffic flow.

If you're using the flush median to make a right-hand turn you should indicate,
then steer gently onto the median rather than at an abrupt angle. Use the
median as an area to slow down and brake. This way the following traffic
doesn't have to slow down rapidly to avoid you.

Carry out a similar manoeuvre if you're using the flush median as a refuge
before merging into traffic on your left. Remember to indicate and check your
mirrors, accelerate, and move gently into a gap in the traffic.

When you're using a flush median, always remember to watch out for
pedestrians, other vehicles using the median and any raised islands.

Where you can find out more

 See the online version of the New Zealand road code.

Main types of signs

Most of the signs you see on New Zealand roads are international symbolic
signs. This means they use the same shapes and symbols as traffic signs all over
the world.

Symbolic signs are used because they are quick to read and easy for all drivers
to understand.
New Zealand’s signs are generally made of reflective material, making them
easier to read at night.

The three types of signs

The signs on our roads can be divided into three types:

1. compulsory signs
2. warning signs
3. information signs.
You must be able to recognise and understand each type of sign.

Some examples of these signs, particularly related to heavy vehicles, are shown
on below.

Note: the examples shown are only a small sample of the symbolic signs used
on New Zealand’s roads. They are intended to familiarise you with the three
main types of symbolic sign rather than introduce you to all of the signs you will
see when driving.

Compulsory signs
Compulsory signs tell you what you must or must not do.

They are usually red or blue.

Turn right Keep going straight Keep left

ahead

Five minute loading zone

sign for goods vehicles
Parking for buses only, You must not drive
no time limit into this road
Important
Road authorities (for example, local councils) may have special rules for road users in specific
areas. These restrictions should be indicated by signs or markings.

Some compulsory signs have red borders.

You must not turn left You must not make a You must stop and then
U-turn give way

Heavy vehicles This is the road The red bordered

prohibited (not allowed) classification sign for a compulsory sign tells
on a section of road Class C road. Heavy you that you have a
vehicles can drive on clearance under these
this road only to deliver cables of 4.6 metres
or collect goods or Note: this sign can
passengers along the apply to all vehicles, not
road just heavy vehicles

You must keep left

unless passing Bus lane that can also be used by Maximum length for a heavy
cycles, motorcycles, mopeds vehicle is 9.2 metres
Bus lane that can only be Heavy vehicle bridge limits
used by buses (eg maximum axle and gross
Transit lane, which can only be vehicle weights and maximum
used by passenger service vehicles, speed limit apply)
cycles, motorcycles, mopeds and
vehicles carrying at least the
number of people displayed on the
sign (eg T2 means two or more
people, T3 means three or more
people)

Warning signs
Warning signs alert you to a particular hazard on the road ahead. They warn you
to be careful for your own safety, the safety of other road users or the safety of
road workers carrying out maintenance.

There are two types of warning signs:

1. those that warn you of a permanent hazard

2. those that warn you of a temporary hazard.
Both types of sign are usually diamond shaped.

Permanent warning signs

Permanent warning signs are yellow and black.

Slippery surface. Road narrows This warning

sign advises
Auxiliary brakes and
trucks to use a
responsible driving
low gear to keep
the vehicle under
control (when
going downhill).
Multiple hazards
and descending
steep
hills(external
link)

This warning sign lets you The yellow warning sign

know that if you are driving a lets you know there are
heavy (or high-sided) vehicle, electric cables overhead
it could tip over as you drive
around a curve. You need to
keep your speed to 65km/h or
Two permanent
less to be safe.
warning signs
Stability on the road combined –
narrow bridge
with warning for
wide vehicles

Temporary warning signs

Temporary warning signs are orange and black.

Road Left Slips

works lane closed

Gravel Stop
surface on request Note: this sign will always be displayed with
another sign explaining the hazard, eg ‘Flooding’
Important
Between 2006 and 2012, 569 trucks rolled over.

Information signs
Information signs give you useful information, for example, the distance to the
next town. They are all rectangular, but come in a range of different colours and
sizes.

You may turn left, but first Shows the state

give way to any pedestrians and vehicles highway number and the distance in kilometres
to places listed

Shows directions to places Shows the way to the

at the next intersection nearest information centre

Shows the state highway

number and direction to places listed

This information
sign, usually seen in urban areas, indicates a
town/city centre by pass

This information sign is Temporary information sign –

also found in urban areas and asks you to minimise roadworks or construction site access 100
noise by not using engine brakes metres ahead

Vehicle-mounted signs
If your vehicle is carrying very large loads you must have special signs mounted
on it. You may also need to be accompanied by pilot vehicles to warn other road
users to take care.

Oversize sign
The sign below will be displayed on the oversize vehicle itself.

Oversize vehicle
Pilot vehicles
When a vehicle is carrying a large load, it may be accompanied by a pilot vehicle,
with flashing yellow roof lights and a roof-mounted sign, to warn other road
users.

If the pilot vehicle is in front of the load, the sign will either say ‘Long load
follows’ or ‘Wide load follows’.

If the pilot vehicle is behind the load, the sign will either say ‘Long load ahead’
or ‘Wide load ahead’.

Wide load follows

Extremely large loads
If a vehicle’s load is extremely large, two pilot vehicles will travel ahead of it.

The first pilot vehicle will have flashing yellow and purple roof lights and a roof-
top sign that says ‘Danger slow down’.
The second pilot vehicle will have flashing yellow roof lights and a roof-top sign
that says ‘Wide load follows’.

Danger slow down

Important
If you see an Oversize sign or a pilot vehicle with flashing lights, slow down and be prepared to
pull over and stop.

1. Home

2. Road code

3. Heavy vehicle road code

4. Road code

5. About limits

Speed limits
Excessive speed is one of the biggest killers on our roads. On average, 130
people die every year in New Zealand in speed-related crashes.

Remember, the faster you go, the more likely you are to be killed or seriously
injured if you crash.

Safe speed guidelines

When driving a heavy vehicle you must ensure:

 you don’t drive faster than 90km/h in a 100km/h zone (90km/h is the
maximum open road speed limit for all heavy vehicles, except school
buses, which are limited to 80km/h)
 your speed is safe for the traffic conditions (for example, slow down if you
are on a busy road, or if there are pedestrians or cyclists around)
 your speed is safe for the road conditions (for example, slow down if the
road is winding, bumpy, narrow, wet or icy)
 your speed is safe for the weather conditions (for example, slow down if it
is raining, windy or foggy)
 you can stop suddenly behind a vehicle that you’re following – if a vehicle
ahead of you stops suddenly and you run into the back of it, you will be
legally responsible
 you can stop in half the length of clear road you can see in front of you on
a road with no centre line or lanes (for example, a narrow country road
where vehicles may meet head-on)
 you can stop in the length of clear lane you can see in front of you on a
road with a centre line or lanes.
Important
Remember to observe the four-second rule.

Slow drivers
If you are travelling slower than the speed limit and there are vehicles following
you, you must:

 keep as close to the left side of the road as possible

 pull over as soon as it is safe to let following vehicles pass.

Don’t speed up on straight stretches of road to prevent following vehicles from

passing you.

Compulsory speed signs

A speed limit is the maximum legal speed that you can travel on the road under
good conditions.

Signs showing the speed limit are displayed beside the road. These signs usually
have a red border, which means that the sign is compulsory.

You may drive slower than the speed limit shown, but you must be considerate
towards any vehicles behind you.

You must drive slower than the limit if:

 conditions make the speed limit shown unsafe, or

 you are driving a vehicle that requires you to drive at a lower speed, such
as heavy vehicles, which have a lower speed limit than light vehicles.
Vehicle type and maximum speed
Some examples of speed signs are shown below.
50 km/h speed sign
The maximum speed you can travel is 50km/h.

70km/h speed sign

The maximum speed you can travel is 70km/h.

Temporary speed sign

A temporary speed limit of 30km/h applies. Temporary speed-limit signs are
usually put up when there is work being done on or near the road.

Open road speed limits

The signs below mean that the maximum speed that a light vehicle can travel at
is 100km/h. However, the maximum speed heavy vehicles can travel at is
90km/h (except for school buses, which are limited to 80km/h).
100 km/hr maximum speed sign

Derestriction speed sign

Maximum speed for heavy vehicles is 90km/h – 100km/h for light vehicles.

The vehicles listed in the table below have a lower maximum speed limit than
light vehicles.

Vehicle type Maximum open

road speed limit

Heavy vehicles (vehicles with a gross vehicle mass* of over 3500kg) and heavy motor 90km/h
vehicles towing trailers. This includes buses used principally to transport school
children to and from a school function provided that all the passengers are seated.

Vehicles with a gross vehicle mass* of over 2000kg that are displaying school bus 80km/h
signs.

Heavy vehicles constructed without springs or other forms of suspension, between its 45km/h
road wheels and its chassis.

* Gross vehicle mass (GVM) is the greater of:

 the mass specified as the GVM of a particular vehicle by the vehicle’s

manufacturer
 the mass specified as the GVM of a particular vehicle (or a vehicle of its
kind) by Waka Kotahi.
Important
Speed-limit changes take effect at the sign post.

Before reaching the speed-limit sign, make sure you:

 reduce your speed, if the sign indicates a lower speed

 do not increase your speed until you pass the sign, if the sign indicates a higher speed.

School zones
Some schools display signs that are turned on before and after school and other
times such as lunch time. Examples are shown below.

School zone speed sign

This sign will be displayed at the start of the school zone. If the 40 is visible and
the yellow lights are flashing, the maximum speed is 40km/h until the zone
ends.

School zone speed sign

This sign will be on a side road.
Important
If a driver exceeds a permanent posted speed limit by more than 40km/h, there is an automatic 28-
day licence suspension.

If a driver exceeds a temporary speed limit by more than 50km/h, there is an automatic 28-day
licence suspension. These 28-day suspensions are in addition to any other penalties imposed, eg
licence disqualification and paying a fine.

Other signs that mean you must adjust your speed

Crash, fire or other emergency sign
The signs below mean that you are coming up to a crash, breakdown, fire or
other emergency. Slow down and drive at 20km/h or less until you have passed
the emergency site.

Emergency sign

Emergency sign
Emergency sign
School bus signs
The signs below are displayed on school buses. If a school bus has stopped you
must slow down and drive at 20km/h or less until you are well past the bus (no
matter what direction you are coming from), if:

 the bus displays a school bus sign on which the lights are flashing, or
 the bus displays a school bus sign (with or without flashing lights) and has
stopped for the purpose of picking up or dropping off school children.
School bus signs

School bus signs

Note: you may also see ‘Kura’, the Māori word for school, on a bus.

Curve warning signs

The signs below warn you that you are coming up to a tight curve or bend in the
road. The number recommends a safe and comfortable speed to drive at around
the curve – in this example, the recommended speed is 35km/h. The arrows
show which direction the curve goes.

Note: the recommended speed is for a light vehicle and may be too fast for a
heavy vehicle, particularly when laden. Drive carefully and adjust your speed if
necessary. If you are carrying a load, reduce your speed on a curve to at least
10km/h below the posted speed shown.

Vehicle stability.

Curve warning sign

Curve warning sign
Variable speed limit signs
Variable speed signs are used to manage traffic congestion. You need to adjust
your speed accordingly.

Variable speed signs

Beach and river variable speed limit signs
These speed limit signs can be used at beaches or rivers. If pedestrians are
present, the speed limit is 30km/h. If there are no pedestrians, the speed limit is
60km/h.
Keep it 10 below
A speed study of 188 trucks showed 86 percent of drivers took corners faster than the
recommended speed.

An analysis of truck crashes on the Kaikōura coast revealed 73 percent were rollovers at corners
with advisory speed signs.

Heavy vehicle requirements

To drive your heavy vehicle safely and legally on the road, it must have the right
equipment (in good working order) and have a current certificate of fitness
(CoF). This section explains what your vehicle must have.

Certificate of fitness (CoF)

Vehicles that require a CoF are:

 vehicles with a gross vehicle mass of more than 3500kg, and

 vehicles that operate under a transport service licence, regardless of their

weight.
A current CoF shows the vehicle has been inspected by an approved CoF
inspector and was roadworthy at the time of the last CoF inspection.
Certificate of fitness label
The CoF label is attached to the inside of the windscreen, on the driver’s side,
and must be clearly visible from outside the vehicle.

The CoF inspector will give you a copy of the check sheet. This is a receipt of
payment for the inspection and is not a certificate of fitness. If your vehicle
failed its CoF inspection, the receipt gives you 28 days to have the vehicle fixed
and brought back for re-inspection. During that time, you are only allowed to
drive the vehicle to get it repaired and re-inspected.

Important
In addition to the CoF, the vehicle must display a current licence label, a road user charges (RUC)
licence if required and a number plate on the front and back that can be clearly seen.

Vehicle requirements - driver responsibilities

How long is a CoF valid for?

A CoF is usually issued for six months.

However, you should always check the expiry date on the CoF label. This is
because in some instances Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency may have
authorised a vehicle to be issued with a CoF for as little as three months or as
much as 12 months.
Features your heavy vehicle must have
To meet the CoF standard, your vehicle must be in good condition (no rust
around safety areas) and it must have the following equipment in good working
order:

 A number plate light at the back.

 Two red reflectors at the back.
 Two red position lights at the back.
 A working horn.
 Inside and outside rear-view mirrors that give a clear view behind.
 A good sun visor.
 A windscreen that meets safety standards and is clean.
 One or more working windscreen wipers.
 A working speedometer.
 Two good headlights that can be dipped when another vehicle comes
towards you.
 Two red stop lights at the back.
 Flashing direction indicator lights at the back and side of the vehicle.
 A good silencer and exhaust system.
 Mudguards.
 Safe tyres – the tread depth must be at least 1.5 millimetres right around
the tyre.
 A good footbrake and handbrake.
 Doors that open and close safely.
 Safe steering.
 Flashing direction indicator lights at the front.
 Two white or amber position lights at the front.
Important
You can be fined if you drive any vehicle that is not up to CoF standard on a road. A police officer
can require you to stop for a roadside vehicle check at any time.

Safety belts
Not all heavy vehicles are required to be fitted with safety belts. However, if your
vehicle does have safety belts, you must use them.

Safety belts and child restraints

Where safety belts are fitted, they must be in good condition. You should have
safety belts checked immediately if:

 the buckles are not working properly

 the belt is damaged or faded
 the belt starts to fray.
They may need replacing.

Legal requirements for safety belts have changed over the years and are
different depending on the age and type of vehicle. The type of belt has also
changed from static belts to retractor belts.

Important
At the start of each day, always do a walk-around check of your vehicle.

Safe driving practices - before you start

Converting to a New Zealand driver licence

If you have a valid* overseas driver licence you can convert it to a New Zealand
driver licence. You can also convert the classes on your overseas licence to the
equivalent classes for your New Zealand licence.

*A valid overseas driver licence means that your licence must not be suspended,
disqualified or revoked in the country of issue and must be either current or
expired within the last 12 months.

If you’re going to be staying in New Zealand, it’s a good idea to convert your
overseas driver licence to a New Zealand driver licence.

You can only drive using an overseas driver licence for 12 months from your last
date of entry into New Zealand. If you've been in New Zealand for more than 12
months, you won't be able to drive on your overseas driver licence anymore.
You must have a New Zealand licence.

How to convert to a New Zealand licence

You must apply at a specialist overseas conversion site.

You'll need to:

 fill out an application form [PDF, 214 KB]

 present evidence of your identity
 prove your eyesight meets the required standard
 provide a medical certificate (if required)
 present your overseas driver licence (and a translation if it is not in
English)
 provide evidence of validity (if your licence is from India, Pakistan or
Tonga)
 let the agent take your photo and signature
 pay the application fee
 provide high-quality, colour photocopies of all the original

documents you've provided, as listed above (including any translations).

You may also need to pass theory and practical tests.

You can't convert to a New Zealand licence using only an international driving
permit. You must present your physical overseas driver licence.

Find a specialist overseas conversion site in your area

Theory and practical tests required for drivers from some countries
All drivers must know the road rules, what the road signs mean and how to drive
safely. You can find out more in The official New Zealand road code.

To prove that you are familiar with our road rules and can drive safely, some
people will need to sit theory tests and practical driving tests. The tests you
need to sit depend on the country your licence is from.

Some countries* require similar driving skills and have similar licensing systems
to New Zealand’s. These countries are considered exempt countries:

Australia France Japan South Korea

Austria Germany Luxembourg Spain

Belgium Greece Netherlands Sweden

Canada Hong Kong* Norway Switzerland

Denmark Ireland Portugal United Kingdom

Finland Italy South Africa United States of America

*Hong Kong is recognised as a Special Administrative Region of the People’s

Republic of China.
If your licence is not from one of the countries above, then your licence is from
a non-exempt country.

Non-exempt countries
If your licence is from a non-exempt country, you must pass a theory test and a
practical driving test.

Find out all about the driver licence theory tests

Find out all about the driver licence practical tests

You need to make your application at a specialist overseas conversion site first,
and pass your theory test. If your licence is from India, Pakistan or Tonga, you'll
also need to provide evidence your licence is valid.

Evidence of validity for licences from India, Pakistan and Tonga

Once you've passed the theory test, you'll get a New Zealand driver licence with
a supervisor condition.

This New Zealand licence over-rides your overseas driver licence, and you must
only drive with a supervisor next to you in the front seat until you’ve passed
your practical driving test.

What is a supervisor?

You then need to pass your practical driving test. You can book this at the
specialist overseas conversion site.

Once you’ve passed your practical test, you'll get a New Zealand driver licence
without a supervisor condition.

What it costs

New Zealand licence class and stage Application fee

Car (class 1)

Learner $96.10

Restricted $213.20

Full $144.60
New Zealand licence class and stage Application fee

Truck (class 2-5)

Learner $123.20

Full $85.50

Motorcycle (class 6)

Learner $90.60

Restricted $99.90

Full $93.10

The tests are included in your application fee. There is no fee to change, cancel
or rebook your test.

Evidence of validity required for licences from India, Pakistan and Tonga
If your licence is from India, Pakistan or Tonga, you'll need to provide evidence
that your licence is valid when you apply for an overseas conversion.

How to get evidence of validity

You'll need to get evidence of validity from your licensing authority. Most people
should be able to do this online at one of the websites below.

When you have your evidence of validity, print it out and take it to the specialist
overseas conversion site along with all your other documents when you apply
for your overseas conversion.

India
General (most states)

https://parivahan.gov.in/parivahan/(external link)
Andhra Pradesh/Telangana

https://tgtransport.net/TGCFSTONLINE/Reports/
OnlineLicenceSearch.aspx(external link) or
https://aprtacitizen.epragathi.org/#!/vehicleRegistrationSearch(external link)
Madhya Pradesh
http://mis.mptransport.org/MPLogin/eSewa/
DrivingLicenseSearch.aspx(external link)
Pakistan
Punjab

https://dlims.punjab.gov.pk/verify/(external link)
Peshawar/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

https://ptpkp.gov.pk/license-authentication/(external link) or
http://www.transport.kpdata.gov.pk/(external link)
Sindh

https://dls.gos.pk/online-verification.html(external link)
Islamabad

https://islamabadtrafficpolice.gov.pk/license-verification.php(external link)
National Highways and Motorway Police

http://dla.nhmp.gov.pk/LicVerification.aspx(external link)
Quetta

https://qtp.gob.pk/main/driving-license-verification/(external link) or
https://www.dlimsquetta.pk/(external link)
Azad Jammu & Kashmir

https://trafficpolice.ajk.gov.pk/VerifyLicense/(external link)
Tonga

Contact the Tongan Ministry of Infrastructure: www.gov.to(external link)

Why you need evidence of validity
India and Pakistan don't have centralised licensing authorities. Licences from
different provinces and regions look different and have different details on
them, which makes it hard to tell if they're valid.

By providing the evidence of validity when you make your application, there
won't be any delays while you wait for your licence to be validated.

Waka Kotahi is also aware of online schemes selling fraudulent Tongan driver
licences. By requiring evidence of validity with the application we can make sure
that any Tongan licences presented are real licences.

From time to time, Waka Kotahi may add other countries to the list that need to
provide evidence of validity.
Exempt countries
Car or motorcycle licence
If you’re converting a car or motorcycle licence (New Zealand class 1 or 6) from
an exempt country, you don’t have to sit any theory tests.

If you’ve held your licence for more than two years you won’t have to sit any
practical driving tests either, providing your licence clearly shows an issue date
that was more than two years ago. If it doesn’t, you’ll need to get
documentation from your licensing authority to confirm you’ve held it more
than two years, or you can choose to sit the practical test instead.

Truck licence
If you’re converting a truck licence from an exempt country (New Zealand
classes 2-5), you’ll have to pass a theory test.

If you’ve held your licence for more than two years, you won’t have to sit a
practical driving test (unless your licence is from Hong Kong or South Korea, in
which case you must pass a practical driving test).

What it costs

New Zealand licence class and stage Application fee

Car (class 1)

Learner $26.40

Restricted $25.80

Full $26.40

Truck (class 2-5)

Learner $27.10

Full $29.50

Motorcycle (class 6)

Learner $26.40
New Zealand licence class and stage Application fee

Restricted $28.10

Full $28.30

If you’ve held your licence for less than 2 years, or you’re converting a truck
licence, you need to pay a one-off test fee for each type of test you need to sit.
You pay the fee when you book the test for the first time. There is no fee to
change, cancel or rebook your test.

Test type One-off test fee

Theory test $45.70

Restricted practical test $86.60

Full practical test $59.90

Booking your test

If you need to sit tests, you can book them as soon as you’ve made an
application at a specialised overseas conversion site.

Find out all about the driver licence theory tests

Find out all about the driver licence practical tests

It's easy to book the practical test online.

Book a practical driver licence test

Application completed
Once your application is completed and you’ve passed any theory tests that
were required, we’ll send you a New Zealand driver licence.

If you still need to pass a practical test to complete your overseas conversion,
your New Zealand driver licence will have a supervisor condition on it.

This New Zealand licence over-rides your overseas driver licence, and you must
only drive with a supervisor next to you in the front seat until you’ve passed
your practical driving test.

What is a supervisor?
Driving in New Zealand while converting your licence
You can only drive in New Zealand for 12 months from your last date of entry
into New Zealand.

If you're required to pass a practical test to complete your overseas conversion,

we'll issue you with a New Zealand licence with a supervisor condition on it.
Once you've been issued with that licence, you can't drive on your overseas
licence anymore. You must have a supervisor with you at all times while driving.

Once you've passed your practical test, we'll send you a new New Zealand driver
licence without a supervisor condition.

Supervisor condition
A supervisor is a person who:

 holds a current full New Zealand driver licence for the class you're
learning to drive, and
 doesn't have a supervisor condition on their New Zealand licence, and
 has held a full New Zealand licence for at least 2 years OR has held an

equivalent overseas driver licence for at least 2 years.

Driving in New Zealand while converting a motorcycle licence
If you’re converting a motorcycle licence and need to pass a practical test, you
won’t be given a supervisor condition; you’ll be issued with a learner motorcycle
licence.

You must follow all the conditions of a New Zealand motorcycle learner licence
until you've passed the practical driving test.

Motorcycle learner licence conditions

 You must only ride a LAMS-approved motorcycle.

 You must not carry passengers on the motorcycle or in a sidecar

 You must not ride between the hours of 10pm and 5am

 You must not tow another vehicle.

There's a minimum age

These are the minimum ages you must be before getting each type of driver
licence:

Class Minimum age (years)

Car or motorcycle

Learner licence 16

Restricted licence 16 ½
Class Minimum age (years)

Full licence (without an approved course certificate) 18

Full licence (with an approved course certificate or 17 ½

approved CBTA course certificate)

Truck

Learner licence 18

Full licence 18

This means that if you're under 18 years of age, you can only convert your
overseas licence to the equivalent age-related New Zealand licence class.

Different types of licence require different tests

Different types of vehicles are grouped into classes. There are different theory
and practical tests for different classes:

 Class 1 covers cars and light-weight motor vehicles (eg vans and utilities).

 Classes 2–5 cover different types of heavy vehicles (eg trucks).

 Class 6 covers motorcycles.

Please note that New Zealand licence classes are not an exact match to those
that apply overseas.

See the full definition of New Zealand driver licence classes

Most people will sit the theory and practical tests for a car licence.

If you want a motorcycle licence as well, you'll have to sit another set of tests. If
you also want a truck licence, you'll need to sit a different set of tests.

Make sure you tell the driver licensing agent which types of licence you want to
convert.
Can I convert to a New Zealand licence using only my international driving
permit?
No. You must present your physical overseas driver licence at the driver
licensing agent when you are applying to convert to a New Zealand licence. You
can’t present your international driving permit on its own.

Auditing overseas licences

Waka Kotahi runs an auditing programme for overseas licences that were
converted to New Zealand licences.

If Waka Kotahi finds that a converted licence was fraudulent, then it can revoke
the New Zealand licence.

More information
Download Factsheet 72: Converting to a New Zealand licence [PDF, 269 KB]

ou must provide evidence of your identity

For a driver licence application, you can present:

 your New Zealand driver licence (which can be current or expired up to

two years), or
 your current New Zealand passport.
If you don't have either of these, you'll need to provide one document from
table 1 and one document from table 2 below. One of these documents should
have your photo on it, otherwise you'll need to get a declaration from an
identity referee.

All documents must be originals. Photocopied or scanned certified documents

aren't acceptable.

Table 1: Primary documents

Document type Issued by

New Zealand full birth certificate issued on or after DIA (Identity Services)
1 January 1998, carrying a unique identification
number Order New Zealand certificates(exter
link)

New Zealand passport* Department of Internal Affairs (DIA –

Identity Services)
Document type Issued by

What you need to renew or apply for

passport(external link)

New Zealand firearms licence* NZ Police

New Zealand firearms licence
application(external link)

Overseas passport (may include New Zealand Overseas authority

visa/permit)*

New Zealand citizenship certificate DIA (Identity Services)

New Zealand citizenship(external lin

New Zealand emergency travel document DIA (Identity Services)

Urgent travel(external link)

New Zealand refugee travel document DIA (Identity Services)

Certificate of identity or refugee trav

document(external link)

New Zealand certificate of identity (issued under DIA (Identity Services)

the Passports Act 1992)
Certificate of identity or refugee trav
document(external link)

New Zealand certificate of identity (issued under Ministry of Business, Innovation &
the Immigration Act 2009) Employment (Immigration)

*These documents can be current or expired up to two years. All other documents in this tab
must be current.
Table 2: Supporting documents

Document type Issued by

Kiwi Access card or 18+ card Hospitality Association of New Zealand

Kiwi Access card(external link)

Community services card Ministry of Social Development (MSD)

Community Services card(external link)

SuperGold card MSD

Getting the SuperGold card(external link)

Veteran SuperGold card MSD

Getting the Veteran SuperGold card(external link)

New Zealand student photo ID card 13

Educational institution

New Zealand employee photo ID card Employer

New Zealand electoral roll record 3

Enrolment centre of NZ Post

Inland Revenue number 3

Inland Revenue Department

Apply for a personal IRD number(external link)

New Zealand-issued utility bill or Utility provider or bank

bank statement 2

Overseas driver licence Overseas licensing authority

Steps to freedom form Department of Corrections

Document type Issued by

All documents in this table must be current, except for a utility bill or bank statement (s
below)

1
To be acceptable for driver licensing purposes, your student ID should have your:

surname

 first name or initials
 date of birth, and
 photo.
It must have your educational institution’s logo or banner on it, or be on the institution’s
letterhead.

If it doesn’t meet all of these requirements, you won’t be able to use it as identification for a
licence.

2
This must show your first name (or initials) and last name, and the issuer (utility company o
bank). It doesn’t need to show any transaction details.

It must have been issued within the last six months.

3
You can show these documents to the agent in electronic format on your phone or mobile d
Photo required
If neither document has a photo, you must also provide a passport-style photo
and an identity declaration signed by an identity referee. The photo must be
less than six months old.

Who can be an identity referee

Your referee must:

have a valid New Zealand passport or New Zealand driver licence, and
 have known you for one year or more, and
 be at least 16 years of age, and
 not be related to you or part of your extended family group, and
 not be your spouse or partner, and
 not live at the same address as you.
Your referee must provide their:

 passport or driver licence number

 name
 date of birth
 contact details, including a daytime telephone number.
Your referee must write your full name on the back of the photo and sign and
date it. The image must be a good likeness and of equal standard to the one
required for a driver licence or passport application.

Note: a business that takes passport photos may supply a photo with a pre-
printed label on the back.

Identity referee declaration form (DL26) [PDF, 80 KB]

Evidence of name change

If your name has changed from the one on your driver licence (eg due to
marriage or civil union, or you’ve changed your name) you’ll need to provide
evidence of the name change.

You’ll also need to provide linking name change documents if the names on
either of your forms of identification aren’t the same.

You’ll need to provide one of the following documents as proof of your name
change. The documents must be originals, and issued in New Zealand.

Document type Issued by

New Zealand birth certificate showing both DIA (Identity Services)

names
Order a birth certificate(external link)

Marriage or civil union certificate DIA (Identity Services)

Order a marriage certificate(external link

Order a civil union certificate(external lin

Copy of particulars of marriage or civil union DIA (Identity Services)

Dissolution of marriage or civil union order 1

Ministry of Justice

Dissolving a marriage or civil union(exter

link)
Document type Issued by

Certificate of annulment Ministry of Justice

Dissolving a marriage or civil union(exter

link)

Deed poll certificate, change of name DIA (Identity Services)

certificate
Changing your name(external link)

Statutory declaration confirming change of DIA (Identity Services)

name has been registered with the Registrar of
Births, Deaths and Marriages How to order a name change
certificate(external link)

1
Your dissolution document will only have your married name on it. To change your name w
this you’ll also need to provide linking documents that show your previous name as well, eg
certificate, passport or marriage certificate.
If you’ve changed your name because your gender has changed, you can also
update your gender recorded on the Driver Licence Register.

Changing the gender details on your driver licence record

Evidence of identity for sitting a test

When your'e sitting a test, you'll also need to prove your identity.

Theory tests
If you’re sitting your theory test at the same time you make your application,
you’ll already have your evidence of identity from making your application. This
is all you need.

If you’re coming back at a later date to sit or re-sit your theory test, you’ll need
to provide valid photo ID so the agent can be sure the right person is sitting the
test. This could be:

 your New Zealand passport (current or expired up to two years)

 a current Kiwi Access/18+ card
 current photographic student ID
 your New Zealand driver licence (current or expired up to two years
 any photographic document from Table 1: Primary documents
Practical tests
If you’re sitting a practical driving test, you must have a valid driver licence.

If you have a current New Zealand photo driver licence, then this is all you need.

If you’re using a temporary driver licence, you’ll also need to provide photo ID to
the testing officer so they can be sure the right person is sitting the test. This
could be:

 an expired New Zealand photo driver licence

 an overseas photo driver licence
 a passport
 a Kiwi Access or 18+ card
 a photographic student ID
 any other photographic document from Table 1:
Primary documents or Table 2: Supporting documents
 any other form of photo ID where the testing officer can clearly see that
the person recorded on the temporary licence is the same person on the
photo ID.
This is the only time where the photo ID doesn’t have to be valid or approved, as
it is accompanying the temporary driver licence. In all other cases the ID must
be valid for driver licensing purposes.

ID is required to prevent fraud

We need to have steps in place to prevent people from getting a driver licence
fraudulently.

Requiring particular forms of identification, every time you get or renew your
driver licence, improves the integrity of the licence system and protects law-
abiding drivers.

Identification for driver licensing (Factsheet 20) [PDF, 239 KB]

 Added new beach and river variable speed limit signs.

 Beach and river variable speed limit signs

 These speed limit signs can be used at beaches or rivers. If pedestrians
are present, the speed limit is 30km/h. If there are no pedestrians, the
speed limit is 60km/h.


 Beach and river variable speed limit signs - updated road code content

 Page 345
 Question withdrawn: How often do you have to renew your endorsement to
carry dangerous goods?

Page 64
Updated image: Passing on the right at an intersection with more than one
lane on your side of the road

We've moved the arrow showing the vehicle in the lane closest to the centre line
turning right into the far left lane, to show the vehicle turning into the lane
closest to the centre line.
Passing on the right - updated road code content

Page 127
Added new beach and river variable speed limit signs.

Beach and river variable speed limit signs

These speed limit signs can be used at beaches or rivers. If pedestrians are
present, the speed limit is 30km/h. If there are no pedestrians, the speed limit is
60km/h.

Beach and river variable speed limit signs - updated road code content

Page 143
Added text about reflective warning triangles, and made it clearer that Police
use Crash and Accident warning signs rather than reflective triangles at crash
sites.

Crash warning signs

At a crash site the police may use signs, flashing lights and flares to warn
approaching drivers.

When coming up to a crash site, slow down and drive carefully. The road may be
blocked and there could be injured people lying on it.

Police put these signs near a crash site. They mean you must ride at 20km/h or
less until you pass the crash site. Watch out for emergency workers and injured
people.
This is a reflective warning triangle. It means there's a breakdown or crash
ahead. Anyone can put a warning triangle on the side of the road to warn other
road users.

Crash warning signs - update road code content

Road code changes for 2023 version

In November 2022 we released the 2023 version of The official New Zealand road
code.

This road code has had a refresh to make it more accessible for learner drivers.

We removed information that isn't essential to preparing for a learner test, and
it's available on our website instead.

We also updated most of the pictures to make them clearer for learner drivers.
The pictures were updated in the computerised theory test from 1 December
2022.

There are no changes to road rules or driving regulations, so learner drivers can
still use older versions of the road code to prepare for their test.

Stage 1 - learner licence

Before you can apply for a heavy vehicle learner licence, you must first hold
another class of licence for the required length of time. You’ll then need to apply
for your learner licence at a driver licensing agent and sit any applicable theory
tests.

Who can apply for a heavy vehicle learner licence?

The table below shows the licence class and experience you must have before
you can apply for each class of heavy vehicle learner licence.

Licence class applied for Prerequisites

Class 2 learner licence Must have held a full Class 1 licence for at least 6 months

Class 3 learner licence Must have held a full Class 2 licence for at least 6 months*

Class 4 learner licence Must have held a full Class 2 licence for at least 6 months*

Class 5 learner licence Must have held a full Class 4 licence for at least 6 months*

* If you are aged 25 or older, you can apply for the next class of licence after 3
months or, if you successfully complete an approved 'accelerated over 25'
course, the 3-month time requirement does not apply.

How do I apply for a heavy vehicle learner licence?

You’ll need to go to a driver licensing agent, to:

 fill out an application form (you’ll be asked if you want your licence to
identify you as an organ donor
organ donor
 present evidence of identity
evidence of your identity

 book a time to take the theory test, unless you are applying for a Class 4
licence, which does not have a theory test, or if you are applying for Class
5 and have already passed the Class 3 theory test
 pay for the learner licence application and the theory test (if required)
 meet the eyesight requirements
eyesight requirements
 present a medical certificate
medical certificate
 provide a signature
 have your photograph taken.
Driver licensing agents

How much does it cost?

Application fee Amount

Class 2, 3 or 5 learner licence $77.50

Class 4 learner licence $27.10

You’ll need to pay the application fee each time you apply for a new learner
licence.

The application fee includes the tests required for each stage. It’s free to
change, cancel or rebook your test if you need to.

All fees include GST and are non-refundable.

Learner licence theory tests

The learner licence theory tests are designed to test whether your knowledge of
the road rules is good enough for you to drive on the road. Knowing the road
rules is important for you to become a safe driver.

You will sit the theory test at a driver licensing agent's office.

Driver licensing agents

Note: you shouldn’t take anyone else with you while you are sitting the test. If
you do take dependent children (under the age of eight) with you, it is at your
own risk as they may distract you, which could cause you to fail the test.

Computerised theory test

The test is made up of 35 questions about road rules, road hazards and safety
practices that relate to the type of vehicle licence you are applying for.

Classes of licence you can apply for

The questions will appear in a random order.

The questions have a mix of multi-choice and true/false answers. You select the
answer you think is most correct by clicking on it. You can change your mind
after clicking an answer but it will be locked in when you decide to move on to
the next question. You will know if you have correctly answered the question
before the next question displays.

To pass each theory test, you need to get at least 33 questions right out of 35. If
you get more than two questions wrong, you will need to book to take the test
again at another time.

If you pass the test, you’ll be given a temporary learner licence, which is valid for
21 days, to use until you receive your photo driver licence in the mail.

How should I prepare for the theory test?

Before you book your theory test, you need to be thoroughly familiar with the
road rules. You will need to read and learn everything in The official New
Zealand road code for heavy vehicle drivers. You will probably need to read it
several times to know and understand everything you need to know to be a safe
driver.

To help you learn the road rules, you can test yourself against the questions
from the learner licence theory test.

Learner licence theory test questions

You can also use our free website Drive to access real theory test questions and
play games and quizzes to help you remember the road code.

www.drive.govt.nz(external link)
Speech or language difficulties
If you are having difficulty preparing for your theory test because of a reading or
language difficulty, there are several organisations that may be able to help:

 Literacy Aotearoa
phone: 0800 900 999
website: www.literacy.org.nz(external link)
 English Language Partners New Zealand (formerly ESOL Home Tutors)
phone: (04) 471 2382, or look in your phone book for your local branch
website: www.englishlanguage.org.nz(external link)
 Citizens Advice Bureau
phone: 0800 FOR CAB (0800 367 222), or look in your phone book for your
local branch
website: www.cab.org.nz(external link)
People with reading difficulties can also apply for:

 extra time to complete the theory test

 the theory test to be given orally.
Besides English, the computerised theory test is available in the following
languages:

 Arabic
 Māori
 Chinese (simplified and traditional)
 Punjabi
 Gujarati
 Samoan
 Hindi
 Thai
 Tongan
 Korean

For more information about these options, talk to your driver licensing agent
when you book your test.

Driver licensing agents

There are also options for people with English language difficulties when taking
the practical driving tests. Talk to a driver licensing agent or call us on 0800 822
422 for more information.

What are the conditions of a learner licence?

The following conditions relate to class 2–5 learner licences.

 You must not drive on your own. You must always be accompanied by a
supervisor, who must always sit in the front passenger seat beside you.
 You must have your learner licence with you whenever you are driving.
 There’s no law stopping you from carrying passengers. However, if you
do, your supervisor (who will, of course, be seated next to you in the
vehicle) must agree to this – the supervisor is responsible for everyone in
the vehicle and for what happens when you’re driving.
 There is a zero alcohol limit if you are under 20. That means if you drive
after consuming even one drink you can be charged with drink-driving.
If you have an alcohol level of less than 150 micrograms per litre of
o

breath, or less than 30 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood, you

could be fined and given 50 demerit points.
o If your alcohol level is higher, you could be disqualified from

driving, given 50 demerit points and either fined or imprisoned.

If you’re 20 or older, the legal alcohol limit is 250 micrograms per litre of breath
or 50 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood.

 If you have an alcohol level between 251 and 400 micrograms per litre of
breath, or between 51 and 80 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood, you
could be fined and given 50 demerit points.
 If your alcohol level is higher, you could be disqualified from driving and
either fined or imprisoned.
What is a supervisor?
When you drive on your learner licence, you must always drive with a supervisor. Your supervisor
is in charge of the vehicle and must:

 hold a current and valid full New Zealand licence (which does not have a supervisor condition)
for the same class of vehicle you’re learning to drive
 have held their New Zealand full licence (or an equivalent overseas licence) for at least two years
 sit in the passenger seat next to you at all times when you are driving
 carry their driver licence with them.

Learning to drive heavy vehicles

Learning to drive a heavy vehicle is a big responsibility and it is important that
you develop good driving skills so you will be a safe driver on our roads. There
are three main ways you can learn to drive a heavy vehicle.

Take an approved course

There are Transport Agency approved courses for each class of heavy vehicle.

These are aligned with unit standards on the New Zealand Qualifications
Authority (NZQA) framework. If you successfully complete a course, you have
the opportunity to have the unit standard you’ve achieved count towards a
national certificate as well as a driver licence.

If you successfully complete an approved course for a Class 2, 3, 4 or 5 licence

you are not required to comply with the requirement to hold the relevant
learner licence for six months before obtaining a full licence of that class. Also
you do not need to sit and pass the practical driving test for that class of licence.

If you are aged 25 years or older and you successfully completed an approved
accelerated course, you can progress through the heavy licence classes without
waiting for three months between each class, eg from Class 2 to Class 3 or 4, and
Class 4 to Class 5.

Approved courses available in your area

Information on approved courses can also be found by calling us on 0800 822

422.

Industry-based training
Many companies provide on-the-job training for their staff.

Take lessons from an instructor

Driving instructors charge a fee for training and must:

 hold a driving instructor (I) endorsement for the classes of licence they
want to teach
 sit in the front passenger seat when they’re instructing you.

Not all driving instructors can teach you to drive all types of heavy vehicles.
Check the Yellow pages for heavy vehicle instructors in your area. Before your
first lesson, ask the instructor to show you proof that they hold a current driving
instructor endorsement.

Getting a heavy vehicle driver licence

The following diagram gives an overview of how to obtain a heavy vehicle driver
licence. These steps are also explained in greater detail on the following pages.
Identification for driver licensing
When you apply for each stage of your licence, licence class, licence
endorsement, or when you renew your licence, you will need to present
evidence of your identity.
The reason you need to present identification is so Waka Kotahi NZ Transport
Agency can prevent people from getting a driver licence fraudulently.

Only certain kinds of identification can be used for driver licensing purposes.

Evidence of your identity

When making an application, you must present:

 your New Zealand photo driver licence, which is current or has expired
within the last two years, or
 your current New Zealand passport, or
 two of the following kinds of identification (one must be photographic).

These must be one primary document and one supporting document

from the tables below.
All documents must be originals. Photocopied or scanned documents are not
acceptable.

Primary documents

New Zealand passport*

Overseas passport*

New Zealand emergency travel document

New Zealand refugee travel document

New Zealand certificate of identity (issued under the Passports Act 1992)

New Zealand certificate of identity (issued under the Immigration Act 1987)

New Zealand firearms licence*

New Zealand full birth certificate issued on or after 1 January 1998

New Zealand citizenship certificate

*these documents can be current or expired up to two years. All other
documents must be current.

Supporting documents

18+ card or Kiwi Access card

Community services card

SuperGold card

Veteran SuperGold card

New Zealand student photo ID card

New Zealand employee photo ID card

New Zealand electoral roll record

Inland Revenue number

New Zealand-issued utility bill or bank statement*

Overseas driver licence

Steps to freedom form

*These documents must be issued within the last six months. They must show
your first name (or initials) and last name, and the issuer (utility company or
bank). They don’t need to show any transaction details. All other documents in
this table must be current.

If neither document contains a photo, you must also provide a passport-style

photograph signed by an identity referee.

Identification
Evidence of Name Change
If the name you want on your driver licence is different from the name on the
driver licence register, or on either of your two forms of identification, you will
need to provide one of the following documents (which must be an original) as
proof of your name change. Suitable documents are:

 a marriage or civil union certificate

 a dissolution of marriage or civil union order
 a certificate of annulment
 a deed poll certificate, change of name certificate or birth certificate
showing both names
 a statutory declaration issued by Births, Deaths and Marriages confirming
the name change.
Driver licensing agents
For many driver licensing services, you will need to visit a driver licensing agent.

Driver licensing agents include participating offices of:

New Zealand Automobile Association (AA)(external link)

Vehicle Testing New Zealand (VTNZ)(external link)
To find your local branch:

 Driver licensing agents

 look in your phonebook or
 call us on 0800 822 422.

Eyesight requirements
You need to prove that your eyesight meets the required standard each time
you apply:

 for a new licence class or endorsement

 to renew existing licence classes or endorsements.
To do this, you can:

 pass an eyesight screening check at a driver licensing agent

 present a satisfactory eyesight or medical certificate (no more than 60

days old).
The certificate must be issued by a New Zealand registered optometrist or
health practitioner (for example your doctor (GP), a registered nurse or nurse
practitioner, or a specialist if appropriate).

Note: eyesight screening machines at driver licensing agents eliminate the need
for many drivers to be tested by an optometrist or medical practitioner.
However, if you don’t pass this screening check, then you must provide one of
the above certificates before your licence can be issued. Some drivers choose to
provide a certificate instead of undertaking a screening check. If you have sight
in only one eye, or have only one eye (monocular vision) you must present an
eyesight certificate from an optometrist or health practitioner.

Medical declaration
To ensure all drivers on our roads are medically fit to drive, the driver licence
application form contains a medical declaration.

Every applicant has to complete this declaration.

The declaration asks you to declare these types of medical condition:

 diabetes
 locomotive joint or limb problems
 strokes
 nervous or mental disorders
 high blood pressure
 seizures, fits, convulsions, epilepsy
 serious injuries (for example, head or spinal injuries)
 visual disturbances (for example, cataracts, double vision, glaucoma)
 cerebral vascular accidents or disease
 cognitive impairment
 any other condition that may affect your ability to drive safely.

Organ donation
When you fill out your driver licence application form, you’ll be asked the
following question: ‘Would you be willing to donate organs in the event of your
death?’

Waka Kotahi can’t produce a driver licence card for you until you have ticked
either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.

By ticking the ‘Yes’ box and signing the form, you are indicating your wish to
be identified as an organ and tissue donor and have the word ‘DONOR’ printed
on your driver licence. It’s also included on your record on the driver licence
database.

In the event of your death, your family may be asked for their agreement before
organs or tissue are removed for donation. That’s why it is very important to
discuss your decision with your family.
It’s a good idea to think about organ donation before you go to the driver
licensing agent.

If you would like more information about organ and tissue donation, contact
Organ Donation New Zealand:

 0800 4 DONOR (0800 436 667) or

 www.donor.co.nz(external link)
Medical certificates
You need to present a medical certificate if you:

 are applying for or renewing a P, V, I or O endorsement or licence classes

2–5, and have not provided a medical certificate for those classes or
endorsements in the last five years
 have a medical condition that affects your ability to drive and your

medical condition has worsened (or a new condition has been diagnosed)
since your last medical certificate was presented
 are renewing your licence for a period beyond your 75th birthday
 are 75 years of age or over and applying for another class of driver licence
 are requested to by Waka Kotahi (regardless of when you last presented a

medical certificate).
A medical certificate for driver licensing purposes must:

 be the original
 be issued by a New Zealand-registered health practitioner (for example
your doctor (GP), a registered nurse or nurse practitioner, or a specialist if
appropriate)
 be no more than 60 days old
 state that you are safe to drive, or set out the conditions under which you

can drive.
The cost of a medical certificate will vary between health practitioners. You are
responsible for meeting these costs. Ask for a Waka Kotahi Transport
Agency Medical certificate for driver licence (your health practitioner will have
copies).

General heavy motor vehicle definitions and

specifications
Axis
Front axis
On a rigid vehicle that has two axle sets and is steered by the front axle set, the
front axis is the centre point of the foremost axle.

Rear axis

Rear axis (RA) is the point at which the vehicle rotates around, during a turn.

If the vehicle has only one non-steering axle, then the rear axis is the centre of
that axle.

If the vehicle has a tandem axle set (that is, two axles in a set, with from 1 to 2
metres between axle centres) with only non-steering axles in its rear axle set and
each axle has an equal number of tyres on it, then the RA is midway between the
centres of the axles.

Tandem rear axle set

If the vehicle has a tandem axle set with only non-steering axles in its rear axle
set and one axle has twice as many tyres on it as the other axle, then the RA is
positioned two-thirds of the distance from the lesser-tyred axle towards the
greater-tyred axle.
Tandem rear axle set with only non-steering axles, one single and one twin
tyred
If the vehicle has a non-steering tri-axle set in its rear axle set, then the RA is
midway between the extreme axles of the set.

Non-steering rear tri-axle set

If the vehicle has one steering axle in its rear set and one non-steering axle, the
RA is at the non-steering axle.

One steering rear axle and one non-steering rear axle

If the vehicle has one steering axle in its rear set and two non-steering axles, the
RA is midway between the extreme non-steering axles of the set.
One steering rear axle and two non-steering axles
If the vehicle has one or more retracting axles in its rear set and one or
more non-retracted axles, the RA is midway between the extreme non-retracted
axles of the set.

One or more retracting rear axles and one or more non-retracted axles
If the vehicle has a quad axle set with steering axles, the RA is shown as below.
Quad axle set-up

Carrier
A person or company carrying either:

 goods, or
 paying passengers.
Certificate of loading

Example of certificate of loading

This must be attached to the vehicle and displayed so it is readily visible. The
information shown on the certificate of loading will include the vehicle’s:

 tare weight (the weight of a vehicle without a load) in kilograms

 gross vehicle mass (GVM) in kilograms
 gross combination mass (GCM) in kilograms, if the vehicle has a towing

connection
 seating capacity, if the vehicle is a passenger service vehicle
 static roll threshold height and weight limits.

Documentation
Heavy vehicles with a windscreen must display a current:

 warrant of fitness (WoF) or certificate of fitness (CoF) inside the

windscreen on the driver’s side
 licence label inside the windscreen on the passenger’s side
 road user charges (RUC) licence (where required) inside the windscreen

on the passenger’s side. If carried, the labels must be produced on

demand to an enforcement officer
 certificate of loading attached to the vehicle and displayed so it is readily

visible.
Heavy vehicles without a windscreen (such as trailers) must display a current:
 WoF or CoF, either at the rear of the vehicle near the registration plate or
on the right-hand side near the back of the vehicle
 licence label at the rear of the vehicle near the registration plate or on the
right-hand side of the vehicle
 RUC licence (where required) inside the passenger’s side of the
windscreen of the towing vehicle. If carried, the labels must be produced
on demand to an enforcement officer
 certificate of loading, which must be readily visible.
Driver
A person who operates and directs the course of a vehicle.

Goods
Any kind of movable property (including animals and mail).

Goods service
A goods service is:

 the carrying of goods on a road (whether or not for hire or reward) in or

on a motor vehicle with a gross laden weight (GLW) of 6000 kilograms or
more, or
 the letting or hire of a motor vehicle (with a gross laden weight of 6000

kilograms or more) to carry goods, by a person who drives or provides a

driver for the vehicle.
The following are not defined as a goods service:

 a vehicle recovery service

 a service (carrying goods for personal use) that is not operated for more
than seven days in a 12-month period
 the carrying – in a vehicle, under a passenger service licence – of goods

that belong to passengers

 the carrying – in a passenger service vehicle – of a small amount of goods,

on such an infrequent basis that it does not form a significant part of the
overall operation
 any service specified as exempt in the Land Transport Act 1998, or in any

regulation or rule made under that act.

Goods service vehicle
Any motor vehicle – except a tractor – designed wholly or mostly to carry goods.

Gross combined weight (GCW)

The sum of the GLWs of the vehicles that make up a combination vehicle.
Gross laden weight (GLW)
The greatest of:

 any weight specified (following the latest modification, if applicable) as a

vehicle’s GLW by the vehicle’s manufacturer
 any weight specified as the GLW of a particular vehicle (or a vehicle of its

kind) by Waka Kotahi

 the weight of a vehicle together with any load it is carrying, including any

equipment and accessories.

Gross vehicle mass (GVM)
The greater of:

 the mass specified as the GVM of a particular vehicle by the vehicle’s

manufacturer
 the mass specified as the GVM of a particular vehicle (or a vehicle of its

kind) by Waka Kotahi.

Gross weight
The weight of a rigid or combination vehicle, together with any load it is carrying
(including equipment and accessories).

Note: the gross weight may be calculated by adding the weight on the vehicle’s
axles or groups of axles.

Heavy motor vehicle

A motor vehicle that has a gross vehicle mass (GVM) exceeding 3500 kilograms.

High productivity motor vehicles

High productivity motor vehicles (HPMVs) are vehicles permitted to carry a load
that may be over-length and/or over-weight but not over-width or over-height.
More information about HPMVs is set out in factsheet 13g High productivity
motor vehicles.

Factsheet 13g High productivity motor vehicles online(external link)

Apply for your HPMV permit online(external link).
Hire/reward
Hire means to employ someone or use something in return for payment.

Reward means any type of payment given or received for a service. The payment
doesn’t need to be made by the direct recipients of a service, for example,
where passengers hire a taxi service to transport them but a third party pays for
the service.
Load
Any part of a load (including covers, ropes, ties, blocks, tackles and barrows) or
any other equipment used to:

 secure or contain a load on a vehicle

 load or unload a vehicle (whether or not there is any other load on the

vehicle).
Note: this does not include waste from animals being carried on a vehicle at the
time.

Non-pneumatic-tyred vehicles
If you drive a vehicle that has non-pneumatic tyres or is fitted with metal
tyres,lugs or cleats, you need approval from the local road controlling authority
before you can use it on the road.

Oversize vehicles and loads

Vehicles larger than maximum standard size may be able to operate on roads
according to the conditions set out in factsheet 53a Overdimension vehicles
and loads.

Factsheet 53a Overdimension online(external link)

Large loads need an oversize permit. To obtain an oversize permit, contact the
Overdimension Permit Issuing Agency:

 phone: 0800 OVERSIZE (0800 683 774)

 fax: 06 953 6313
 email: [email protected]

Overweight permit
Before an overweight vehicle or load can be used on the road, the driver must
obtain an overweight permit, which must be carried in the vehicle. (Size and
weight restrictions for different kinds of vehicles are explained later in this
section.)

To obtain an overweight permit, contact your nearest Transport Agency office.

Projecting loads
Vehicles may carry loads that are higher, longer or wider than the dimensions of
the vehicle itself, provided that the load doesn’t exceed the maximum
permitted dimensions for that class and type of vehicle, and the vehicle can be
moved safely when so loaded. It’s the driver’s responsibility to ensure the load is
properly secured to the vehicle so that the vehicle remains stable at all times.
Loads that overhang the outside of the body or deck of the vehicle by more than
1 metre to the front or rear, or more than 200 millimetres to the left or right side,
need to carry special warning devices attached to the overhanging end(s) of the
load as follows:

 During daylight hours, there must be either:

o a clean white or fluorescent red, orange or yellow flag, at least 400

millimetres by 300 millimetres wide, or

o a hazard warning panel with a retro-reflective material coloured

yellow-green with either a 200 millimetres- or 300 millimetres-wide

diagonal orange stripe as specified in the diagrams below.
Note: hazard warning panels that extend beyond the edge of the vehicle must
be frangible (breakable or readily deformable).

Minimum dimensions of hazard warning panels

 During the hours of darkness, the flags or hazard panels may remain and
also lights must be fitted to the load and operated, as follows:
o for loads over 1 metre wide and extending more than 1 metre from

the rear of the vehicle, one red light (facing toward the rear) on
each side of the load
o for loads up to 1 metre wide and extending more than 1 metre from

the rear of the vehicle, one red light (facing toward the rear) at the
centre of the load
o for loads over 1 metre wide and extending from the front of the
vehicle, one white or amber lamp (facing toward the front) on each
side of the load
o for loads up to 1 metre wide and extending more than 1 metre from

the front of the vehicle, one white or amber lamp (facing toward
the front) at the centre of the load
o for loads extending more than 200 millimetres beyond the side of

the body of the vehicle, one red lamp (facing towards the rear) on
each side of the load at the rear and one white or amber lamp
(facing toward the front) on each side of the load at the front.
These lights need to be clearly visible in clear weather at a distance of at least
200 metres during the hours of darkness.

Reflectors
Motor vehicles must be fitted with at least one pair of approved red reflectors at
the rear of the vehicle. The reflectors must:

 measure an area of at least 30 centimetres²

 be in good condition so light is reflected 1.5 metres from the ground (or
within 2.1 metres if 1.5 metres is not practicable), and
 150 millimetres from the left and right sides of the vehicle (for a truck or

heavy trailer) or as close as practicable to the left and right sides for any
other vehicle.
Stability of heavy motor vehicles
When laden or unladen, most goods service vehicles with a maximum gross
vehicle mass (GVM) exceeding 12 tonnes must have a static roll threshold (SRT)
of at least 0.35g (where g is the acceleration due to gravity). A heavy trailer of
class TD must be certified to comply with SRT.

Transport service licence

A goods service licence, large passenger service licence, small passenger service
licence, rental service licence or vehicle recovery service licence, granted or
deemed to be granted under part 4A of the Land Transport Act 1998.

Transport service vehicle

A goods service vehicle, vehicle recovery service vehicle, passenger service
vehicle or rental service vehicle.

The truck loading code section

This section is based on The official New Zealand truck loading code produced by
Waka Kotahi. Although the format has been slightly modified the content is the
same as the official code.

The truck loading code is part of the heavy vehicle driver licence test.

Legislation

The Land Transport Act 1998 contains the load security legislation that is
administered by the Transport Agency and enforced by the NZ Police.

General requirements

 Introduction
 The safety problem
 Basic criteria and precautions
 Strength requirements of restraint systems
 Load-securing equipment

Specialised requirements

 Containers
 Pallets
 General freight
 Construction equipment
 Timber loads
 Steel products
 Loose bulk loads
 Pipe loads
 Reels – paper, newsprint, plastics securing methodson tray or
platform vehicles
 Carriage and towing of motor vehicles
 Flexible tanks
 Dangerous goods
 Live loads

Appendices

 Appendix A - Glossary of industry terms

 Appendix B - Chain
 Appendix C - Determination of load security by calculation or by
experimentation
Specialised requirements

Containers

The freight containers mainly transported are constructed to international standards

(ISO) and are identifiable as such by their external markings (refer AS/NZS 3711
Pts 1–10).

Pallets

The pallets should be of sufficient strength to withstand the load they carry
satisfactorily and should be in a good state of repair.

General freight

There are certain symbols marked on cargo to and from overseas that are
recognised universally.
Construction equipment

This section is intended to provide guidance on the prerequisites for the safe
transportation of both track and wheel types of construction equipment on vehicles.

Timber loads

The sawn timber and logging sections of this code include the relevant parts of the
Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment codes, which have been based
on a joint industry and government department group research and proven safety
needs.

Steel products

This section is intended to provide guidance on the measures necessary to ensure

safe carriage of metal loads.

Loose bulk loads

Loose bulk loads can generally be described as having a nature which does not
readily lend itself to any form of packaging or containerisation, eg sand, aggregate,
shingle, rubble, rubbish, asphalt and other similar materials.

Pipe loads

Metal pipe is loaded lengthwise. Spigoted or flanged pipes should be stacked in

tiers with 100mm × 100mm hardwood spacers between each layer of pipe.

Reels – paper, newsprint, plastics securing methodson tray or platform vehicles

The floor of the truck or trailer should be in good condition and for long-haul
deliveries protective sheeting should be laid down prior to loading.

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles

Vehicles used regularly for the carriage of motor cars over long distances are
generally well equipped with specially designed wheel wells/chocks, anchor
points, winches and other restraining devices, but operators carrying motor cars
intermittently for short distances are tempted to rely on the force of gravity or on
inadequate cordage lashed to the suspension members of the motor cars being
carried.

Flexible tanks

These guidelines apply to the transportation of fluid carrying tanks of the nonrigid
type and are based on overseas tests and regulations as well as New Zealand tests.

Dangerous goods

Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods 2005 (the Dangerous Goods Rule) sets out
requirements for safe transport of dangerous goods on land.

Live loads

‘Live’ loads are those loads that can be expected to move when transported
such as livestock, hanging meat and all liquids.

1. Home

2. Road code

3. Heavy vehicle road code

4. Road code

5. Sharing the road

Sharing the road with pedestrians

On average, 36 pedestrians are killed and 1000 pedestrians are injured on New
Zealand roads every year.

Many of these deaths and injuries could be prevented if drivers took more care
when using our roads.

Please look out for pedestrians whenever you’re behind the wheel.

Pedestrian safety for drivers

 Always be ready to stop near schools, bus stops and pedestrian crossings.
 Be careful when driving past parked vehicles. Pedestrians may walk out

without warning.
 You must slow down to 20km/h when passing or coming towards a school

bus that has stopped to let children on or off, no matter which side of the
road you are on.
 Watch out for elderly people or people with disabilities.
 Take special care near roadside stalls and parked vendors. Pedestrians

visiting these may forget to watch for traffic when crossing the road.
Pedestrian crossings
A pedestrian crossing is an area of road that has white stripes marked across it.
It is used by pedestrians and people using mobility devices (such as motorised
wheelchairs and similar devices) and wheeled recreational vehicles (such as
skateboards and foot-propelled scooters).

Important
Never overtake a vehicle that is slowing down for a pedestrian crossing or has stopped to let
someone cross.

Some crossings have raised islands in the middle, creating a ‘refuge’ where
pedestrians can stop. These are helpful for pedestrians crossing wide, two-way
roads or multi-lane roads, because they allow them to walk across one direction
of traffic at a time.

As you drive towards a pedestrian crossing, you will see pedestrian crossing
signs before the crossing and black and white poles at the crossing. The poles
are mounted with fluorescent orange disks, or round yellow lights that flash at
night. White diamonds are generally painted on the road before the crossing
and a white limit line shows you where to stop.

When coming up to pedestrian crossings:

 slow down and be ready to stop for any pedestrians stepping onto, or on
the crossing. This also includes people obviously waiting to use the
crossing
 if there is no raised traffic island in the middle of the crossing, stop and
give way to pedestrians on any part of the crossing
 if there is a raised traffic island in the middle of the crossing, stop and give
way to pedestrians on your half of the road
 wait until the pedestrian has crossed in front of you and is clear of your
vehicle before you proceed.

Pedestrian crossing

Pedestrian crossing with raised island

If you find yourself in a queue of traffic near a pedestrian crossing, don’t move
onto the crossing if there isn’t enough room for your vehicle on the other side of
the crossing.
Courtesy crossings
Courtesy crossings are usually made of bricks or paving and are often raised
above the level of the road.

Although not official pedestrian crossings, they do provide a place for

pedestrians to cross. Drivers should be courteous to pedestrians using a
courtesy crossing.

Courtesy crossing
Shared zone
This is a road that has been designed to slow traffic and give priority to
pedestrians. Drivers give way to pedestrians who, in turn, should not impede
traffic.

School crossing
School crossings, also known as kea crossings, provide a safe place for children
to cross the road. They generally only operate before and after school.

When school crossings are operating, a fluorescent orange Children sign will be
displayed, along with a School Patrol Stop sign, which swings out into the road.

When the School Patrol Stop sign is out, vehicles coming from both directions
must stop and stay stopped until all signs have been pulled in.

School Patrol Stop

What children would like drivers to know
 Children are not little adults, so don’t expect them to act as adults do.
 Children, especially those under the age of nine, may not have the skills

and abilities needed to be safe in traffic. Be very careful when driving near
them.
 Young children have narrow vision. This means they may not see vehicles

as easily as adults do.

 Children have trouble judging the speed of moving vehicles. They may let

a slow vehicle pass and try to cross in front of a fast one.

 Children often don’t understand that it takes time for a vehicle to stop.
 Children may have difficulty working out where sounds are coming from.
 Because children are small, they often can’t see over bushes and parked

vehicles. This also means they can’t be seen easily by drivers.

 Children tend to think about one thing at a time and ignore other things

happening around them.

 Because children are always on the move, they may have trouble

stopping at a kerb and could dart out into traffic.

 Children can freeze when they find themselves in danger, instead of

taking quick action as an adult might.

Keep a lookout for children at all times. Take special care when driving during
8–9am and 3–4pm, when children are travelling to and from school.

Blind and vision-impaired pedestrians

People who are blind or vision-impaired often use aids such as a white cane or a
guide dog. When drivers see people with these aids trying to cross the road, they
should take extra care and let them cross in their own time.

When leaving and entering driveways

When you are entering or leaving a driveway that crosses a footpath, you must
give way to people using the footpath.

Following trucks and buses

 Drivers of buses and trucks often have large blind spots behind and at the
side of their vehicle, so it is a good idea to position your vehicle far
enough back so it can be seen in their side mirrors. This will let other
truck or bus drivers know you are there.
 In wet weather, increase your following distance to keep back from any
water spraying from the bus or truck’s wheels that could reduce your
visibility, and to also give you more time to stop.
 When following another heavy vehicle, it’s particularly important to leave
enough space between your vehicle and the one in front, so vehicles
behind can pass you without having to pass both vehicles.
Overtaking other trucks and buses
Because it takes several seconds longer to pass a truck or bus than it does to
pass a car, it’s important to make sure you have plenty of clear road ahead to
safely pass without going over the speed limit.

Passing

Oncoming trucks and buses

When driving past an oncoming truck or bus (one travelling in the opposite
direction), drivers should keep firm control of the steering wheel to counter the
effect of any air turbulence.

Remember, large vehicles take up more room on the road when travelling
around bends and at intersections, and may not always stay entirely in their
own lane.

Renew your vehicle licence (rego)

A vehicle licence (rego) fee is the regular fee you pay to use your vehicle on the
road.

Update your address and contact details

Let us know if you have moved so we can update your address on the motor
vehicle register.

Order replacement motor vehicle labels

Put your vehicle licence (rego) on hold

If you are not going to use your vehicle on the road for more than 3 months, you
can put the licence on hold.

Pay vehicle licence invoice

Let us know you’ve sold a vehicle

Let us know you’ve bought a vehicle

Check your vehicle expiry date (rego and inspection)

Check if a vehicle has been reported as stolen (NZ Police website)

Check with the NZ Police to see if a vehicle has been reported as stolen.

Apply for a Clean Car rebate

Apply for a rebate after the vehicle is registered and allocated a number plate.
Check if a vehicle is written off or damaged

Update address and contact details

You'll need your New Zealand driver licence to do this online.

If you don't have a New Zealand driver licence or you want to change the address for an
organisation, you'll need to complete a different form.

What we do with your information

Renewal of vehicle licence (rego)

Before you start
If you have changed your address since you last licenced your vehicle, you'll
need to update your address online before you start this transaction.

You'll need:
 your renewal notice or the vehicle's plate number
 a Visa/Mastercard credit or debit card or your internet banking
details (POLi).

More information on licensing

By continuing with this transaction you accept our Website Terms of Use

If you have an outstanding Vehicle licence invoice you can Pay your vehicle
licence invoice online.

Order replacement motor vehicle and RUC

labels
Before you start
If the registered person has changed their address since we last sent them
anything, they'll need to update their address before starting this transaction.
update address online here

You'll need:
 the vehicle's plate number
 a Visa/Mastercard credit or debit card or your internet banking
details (POLi),

If your original transaction, was within the last 7 days, you will not be able to
order another label at this time. Please allow 7 days for the label to arrive by
post

When will I need to pay

 If your original transaction was within the last 30 days, your replacement
label will be free of charge.

 If your original transaction was completed over 30 days ago, you'll need
to pay for the replacement labels.

By continuing with this transaction you accept our Website Terms of Use

Please read and accept the following declaration.

I am the registered person or am authorised by the registered person to

order replacement labels for the vehicle.
Continue
Return to online services

Put my vehicle licence (rego) on hold

Use this transaction if your vehicle is temporarily off the road and you want to
be exempt from paying licensing fees (rego) during this time (minimum period
is 3 months).
You'll need:
 your New Zealand driver licence
 the vehicle's plate number
 if you owe licensing fees make sure you have your Visa/Mastercard credit

or debit card or your internet banking details (POLi).

Information on putting a licence (rego) on hold

By continuing with this transaction you accept our Website Terms of Use
Get started

Cancel transaction
Pay vehicle licence invoice
You'll need:

 your vehicle licence invoice

 a Visa/MasterCard credit or debit card or your internet banking
details (POLi.)

You'll need to complete all of the fields below (* means this is a required field).

Where do I find my invoice details?

Plate number *

Please enter the plate number from your invoice

Invoice number *

Please enter the 9-digit invoice number from your invoice

Customer number *

Please enter the 9-digit customer number from your invoice

Continue
Return to online services

Sold or disposed of a vehicle

You'll need:

 your New Zealand driver licence (if you don't have a NZ driver licence
you'll need to call us on 0800 108 809 and we'll update our records for
you)
 the vehicle's plate number
 The full name and address of the person or organisation you sold or gave
the vehicle to.

If there are any licensing fees owing an invoice will be sent to the registered
person.
If the vehicle you've sold is associated to a toll account, you'll need to log into
your account and remove the vehicle.

Log in to your tolling account

Information on buying and selling a vehicle
Your responsibilities as a registered person

Sold or disposed of a vehicle

You'll need:

Log in to your tolling account

Information on buying and selling a vehicle
Your responsibilities as a registered person

Check expiry query

Use this query to check the expiry date of a vehicle's:
 licence (rego)
 exemption from licensing
 last WoF/CoF inspection (failed inspections will not display).
You'll need:
 the vehicle's plate number.

Check if a vehicle is stolen

Use this tool to see if a vehicle is listed as stolen in our database.

Enter a registration number

Or VIN, engine or chassis number

Limitations of the data

Stolen vehicle information listed here is a snapshot of data taken from the
Police vehicle of interest database. Police are unable to guarantee the
accuracy of this information. For example, there can be a delay in stolen
vehicles appearing and in recovered vehicles being cleared from the list.
Some vehicles listed as stolen may have been located but Police haven’t been
advised.

Stolen vehicle information from these lists should not be relied upon
exclusively when assessing whether or not a vehicle might have been stolen.
Suggestions for steps prospective purchasers could take to check whether a
vehicle is stolen are available from organisations such as Consumer Affairs
and Neighbourhood Support.

This data does not include lost or stolen registration plates.

What if you know the location of a stolen

vehicle?
If you know the location of a stolen vehicle, always think about your own
safety and the safety of others.

Do NOT pursue a vehicle you believe may be stolen.

If the vehicle is being driven or you believe the driver or the vehicle
occupants are still nearby, then please call 111 and ask for Police.

Abandoned vehicles
If the vehicle appears to be abandoned then please advise Police of its
location by calling 105.
To make a police report:

 use 105 Online

 phone 105

If you want to provide information anonymously about this vehicle contact

Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
Clean Car Discount
 When did the Clean Car Discount end?
The Clean Car Discount (CCD) ended on 31 December 2023. You can no
longer apply for a rebate.
o Eligible vehicles registered up to and on 31 December 2023 were
subject to CCD fees and rebates.
o Vehicles eligible for a rebate and registered up to and on 31

December 2023 were able to apply for a rebate until 31 December

2023. We’re currently processing these rebates.
o From 1 January 2024, no vehicles are subject to a CCD fee.
o Rebate applications submitted after 11:59pm on 31 December 2023

won’t be accepted. There will be no exceptions.

o There is no change to the Clean Car Standard scheme.

CloseBack to top
 If I applied for the rebate before the end of the scheme, but it has not yet
been paid out, will it still be paid?
Yes, if the vehicle was eligible for a Clean Car Discount rebate and the
application was correct and complete.

CloseBack to top
 If I have pre-ordered an EV, and the wait time has been extended until
after the end of the scheme through no fault of my own, will I still be paid
out?
Applications made after 11:59pm on 31 December 2023 won’t be
accepted. There will be no exceptions.

CloseBack to top
 If the dealer is registering a vehicle on my behalf and didn’t register
before 1 January 2024, will I get the rebate as I bought the vehicle before
the scheme was repealed?
You won’t get a rebate if your vehicle is registered after 31 December
2023.

CloseBack to top
 If I registered and paid the Clean Car Discount fee by 31 December 2023,
but will receive the car after the end of the scheme, will I get a refund?
No, you won’t get a refund.

CloseBack to top
 If I bought a car before the end of the scheme, but didn’t register it until
January 2024, will I still need to pay a Clean Car Discount fee?
No, the fee applies at registration, so in January no fee will be collected.

CloseBack to top

Clean Car Standard

 What is the Clean Car Standard?
The Clean Car Standard is a government target that regulates importers
to reduce CO emissions of vehicles entering New Zealand to specific
2

standards.

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 What is the purpose of the Clean Car Standard?
The Clean Car Standard incentivises importers/distributors to supply
cleaner cars to those living in New Zealand. If more vehicle buyers
purchase electric vehicles because there are more low-emission options
available, the vehicle carbon emissions in New Zealand will be reduced,
helping achieve the Government’s target of being carbon neutral by 2050.

CloseBack to top
 How do we compare with overseas countries?
New Zealand is well behind some countries, including the United
Kingdom and Japan, which have already achieved our 2025 target.

CloseBack to top
 Was the public consulted on the Clean Car Standard?
Public consultation was carried out in 2019. There was strong support for
the Clean Car Standard from 85% of the 967 submitters who responded to
the discussion document question: “Is a Clean Car Standard appropriate
for New Zealand?”

CloseBack to top
The Clean Car Standard (CCS) is a government initiative to tackle CO emission
2

levels and help address climate change.

CCS is aimed at vehicle importers to encourage a greater supply of zero and low-
CO emission vehicles. It does this by calculating a CO value and weight for each
2 2

vehicle and comparing it to targets set in legislation. Values that are higher than
the target incur a charge and values that are lower than the target earn credits.
The CCS applies at the point the vehicle is entry certified. Credits earned in the
CCS are not paid out and can only be used to offset charges or transferred to
other importers.

Clean Car Standard

Written off and damaged vehicles

Damaged used imports

Your imported used vehicle may have been flagged as structurally damaged or
deteriorated when it was inspected at the border. A damage flag will be
recorded on the Motor Vehicle Register and the following windscreen sticker,
indicating where the damage is located, will have been attached to the vehicle
by the border inspector.

If your vehicle was flagged as damaged at the border, take it to an appropriate

agent to be inspected by an entry certifier prior to carrying out any repairs. The
entry certifier will determine if the damage flag should be removed or the
repairs require certification by a specialist repair certifier or a heavy vehicle
specialist certifier. If a repair certificate is required, the damage flag will not be
removed from the record on the Motor Vehicle Register.

Vehicles damaged in NZ
Before carrying out repairs, NZ damaged vehicles (whose registrations have
been cancelled due to being permanently taken off the road or written off by an
insurer) should be taken to an appropriate agent to be inspected by an entry
certifier. The entry certifier will determine if any repairs require certification by a
specialist repair certifier or a heavy vehicle specialist certifier.

Find an entry certifier

Keeping our communities safe

If your NZ registered vehicle has been assessed as structurally damaged but the
registration is not cancelled, the assessor or insurance company may notify us
with the details. We will set a ban flag that will stop a warrant of fitness (WoF) or
certificate of fitness (CoF) pass being issued to the vehicle’s record. This means
the vehicle can’t legally be used on the road until we receive appropriate
documentation from a Transport Agency approved specialist repair certifier or
heavy vehicle specialist certifier verifying the vehicle is within safe tolerance of
the manufacturer’s specifications, and the ban flag is removed.

The damaged vehicles list

Water damaged, fire damaged and written off vehicles that have not been
correctly repaired can compromise the safety of vehicle features such as safety
belt pre-tensioners, airbags and certain electrical systems.

In September 2016 we changed the requirements for the replacement of

electronic and pyrotechnic safety components in water damaged vehicles.

You can check your vehicle against this list of damaged vehicles (see
below). You’ll need to know the factory issued vehicle identification number
(VIN) or chassis number.

The vehicles listed have come to our attention for having water damage or fire
damage, or having been written off in the country of previous registration.

 This list is not comprehensive. It was originally set up to let consumers

know about imported water and fire damaged vehicles. We’ve since
added NZ water and fire damaged vehicles (including those exposed to
liquification during the Christchurch earthquakes), and vehicles which we
have been notified as having been written off overseas.
 Insurance companies in NZ do not normally provide the Transport

Agency with details of written off vehicles, but in the case of water or fire
damaged vehicles, we’ve asked to be notified.
 Importers of Australian used vehicles must provide a copy of

the Australian Personal Property Security Register (PPSR) report to

the inspecting organisation at the border. If the PPSR shows the vehicle
has been written off, then the vehicle is added to the damaged vehicles
list.
 We want owners, their families and communities to keep safe, and

will accept notifications of water and fire damaged vehicles from any
source. Email [email protected]
Many of the listed vehicles will have been restored to acceptable standards. If
your vehicle is on this list and is currently registered, then it’s been approved to
be on the road via the entry certification process.

Importing a motor vehicle

Repaired vehicles are not removed from the damaged vehicle list.

Australian PPSR reports are available from the Australian

Government.https://www.ppsr.gov.au/(external link)
*W – flood-water damaged vehicle
*F – fire damaged vehicle
*S – written off vehicles (both statutory write off and economic repairable write-
off vehicles)
*WS – written off due to flood/water damage (both statutory write off and
economic repairable write-off vehicles)
*FS – written off due to fire damage (both statutory and economic repairable
write-off vehicles)

Vehicle Make
Vehicle Make

VIN Search

Download data set as CSV

VIN/Chassis Make Model Damage

TMAHC51AVNJ023476 HYUNDAI I30 FS

KMTGC41DSPU179030 HYUNDAI Genesis FS

MPBUMFF50JX163689 FORD Ranger S

WF0NXXGCHNJA83856 FORD Focus S

SALWA2JE7FA512220 RANGE ROVER Sport S

WVGZZZC1ZMY139496 VOLKSWAGEN T-Cross S

MPBUMFF60MX332410 FORD Ranger S

MP2TFS40JNT005359 MAZDA BT-50 S

VF1VDU9V8G0736018 RENAULT Master S

MNACMFF60NW250333 FORD Ranger S

WF0AXXTTFA5B17552 FORD Transit FS

Road user charges (RUC)

Buy a road user charges (RUC) licence

Buy a road user charges (RUC) distance licence.

Pay road user charges (RUC) invoice

Order replacement RUC labels

Application to change RUC vehicle type (RUCCV)

Application to change to H RUC vehicle type (RUCCV-H)

1. Online services

Buy road user charges (RUC) licences

You'll need:

 The plate numbers of the vehicles you are buying RUC for
 A Visa or Mastercard credit/debit card or your internet banking
details (POLi).

Changed your mailing address? Update your address first so we send the RUC
labels to the right place.

Update your address online

Received a RUC invoice? Buying a new RUC licence here won't pay your
invoice.

Pay an outstanding RUC invoice

More information about RUC

By continuing with this transaction you accept our Website terms of Use

Applicant name*

Enter the name of the person who is buying the RUC

Plate number*
Enter a valid plate number

Number of units*
Continue
Each unit is 1000 kilometres (K) or 621 miles (M). The minimum number of units
you can buy is 1.

Cancel transaction

Pay road user charges (RUC) invoice

You'll need:

 your RUC invoice

 a Visa/MasterCard credit or debit card or your internet banking
details (POLi.)

You'll need to complete all of the fields below (* means this is a required field).

Where do I find my invoice details?

Plate number *

Please enter the plate number from your invoice

Invoice number *

Please enter the 9-character alphanumeric invoice number from your invoice

Customer number *

Please enter the 9-digit customer number from your invoice

Continue
Order replacement motor vehicle and RUC
labels
Before you start
If the registered person has changed their address since we last sent them
anything, they'll need to update their address before starting this transaction.
update address online here

You'll need:

 the vehicle's plate number

 a Visa/Mastercard credit or debit card or your internet banking
details (POLi),

If your original transaction, was within the last 7 days, you will not be able to
order another label at this time. Please allow 7 days for the label to arrive by
post

When will I need to pay

 If your original transaction was within the last 30 days, your replacement
label will be free of charge.

 If your original transaction was completed over 30 days ago, you'll need
to pay for the replacement labels.

By continuing with this transaction you accept our Website Terms of Use

Please read and accept the following declaration.

I am the registered person or am authorised by the registered person to

order replacement labels for the vehicle.
Continue

Order replacement motor vehicle and RUC

 the vehicle's plate number

 a Visa/Mastercard credit or debit card or your internet banking
details (POLi),

If your original transaction, was within the last 7 days, you will not be able to
order another label at this time. Please allow 7 days for the label to arrive by
post

When will I need to pay

 If your original transaction was within the last 30 days, your replacement
label will be free of charge.

 If your original transaction was completed over 30 days ago, you'll need
to pay for the replacement labels.

By continuing with this transaction you accept our Website Terms of Use

Please read and accept the following declaration.

I am the registered person or am authorised by the registered person to

order replacement labels for the vehicle.
Continue
Application to change to H RUC vehicle type (RUCCV-H)
Use this application form if you are applying to change your RUC vehicle type
to/from an H vehicle type.

See a full list of H vehicle types

To change to an H vehicle type you must have a permit issued under the Land
Transport Rule: Vehicle Dimensions and Mass.

Find out more about high productivity motor vehicles

If you regularly carry overweight loads you can apply for an H vehicle type,
enabling you to carry weights up to the maximum weight specified on your
permit at all times.

If you only operate your vehicle over it's RUC weight occasionally, or carry
varying overweight loads, you may want to purchase additional RUC licences to
cover specific journeys instead. You can do this at an agent using a Road user
charges application for additional licence form (RUCAD).

There is a fee of $13.60 (incl GST) for this application. This fee is non-refundable,
regardless of whether your application is approved or declined.

Application type
Are you applying to change back from an H vehicle type to your original RUC
type?
 No
 Yes
Vehicle details
A change to H vehicle type will include one prime mover and up to two trailers.

Prime mover
Plate number

Vehicle make and model

What is the current hubodometer reading (required)

Other vehicles to be used in combination with prime mover

Plate number

Vehicle make and model

Plate number

Vehicle make and model

Permit details
A permit is required for all H vehicle type applications.

Maximum gross mass shown on permit Note: this must be the maximum
gross weight actually shown on the permit, not just the weight you intend to carry.
Permit number

Issued by (controlling authority)

Registered person details

Last name/company name

First names
Applicant details
Last name/company name

First names

Mailing address

Phone number

Email address
Payment details
The fee for this application is $13.60 (incl GST). This fee is non-refundable,
regardless of whether your application is approved or declined. The fee contributes
to the cost of processing your application. We will not process your application
until the payment has been made.

How would you like to pay the application fee?

 Credit card
 Direct debit
We'll try to call you as soon as we receive your application, but in case that is not
possible please let us know when your preferred contact time would be. Or you can
call the RUC Assessment team on 0800 655 644 between 8am and 5pm, Monday
to Friday.

What is your preferred contact timeframe during working hours?

 Morning
 Afternoon
 Anytime
Do you require a GST receipt?
 No
 Yes
We will try to process your application on the same day that we receive it.
However please allow three working days for your application to be processed. We
will let you know via email or phone w

Driver licensing
Book a practical driver licence test

Book, change or cancel your practical driving test.

Change or cancel your practical driver licence test

Apply for a replacement driver licence card using RealMe

Update your address and contact details

Let us know if you have moved so we can update your address on the driver
licence register.

Check the status of your PVIO application

View my demerits using RealMe

Book a practical driver licence test

Wait times for driver tests have increased since we changed our fees, so it may
take longer to secure a spot. Even though our online booking system shows
dates up to a year away, you can only book 8-10 weeks in advance. Slots also
become available when someone else cancels. If you can't get one straight
away, check back on this page regularly.
If you have a booking and can't make it please cancel. Even an hour's notice will
mean someone else can use the slot.
Please make sure you prepare well for your test.

Drive-everything you need to prepare for your test

To book a practical test online, you'll need:

 your current New Zealand driver licence

Before you start, let us know your mailing address so we send your driver
licence to the right place.

Update your mailing address

Tests you can book online are:

 Restricted tests
 Full tests
 On-road safety tests.

You can also book tests for these applications online, but you'll still need to
book your theory test at a driver licensing agent:

 Overseas driver licence conversions

 Requalifications.
Driver licensing agents in your area

Changing or cancelling a test

No further fee is required when changing or cancelling your test booking.

By continuing with this transaction you accept our terms of use.

Website terms of use

Driver licensing online

If you have a RealMe verified identity, you can:

 Order a replacement driver licence if it was lost or stolen or is unreadable

 View the classes, endorsements or conditions on your driver licence
 View or update your contact details
 Check your current demerit point total.

How to apply for a RealMe verified identity

What you can't do online

If you need to do one of these things, you'll need to go to a driver licensing agent
instead:

 Change your name

 Get a photo taken for your driver licence
 Remove a correcting lenses (glasses) condition from your driver licence
 Replace a limited licence
 Get a replacement ID card for a passenger or vehicle recovery

endorsement
 Get a temporary licence.

Find a driver licensing agent

How to replace your driver licence

 Find out more about what we do with your RealMe information



Share your RealMe verified identity details with us
Prove your identity
Return to online services

Check the status of your PVIO application

Driver Licence Number (required)

Surname (required)

Toll roads
Takitimu Drive Toll Road exemption for heavy vehicles – 8 January 2024 to April 2024

A section of Moffatt Road, Tauranga will be closed for major works from 8 January to April 2024. All h
vehicles must use SH29/Takitimu Drive Toll Road instead, and will be exempt from tolls.

Moffatt Road closure

Tauranga Eastern Link Toll Road lane closure – Saturday 20 January 2024

Waka Kotahi will close the eastbound lanes (Tauranga to Paengaroa) on Tauranga Eastern Link Toll Road
Calley Homes Tauranga Half (part of the Fulton Hogan Mount Festival of Multisport) on Saturday 20 Jan
2024 between 5:30am and 1pm. Westbound lanes (Paengaroa to Tauranga) will operate as usual.

Calley Homes Tauranga Half(external link)

Buy or pay a toll(external link)

Log in to my account(external link)
Top up my account(external link)
Pay a toll payment notice(external link)
Create an account(external link)
Forgot my username(external link)

Ways to pay

Find out how to pay your toll, why you should set up an account, and what to do
if you receive a toll payment notice.

 Accounts
 Pay as you go
 What’s the best way to pay my toll?
 Toll payment and infringement notices
 Changes to stored cards in toll accounts

Toll payments and accounts

Toll road information

Find out more about how electronic tolling works, frequently asked questions
and download our forms.

 Toll price increase from 1 July

 Where the toll roads are
 How electronic tolling works
 Tolls and fees
 Tourist information
 Frequently asked questions
 Documents and forms
 Glossary
 Reports
 Toll road contacts
 Toll road terms and conditions
 Moffatt Road closure
Registered person details

Check if someone is the registered person for a vehicle

Check whether someone is the person registered in respect of a motor vehicle.

Revoke authorised access to your personal details

Let us know that you don't want authorised parties to have access to your
information.

Apply for registered person name and address

Request the name and address of a person registered in respect of a motor

vehicle.

Apply for registered person name and

address
Use this transaction to request the name and address of a person currently or
previously registered in respect of a vehicle. More information about requesting
personal information.
You'll need:
· the vehicle’s plate number and make and model
· identification (NZ driver licence, NZTA customer number or other form of
identification, which shows name and date of birth details)

Important message
The personal information we hold on the register is protected by privacy laws.
For that reason, if you need somebody's personal information from us, you must
have a very good reason for asking for it.

The law only permits the release of personal information for the following
purposes:

 enforcement of the law

 maintenance of the security of New Zealand
 collection of charges imposed or authorised by an enactment
 the administration and development of transport law and policy, and
 where the public interest outweighs the privacy of the individual
concerned.

We can't tell you if your application would be declined before you submit it, because each request
for information is different and considered on a case-by-case basis. We can tell you that your
application will most likely be declined unless you provide some exceptional evidence showing a
good reason for needing the information and it fits the legislated criteria listed above

By continuing with this transaction you accept our Website Terms of Use

Home

1. Online services
Other online services

Trader notice of acquisition (MR13C)

Motochek

Access Motor Vehicle Register information through Motocheck service.

Claim a regional fuel tax (RFT) rebate

Claim a rebate of regional fuel tax (RFT) paid on eligible fuel use.
Application for storage provider to cancel registration (MR15A)

Notifiy Waka Kotahi that the vehicle will be taken off the road permanently. When
you complete the MR15A, you’re also applying for the rebate at the same time.

Order transport service licence (TSL) labels

Order replacement or additional transport service licence (TSL) labels.

1. Online services

2. IAM

Online services access portal

If your organisation is already registered please login below.

If you've received an email with an invitation code, select the Use invitation
code button.

If your organisation isn't registered and you wish to apply, select the Request
access button.

This application doesn't support Internet Explorer 11, please use a different
browser.

Login via realme

Request access
Use invitation code
Claim a regional fuel tax (RFT) rebate
Claim a rebate for Auckland regional fuel tax

You can claim a rebate of RFT paid on eligible fuel use.

You can only submit one rebate claim per period. Make sure you include all
eligible purchases for the entire period.

The minimum claim amount is $20 (exclusing GST).

More information about Auckland regional fuel tax

Make sure you are eligible before you claim

Check if you're eligible to claim a rebate

Outside of Auckland

If you're not in Auckland you're not eligible. Search on the Waka Kotahi website
for other types of refunds you might be looking for.

Waka Kotahi website

What you'll need

Claiming as a commercial customer

Claiming as a private customer

Claiming a rebate

Each individual will need a RealMe login and user profile to submit claims for a
customer.

You can add users to a customer you already submit claims for. Make sure the
user you want to add has logged into Refunds Online and has created a user
profile first.

What is RealMe?

How to add a user

Use the latest version of Google Chrome for the best experience.
Our system will be unavailable on Fridays 9pm-4am NZST for scheduled
maintenance.

Claim a regional fuel tax (RFT) rebate

Claim a rebate for Auckland regional fuel tax

You can claim a rebate of RFT paid on eligible fuel use.

You can only submit one rebate claim per period. Make sure you include all
eligible purchases for the entire period.

The minimum claim amount is $20 (exclusing GST).

More information about Auckland regional fuel tax

Make sure you are eligible before you claim

Check if you're eligible to claim a rebate

Outside of Auckland

If you're not in Auckland you're not eligible. Search on the Waka Kotahi website
for other types of refunds you might be looking for.

Waka Kotahi website

What you'll need

Claiming as a commercial customer

Claiming as a private customer

Claiming a rebate

Each individual will need a RealMe login and user profile to submit claims for a
customer.
You can add users to a customer you already submit claims for. Make sure the
user you want to add has logged into Refunds Online and has created a user
profile first.

What is RealMe?

How to add a user

Use the latest version of Google Chrome for the best experience.

Our system will be unavailable on Fridays 9pm-4am NZST for scheduled

maintenance.

1. Online services

Transport Service Licences (TSL): order

additional or replacement TSL labels
Enter TSL details: Remember if your TSL is a rental service licence you don't require a
label.
TSL number:

Enter valid TSL number

TSL holder name

Name of the holder of the TSL

NZBN:

Quick tip: Enter the NZBN associated to the TSL holder, if applicable.
Requester name:

Quick tip: enter the name of the person completing this request.

Number of labels

Quick tip: up to 5 labels can be requested for a TSL held by an individual or up to

10 labels can be requested for a TSL held by a company

Reason for request

Email address

A receipt will be sent to the email address provided

Submit
Cancel transaction

1. Online services

Transport Service Licences (TSL): order

additional or replacement TSL labels
Enter TSL details: Remember if your TSL is a rental service licence you don't require a
label.
TSL number:

Enter valid TSL number

TSL holder name

Name of the holder of the TSL

NZBN:

Quick tip: Enter the NZBN associated to the TSL holder, if applicable.

Requester name:

Quick tip: enter the name of the person completing this request.

Number of labels

Quick tip: up to 5 labels can be requested for a TSL held by an individual or up to

10 labels can be requested for a TSL held by a company

Reason for request

Email address

A receipt will be sent to the email address provided

Submit
Cancel transaction

Roads and rail

Projects

Find out about our projects, which are aimed at improving safety, easing
congestion and contributing to New Zealand's economic wellbeing.

Toll roads

 Ways to pay
 Toll road information

Toll payments and accounts

Rail
Detail on New Zealand’s rail licensing system and how to get a licence – as well
as important rail safety information for drivers and pedestrians.

 Operating a railway
 Our role in rail safety
 Safety around railway lines
 Resources

Rapid transit

To support Auckland’s sustainable growth as a world-class city, $4 billion is

being invested over the next 10 years in rapid transit infrastructure, to deliver a
modern, integrated public transport system of light rail, heavy rail, busways,
bus priority lanes, and ferries.

 Auckland light rail

Highways Information Portal

The Highways Information Portal section is a comprehensive central hub, which

accommodates all current standards, guidelines and processes relating to the
design, assessment, operation and maintenance of state highways.

 Processes
 Technical disciplines
 Technical advice note

New Zealand guide to temporary traffic management (NZGTTM)

The New Zealand guide to temporary traffic management (NZGTTM) outlines

how to use a risk-based approach to plan and mitigate the risks to road workers
and road users to keep them safe.

 The guide
 TTM library
 About the NZGTTM
 Webinars

Road engineering

Informing the New Zealand road industry of our latest policies and positioning
in relation to design and construction best practice.

 Geometric design
 Road safety interventions
 Passing and overtaking
 Safety
 Environmental noise
 Highways information portal (HIP)
 Intelligent transport systems

Road management and maintenance

Comprehensive maintenance and management helps ensure the valuable state

highway asset delivers the most efficient and effective performance.

 Traffic management
 Highway maintenance
 Managing maintenance on state highways
 Management and delivery plans
 Land use development and the state highway network
 Providing Bailey bridges

Road composition
Find out what our roads are made of, how we maintain them, and some of the
high-tech research we put into monitoring the performance of road conditions.

 Road surfacing
 Road pavements
 Pavement condition surveys
 Monitoring pavement performance
 Maintaining good skid resistance

Asset Management Data Standard

The Asset Management Data Standard (AMDS) project is a collaboration to

improve the management of land transport infrastructure asset information
that supports best decisions about New Zealand’s land transport assets – our
roads, highways, bridges, cycleways and what sits on and under them.

 About the AMDS

 AMDS development
 AMDS implementation
 AMDS network model
 Updates and stories
 AMDS workshops and events

Bridges and structures

Crossing spectacular but challenging landscapes, New Zealand's state highway

network relies on an extensive network of bridges and structures.

 Bridge restrictions
 Providing Bailey bridges

Ramp signals
Ramp signalling is just one initiative the NZ Transport Agency has introduced to
help manage the increasing traffic volumes on Auckland's motorway network.

 General FAQs
 Priority lane FAQs
 Northern Motorway
 Southern Motorway
 North-Western Motorway
 South-Western Motorway
 SH1 Northbound at Green Lane – What happens here?
 Videos

Code of practice for temporary traffic management

Standard reference for all temporary traffic management on state highways and
local roads. It includes levels of temporary traffic management (TTM), signs and
forms used, and a series of sample traffic management plans.

 Code of practice
 Training & assessment
 Resources
 News
 About us
 TTM Review

Intelligent transport systems

Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency owns and operates a significant number of

ITS. The ITS equipment supports traffic operations and incident management.
They range from traffic signals and variable message signs, through to the
supporting ITS communication network infrastructure to transport operations
centres (TOC).
 About standards and specifications
 Framework
 Standards and specifications
 News
 Registration

Streets for People

Creating a healthier future by putting people and place at the heart of our
streets.

 Adaptive urbanism
 Streets for People 2021–2024
 Streets for People projects 2021–2024
 Innovating Streets for People 2019–2021
 Innovating Streets for People projects
 Resources

Play Streets

Guidelines for restricting traffic for play street events.

Traffic control devices manual

The Traffic control devices manual (TCD manual) provides guidance on industry
best practice, including, where necessary, practice mandated by law in relation
to the use of traffic control devices.

National parking management guidance

National Parking Management Guidance provides consistent, best-practice
support for the management of public parking throughout New Zealand. This
guidance is intended to support councils in development of parking strategies
and parking management plans.

Transport Operation Centres (TOCs)

Our Transport Operation Centres (TOCs) work behind the scenes to keep people
and freight moving.

He Tohu Huarahi Māori bilingual traffic signs programme

Alongside our partners Te Mātāwai we are working to enable the use of bilingual
traffic signs, to ensure safe and consistent use across state highways and local
roads.

Research and data

Find out why our roads are black, why our destination signs are green and
white, how we count the traffic on the state highways and more.

 State highway frequently asked questions

 Fascinating facts
 Traffic and travel information list
 Research on international visitor experiences of our transport system

Urban design guidance

Explore our urban design guidance.

 Aotearoa urban street planning and design guide

 People, Places and Movement – an integrated public transport and
urban form design guide (draft)
 Bridging the gap: NZ Transport Agency urban design guidelines

Roads and rail

Projects

Find out about our projects, which are aimed at improving safety, easing
congestion and contributing to New Zealand's economic wellbeing.

Toll roads

 Ways to pay
 Toll road information
Toll payments and accounts

Rail

Detail on New Zealand’s rail licensing system and how to get a licence – as well
as important rail safety information for drivers and pedestrians.

 Operating a railway
 Our role in rail safety
 Safety around railway lines
 Resources

Rapid transit

To support Auckland’s sustainable growth as a world-class city, $4 billion is

being invested over the next 10 years in rapid transit infrastructure, to deliver a
modern, integrated public transport system of light rail, heavy rail, busways,
bus priority lanes, and ferries.

 Auckland light rail

Highways Information Portal

The Highways Information Portal section is a comprehensive central hub, which

accommodates all current standards, guidelines and processes relating to the
design, assessment, operation and maintenance of state highways.

 Processes
 Technical disciplines
 Technical advice note

New Zealand guide to temporary traffic management (NZGTTM)

The New Zealand guide to temporary traffic management (NZGTTM) outlines

how to use a risk-based approach to plan and mitigate the risks to road workers
and road users to keep them safe.

 The guide
 TTM library
 About the NZGTTM
 Webinars

Road engineering

Informing the New Zealand road industry of our latest policies and positioning
in relation to design and construction best practice.

 Geometric design
 Road safety interventions
 Passing and overtaking
 Safety
 Environmental noise
 Highways information portal (HIP)
 Intelligent transport systems

Road management and maintenance

Comprehensive maintenance and management helps ensure the valuable state

highway asset delivers the most efficient and effective performance.
 Traffic management
 Highway maintenance
 Managing maintenance on state highways
 Management and delivery plans
 Land use development and the state highway network
 Providing Bailey bridges

Road composition

Find out what our roads are made of, how we maintain them, and some of the
high-tech research we put into monitoring the performance of road conditions.

 Road surfacing
 Road pavements
 Pavement condition surveys
 Monitoring pavement performance
 Maintaining good skid resistance

Asset Management Data Standard

The Asset Management Data Standard (AMDS) project is a collaboration to

 About the AMDS

 AMDS development
 AMDS implementation
 AMDS network model
 Updates and stories
 AMDS workshops and events
Bridges and structures

Crossing spectacular but challenging landscapes, New Zealand's state highway

network relies on an extensive network of bridges and structures.

 Bridge restrictions
 Providing Bailey bridges

Ramp signals

Ramp signalling is just one initiative the NZ Transport Agency has introduced to
help manage the increasing traffic volumes on Auckland's motorway network.

Code of practice for temporary traffic management

 Code of practice
 Training & assessment
 Resources
 News
 About us
 TTM Review

Intelligent transport systems

Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency owns and operates a significant number of

 About standards and specifications

 Framework
 Standards and specifications
 News
 Registration

Streets for People

Creating a healthier future by putting people and place at the heart of our
streets.

Play Streets
Guidelines for restricting traffic for play street events.

Traffic control devices manual

The Traffic control devices manual (TCD manual) provides guidance on industry
best practice, including, where necessary, practice mandated by law in relation
to the use of traffic control devices.

National parking management guidance

National Parking Management Guidance provides consistent, best-practice

support for the management of public parking throughout New Zealand. This
guidance is intended to support councils in development of parking strategies
and parking management plans.

Transport Operation Centres (TOCs)

Our Transport Operation Centres (TOCs) work behind the scenes to keep people
and freight moving.

He Tohu Huarahi Māori bilingual traffic signs programme

Alongside our partners Te Mātāwai we are working to enable the use of bilingual
traffic signs, to ensure safe and consistent use across state highways and local
roads.

Research and data

Find out why our roads are black, why our destination signs are green and
white, how we count the traffic on the state highways and more.
 State highway frequently asked questions
 Fascinating facts
 Traffic and travel information list
 Research on international visitor experiences of our transport system

Urban design guidance

Explore our urban design guidance.

 Aotearoa urban street planning and design guide

 People, Places and Movement – an integrated public transport and
urban form design guide (draft)
 Bridging the gap: NZ Transport Agency urban design guidelines

Licences by vehicle type

Cars

 Learner licence
 Restricted licence
 Full licence
 Advanced driving course
 Who can be a supervisor

Motorcycles

 Learner licence
 Restricted licence
 Full licence
 Basic handling skills test (BHST)
 Competency-based training and assessment (CBTA)
 Learner approved motorcycle scheme (LAMS)

Heavy vehicles

 Learner licence
 Full licence
 Approved course
 Accelerated heavy licence class course

Buses and taxis

If you drive a bus, taxi, shuttle or any kind of passenger service vehicle, there are
things you must do. This page contains information about when a passenger
endorsement might be required and information about carrying passengers.

Forklifts, bulldozers, trams & other special vehicles

Special-type vehicles, load pilots, traction engines, trams and trolley buses.

Driving instructors and testing officers

Information for people teaching others to drive and conducting practical driving
tests.

Tow trucks

What you need to know about towing other vehicles, and when a vehicle
recovery endorsement is required.
Transporting dangerous or hazardous goods

An overview of dangerous goods and what you need to do to be able to carry

them.

 Dangerous goods carried by transport operators

 Dangerous goods transported as tools-of-trade
 Transporting dangerous goods for domestic or recreational use
 Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods 2005
 Schedule 1 of the Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods 2005

Agricultural motor vehicles and agricultural tractors

Agricultural vehicle information, and the class of driver licence you need to drive
one.

New Zealand driver licence classes: what you can drive

This page tells you what you can drive with each New Zealand driver licence
class.

rmMeaningDriver licence agent

For many driver licensing services, you’ll need to visit a driver licensing agent.

Find a driver licensing agent in your area

Our agents are selected branches of:

 The Automobile Association (AA) aa.co.nz(external link)

 Vehicle Testing New Zealand (VTNZ) vtnz.co.nz(external link)
Evasive actionAny change of course or speed (including swerving, stopping,
slowing or accelerating) by another road user to avoid a potential collision with
the applicant’s vehicle.Gross combined weight (GCW)The sum of the GLW of
the vehicles that make up a combination vehicle.Gross laden weight (GLW)
The heaviest of:

 any weight specified as a vehicle’s GLW by the vehicle’s manufacturer

 any weight specified as the GLW of a particular vehicle, or a vehicle of its
kind, by Waka Kotahi
 the weight of a vehicle together with any load it’s carrying, including any
equipment and accessories.
Head checkThe driver looks back over their left or right shoulder through the
vehicle’s side windows, not the rear window, to check for other road users in
blind spots that can’t be seen in the mirrors. LAMS-compliant
A motorcycle approved as part of the learner approved motorcycle scheme
(LAMS).

Learner approved motorcycle scheme (LAMS)

LaneA part of the road used by a single line of traffic. The left and right
boundaries of the lane may be shown by lane lines, centre line or edge line, or
by the kerb, the edge of the sealed road surface or the centre of the
road. Merging
1. A single vehicle joining a traffic stream, for example, when a vehicle pulls
out from the kerb.
2. 2 or more traffic streams joining to become one stream, for example,
when 2 lanes join to become a single lane.
On-road weight The total weight of the vehicle and load at any
time.Pedestrian crossingA part of the road painted with parallel white stripes
and indicated by a pedestrian crossing sign, with or without flashing yellow
lights.Road userThe driver or rider of a motor vehicle or the rider of a bicycle or
a pedestrian.Special-type vehiclesForklifts or vehicles that run on rollers or
self-laying tracks. It also includes motor vehicles that run on wheels but aren’t
passenger vehicles, trade vehicles, tractors, fire engines or vehicle recovery
vehicles.Supervisor
When you drive on your learner licence, you must always drive with a
supervisor.

They must:

 hold a current and valid full New Zealand licence for the same class of
vehicle you’re learning to drive, and
 not have a supervisor condition on their New Zealand licence, and
 have held their New Zealand full licence for at least 2 years, or an
equivalent overseas licence for at least 2 years
 always sit in the passenger seat next to you when you’re driving
 carry their driver licence with them.
Traffic
Includes not only motor vehicles but also bicycles and pedestrians.
Trailer
Includes caravans, and boat and horse trailers.

Theory test questions

In a theory test you'll be asked two types of questions:

 general questions, AND

 specialist questions for the type of licence you're applying for.
To help you learn the road rules, this section includes most of the test questions
you might be asked.

You can use these questions to test yourself, or have a friend or family member
test you.

The questions you'll be asked are all taken from the road code, so you'll need to
have a thorough understanding and knowledge of the entire road code.

Make sure you can answer all the general questions as well as the specialist
questions for the type of vehicle licence you're applying for (car, motorcycle or
heavy vehicle).

Note: the test questions may be updated at any time. New test questions will be
based on information in the current Road code updates

Our Drive website can also help you practice, and has games and quizzes to help
you remember the road code.

Drive website(external link)

General questions

This section includes most of the general test questions you might be asked in
the theory test, and most of the specialist questions you could be asked if you’re
going for your class 1 learner licence.
 Core questions
 Parking questions
 Emergency questions
 Signs and markings questions
 Road position questions
 Behaviour questions
 Intersection questions

Specialist questions for car drivers

Specialist questions for heavy vehicle drivers

 Class 2 - dimensions
 Class 2 - load security
 Class 2 - work time
 Class 2 - weight
 Class 2 - speed
 Class 2 - documents
 Class 2 - lighting
 Class 3 & 5 - dimensions
 Class 3 & 5 - documents
 Class 3 & 5 - speed
 Class 3 & 5 - lighting
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2. Road code
3. General road code

4. About your car

Car requirements
Find out what your motor vehicle must have before you can drive or park on the
road.

Warrant of fitness (WoF)

Privately operated cars, utes, vans and 4-wheel drives must have a current WoF.
Commercial vehicles and heavy vehicles must have a current certificate of
fitness (CoF).

A current WoF shows the vehicle has been inspected by an approved WoF
inspector and was roadworthy at the time of the last WoF inspection.

The WoF label must be attached to the inside of the windscreen, on the same
side as the steering wheel, and must be clearly visible from outside the vehicle.
A good position is the top corner of the windscreen.

As well as a current WoF or CoF, your vehicle must display:

 a current licence label

 a road user charges (RUC) licence if needed
 number plate on the front and back that can be seen clearly.
Important!
You must keep your vehicle up to WoF standard at all times.

You can be fined if you drive any vehicle that isn’t up to WoF standard on a road. A police officer
can stop you for a roadside vehicle check at any time.

Features your car must have

To meet the WoF standard, your car must be in good condition, for example, no
rust around safety areas, and it must have the following equipment in good
working order:

A. A number plate light at the back.

B. 2 red reflectors at the back.

C. 2 red position lights at the back.

D. One or 2 red high-mounted stop lights at the back.

E. 2 or 4 stop lights at the back.

F. A working horn.

G. A windscreen that meets safety standards and is clean.

H. One or more working windscreen wipers.

I. A current WoF.

J. A good sun visor.

K. Safe steering.
L. A rear-view mirror that gives a clear view behind.

M. Working seatbelts.

N. A good silencer and exhaust system.

O. Flashing direction indicator lights at the back.

P. Mudguards.

Q. Doors that open and close safely.

R. Good footbrake and handbrake.

S. Safe tyres – the tread depth must be at least 1.5 millimetres right around the
tyre. If your car is fitted with winter tyres, these must be fitted to all 4 road
wheels and have a tread depth of at least 4 millimetres right around the tyre.

T. Flashing direction indicator lights at the front.

U. A working speedometer.

V. 2 white or amber position lights at the front.

W. 2 good headlights that can be dipped when another vehicle comes towards
you.

Note: this checklist is a guide only. When inspecting your vehicle, the inspector
will use the criteria in the Vehicle inspection requirements manual.

Vehicle inspection requirements manual(external link)

Seatbelts
Approved seatbelts must be fitted in all light passenger vehicles – cars, vans,
utes and 4-wheel drives.

Seatbelts must be in good condition, so you should have seatbelts checked

immediately if:

 the buckles aren’t working properly

 the belt is damaged or faded
 the belt starts to fray.

They may need replacing.

Legal requirements for seatbelts have changed over the years and are different
depending on the age of the vehicle. The type of belt has also changed from
static belts to retractor belts.

Three-point lap and diagonal belts must be fitted in the outer seating positions,
including the driver’s seat, in most cars, vans, utes and 4-wheel drives. 2-point,
or lap belts, are legally allowed in centre seating positions, but 3-point belts
provide better safety.

You must wear your seatbelt when driving. Children must also be belted-in,
using approved child restraints.

Seatbelts and child restraints

Important!
Before making modifications, including the fitting of extra lights to your vehicle, check with an
approved WoF inspector that the modifications are legal.

Light trailer requirements

If you tow a light trailer (up to 3500kg when loaded), it must be licensed (rego)
and have a WoF. To meet the WoF standard your trailer must be in good
condition (no rust around safety areas) and it must have the following
equipment in good working order:

Features your light trailer must have

A. A safe and strong coupling and a safety chain or cable.

B. A draw bar with no damage or corrosion.

C. If the trailer or its load is more than 2 metres wide, it must have 2 white lights
at the front to show how wide it is.

D. Safe tyres – the tread depth must be at least 1.5 millimetres around the tyre.

E. Mudguards.
Depending on the year of registration, your trailer will also need the following
features:

F. One or 2 red tail lights to show the width.

G. 2 red stop lights at the back, if the driver’s signals can’t be seen.

H. Direction indicators at the back.

I. A current trailer WoF issued by a WoF inspector.

J. A number plate light at the back.

K. A current licence label (rego) needs to be positioned close to the number

plate.

L. 2 red reflectors at the back (one on each side).

Loading your trailer safely
To ensure the stability of the vehicle and trailer combination when towing, the
trailer should exert a downwards force on the towing vehicle’s towbar equal to
about 10 percent of the weight of the trailer plus its load.

The load on the trailer must not extend more than 4 metres behind the rear axle.

The load on the trailer must not extend more than 1.275 metres on either side
from the centre of the trailer.
If the load extends more than 1 metre behind the trailer, you must tie on a white
or red flag, or an orange or yellow fluorescent flag during daylight. At night the
flag must be replaced by lights. The flag must be at least 40 centimetres by 30
centimetres in size. The load must be tied on firmly and must not touch the
ground.

Motorhomes, caravans, light trailers

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4. About your car

Safe loading and towing for light vehicles

Things you need to know about towing
Towing a trailer changes how your vehicle handles on the road. A heavy load
means your car will take longer to speed up and slow down. If your trailer is
overloaded or incorrectly loaded, it can be dangerous and unpredictable. If
you’re going to tow anything with your vehicle, make sure you have a good
understanding of the basics of towing a trailer safely.

Guide to safe loading and towing for light vehicles

Connections
 The towing connection and safety chain or cable that holds the trailer or

vehicle must be secured, safe and strong.

 Make sure the towball and coupling match in size. There are 2 sizes in

Aotearoa - the standard 1 7/8” ball (47.55mm), and the 50mm ball. Using
different sizes may cause the trailer to disconnect from the car.
Loads
 Be aware that overloading and uneven loading of car trailers can

seriously affect a car’s handling.

 When driving a light vehicle, you must not tow more than one trailer or

vehicle at a time.
Lights
 At night, the back of the trailer/towed vehicle must show a red light.
Speed
 The maximum legal speed for a light vehicle towing a trailer on the open
road is 90km/h.
Awareness
 You must be able to see behind the towed trailer or vehicle. If you can’t

see behind with your rear-view mirrors, you may need to fit a special
mirror.
 Leave more space than usual between your vehicle and the vehicle

in front, so that others can pass you.

 The added weight behind you means you’ll need more space to stop.
 Increase your following distance from 2 seconds to 4 seconds.
 You’ll be slower and less stable than other traffic when towing. Check

behind often to see if other vehicles are held up behind you.

 If the road is winding or narrow and vehicles can’t pass you, stop at a safe

place and let them pass.

Important!
If you’re towing a trailer or another vehicle, check your rear-view mirror often to make sure you
aren’t holding up vehicles behind you.

Weight limit
On a class 1 learner or restricted car licence you can tow a trailer but the
combined weight of your vehicle, the trailer and its load must not be more than
4500kg.

On a full licence the combined weight of your vehicle, the trailer and its load
must not be more than 6000kg.

Carrying a load on your car

 Don’t overload your roof rack.
 Your load must not extend more than 3 metres forward of the front edge

of the front seat or 4 metres behind the rear axle.

 Your load must not extend more than 1.275 metres on either side from

the centre of the vehicle.

Note: if a load extends more than 1 metre beyond the back of your vehicle, you
must tie on a white flag, or a red, orange or yellow fluorescent flag during the
day. At night the flag needs to be replaced with lights. The flag must be at least
40 centimetres by 30 centimetres in size. The load must be tied on firmly and
must not touch the ground.

There must be no more than 4 metres between your vehicle and the trailer or
vehicle it’s towing.

About your car

 Car requirements
 Safe loading and towing for light vehicles
 Light trailer requirements
 It isn’t only cars and other motor vehicles that use our roads – there are
many other kinds of road users, including pedestrians, cyclists and horse
riders.

 Sharing the road with pedestrians



 Please look out for pedestrians whenever you’re behind the wheel.



 Sharing the road with cyclists



 Stay alert for cyclists on the road and drive carefully when near them.



 Sharing the road with trucks and buses



 Drivers of buses and trucks often have large blind spots behind and at the
side of their vehicle. Stay far enough back so you can be seen in their side
mirrors. If you can see their mirrors, they can see you.



 Sharing the road with tractors


 Sometimes you'll see tractors and other farm or construction machinery on
the road. Because they're large and usually travel slower than other vehicles,
you need to be especially careful when driving near them.



 Sharing the road with overdimension vehicles



 Sometimes you’ll see overdimension vehicles, such as vehicles carrying

buildings, on the road. Because of their size, and because they travel slower
than other vehicles, you need to be careful when driving near them.



 Sharing the road with motorcyclists



 Motorcyclists are highly mobile but hard to see and therefore more
vulnerable.



 Sharing the road with horse riders



 Please be polite when sharing the road with horse traffic. Horses can take
fright easily, so adjust your driving as soon as you see horses on the road
ahead of you.

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5. Sharing the road

Sharing the road with pedestrians

On average, 36 pedestrians are killed and 1000 pedestrians are injured on New
Zealand roads every year.

Many of these deaths and injuries could be prevented if drivers took more care
when using our roads. Please look out for pedestrians whenever you’re behind
the wheel.

Pedestrian safety for drivers

 Always be ready to stop near schools, bus stops and pedestrian crossings.
 Be careful when driving past parked vehicles. Pedestrians may walk out

without warning.
 Slow down to 20km/h when passing or coming towards a school bus

that’s stopped to let children on or off, no matter which side of the road
you’re on.
 Watch out for elderly people or people with disabilities.
 Take care near roadside stalls and parked vendors. Pedestrians visiting

these may forget to watch for traffic when crossing the road.
Pedestrian crossings
A pedestrian crossing is an area of road that has white stripes marked across it.
It’s used by pedestrians and people using mobility devices, such as motorised
wheelchairs, as well as skateboards and foot-propelled scooters.

Some crossings have raised islands in the middle where pedestrians can stop.
These help pedestrians cross wide, 2-way roads or multi-lane roads.

As you drive towards a pedestrian crossing, you’ll see pedestrian crossing signs
before the crossing and black and white poles at the crossing. The poles have
fluorescent orange disks or round yellow lights that flash at night. White
diamonds are generally painted on the road before the crossing and a white
limit line shows you where to stop.

When coming up to pedestrian crossings:

 slow down and be ready to stop for any pedestrians on or stepping onto
the crossing – this also includes people obviously waiting to use the
crossing
 if there's no raised traffic island in the middle of the crossing, stop and
give way to pedestrians on any part of the crossing
 wait until the pedestrian has crossed in front of you and is clear of your
vehicle before you proceed.
If you’re in a queue of traffic near a pedestrian crossing, don’t move onto the
crossing if there isn’t enough room for your vehicle on the other side of the
crossing.

Pedestrian crossing
Pedestrian crossing with raised island
If there's a raised traffic island in the middle of the crossing, stop and give way
to pedestrians on your half of the road

Important!
Never overtake a vehicle that's slowing down for a pedestrian crossing.

Courtesy crossings
Although not official pedestrian crossings, courtesy crossings provide a safe
place for people to cross. You should be courteous to people using a courtesy
crossing.
Shared zone
This is a road designed to slow traffic and give priority to pedestrians. Drivers
give way to pedestrians who, in turn, should not hold up traffic.

School crossing
School crossings, also known as kea crossings, provide a safe place for children
to cross the road. They generally only operate before and after school.

When school crossings are operating, a fluorescent orange children sign will be
displayed, along with a school patrol stop sign, which swings out into the road.

When the school patrol stop sign is out, vehicles coming from both directions
must stop until all signs have been pulled in.

Things to know about children

 Children aren't little adults, so don’t expect them to act like adults.
 Children, especially those under the age of 9, may not have the skills and
abilities needed to be safe in traffic. Be very careful when driving near
them.
 Young children have narrow vision and may not see vehicles as easily as

adults do.
 Children have trouble judging the speed of moving vehicles. They may let

a slow vehicle pass and try to cross in front of a fast one.

vehicles. This also means they can’t be seen easily by drivers.

 Children may have trouble stopping at a kerb and could dart out into

traffic.
 Children can freeze when they find themselves in danger, instead of

taking quick action as an adult might.

Keep a lookout for children at all times. Take special care when driving during
8–9am and 3–4pm, when children are travelling to and from school.

Blind and vision-impaired pedestrians

People who are blind or vision-impaired often use aids such as a white cane or a
guide dog. When you see people with these aids trying to cross the road, take
extra care and let them cross in their own time.

When entering and leaving driveways

When you drive across a footpath, such as going in and out of a driveway or
supermarket carpark, you must give way to people using the footpath.

When leaving a driveway you must give way to vehicles using the road.

Sharing the road with cyclists

Cyclists can be quite vulnerable on the road as they’re hard to see and not as
protected as other road users. Stay alert for cyclists on the road and drive
carefully when near them.

Safe driving around cyclists

 Hazards like parked cars, potholes, glass, litter, strong wind and opening

car doors may cause cyclists to veer off-line and move into your path.
Give cyclists plenty of room when passing them – allow at least 1.5 metres
between you and the cyclist if you can.
 Wait for a clear space before passing a cyclist on a narrow road.
 At intersections, apply the same rules to cyclists that you would to any
other vehicle on the road. Take care to indicate turns.
 If you're crossing a cycle lane, give way to cyclists before you cross.
 Take extra care around young cyclists.
 You must not drive in or cross a cycle lane except for a maximum of 50

metres when entering or leaving side roads, driveways or parking spaces.

 You must not stop, stand or park in a cycle lane.

Cyclists may use hand signals to indicate their intentions

Common causes of cycle collisions
Take extra care when you are carrying out the following actions.

Moving through or turning at intersections

Cyclists can be hard to see on the road. Always check carefully for cyclists before
turning at, or moving through, an intersection. If you’re following a cyclist and
want to turn left, wait until the cyclist has passed the intersection. At busy
intersections cyclists may choose to turn right using a hook turn. This means
they'll go straight ahead in the left lane and stop on the left side of the road to
wait for a gap in the traffic or for the traffic signals to change.

Opening a car door

You can injure a cyclist if you open your door into their path. Always check
carefully for cyclists before you open your door. Open the door with your left
hand – this will turn your shoulders and increase your chances of seeing an
approaching cyclist.

Reversing or moving out of driveways or parking spaces

Always check the road carefully for cyclists before reversing or moving out of a
driveway or parking space.

When leaving a driveway or parking space, you must give way to other vehicles
using the road.

Passing groups of cyclists

Allow them plenty of room and don’t drive too close.

Things to know about cyclists

 Cycles are small and can be hard to see, especially at night. Don’t just

look for car-sized vehicles.

 Cyclists can feel threatened by inconsiderate driving. They have a right to

space on the road and need room at intersections and roundabouts.

 Cyclists may ride away from the kerb or occupy a lane – not to annoy

drivers, but to:

o avoid drains, potholes or roadside rubbish
o be seen as they come up to intersections with side roads
o discourage drivers from squeezing past where it’s too dangerous,

such as a narrow road.

 Cyclists turning right are exposed. They need extra care from drivers,

especially on multi-laned roads with fast-moving traffic.

 Cyclists can be forced into faster traffic by vehicles that are parked where

they shouldn’t be, such as:

o in cycle lanes
o on broken yellow lines
o near intersections.
 Cyclists are dazzled by headlights on full beam, just like other road users

– remember to dip your lights for cyclists too.

 Cyclists can travel quickly and are capable of speeds of 40km/h or more.
 Cyclists have a right to use the roads and to travel safely and enjoyably.

Please understand and respect their needs.

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4. About other road users

5. Sharing the road

Sharing the road with trucks and buses

Following trucks and buses
 Remember the 2-second rule - following too closely will make it hard for

you to see ahead, give you less time to stop and may put you in the truck
or bus driver’s blind spots.
 In wet weather, increase your following distance to 4 seconds. This will

keep you away from any water spraying from the wheels and give you
more time to stop.
 Drivers of buses and trucks often have large blind spots behind and at the

side of their vehicle. Stay far enough back so you can be seen in their side
mirrors. If you can see their mirrors, they can see you.
Truck drivers’ blind spots
Overtaking trucks and buses
It takes several seconds longer to pass a truck or bus than it does to pass a car.
Make sure you have plenty of clear road ahead to safely pass without going over
the speed limit.

Passing

Important!
If you can’t see the truck or bus driver in their side mirror, they can’t see you.

Oncoming trucks and buses

Trucks and other large vehicles take up more room on the road. They may not
always stay entirely in their own lane around bends and intersections.
When driving past a truck or bus travelling in the opposite direction, keep firm
control of the steering in case of any air turbulence.

Sharing the road with tractors

Sometimes you'll see tractors and other farm or construction machinery on the
road. Because they're large and usually travel slower than other vehicles, you
need to be especially careful when driving near them.

 Begin to slow down as soon as you see a tractor ahead of you and watch
out for any warning beacons.
 Be patient – a few minutes of travelling at a slow speed is better than
risking a crash.
 Be careful when passing and only pass when it's safe and legal to do so
Passing
 Tractors often have wide or long loads, which can make passing more
difficult.
 Be careful around tractors that have just stopped, as they may be about
to turn.
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 General road code

 About signs

Vehicle mounted signs

Oversize vehicles or vehicles carrying very large loads must have special signs
on them. They may also have pilot vehicles to warn other road users to take
care.

If you see one of these signs or pilot vehicles when you’re driving, you should
slow down. If the oversize vehicle or load is coming towards you, you may need
to pull over and stop to let it pass. Look for instructions from the pilot vehicle
driver who may be holding a stop/slow paddle, a red traffic baton, or a red flag.
Oversize sign
The sign will be on the oversize vehicle. If you see this sign when driving, drive
carefully until the vehicle has passed. The vehicle may be very big, so give it
plenty of space on the road.

Pilot vehicles
When a vehicle is carrying a large load, it may be accompanied by a pilot vehicle,
with flashing orange roof lights and a sign on the roof, to warn other road users.

Very large loads

If a vehicle’s load is very large, 2 pilot vehicles will travel ahead of it.

The first pilot vehicle will have flashing orange and purple roof lights and a roof-
top sign that says Danger slow down.

If the pilot vehicle is in front of the load, the sign will say either Long load
follows or Wide load follows.

If the pilot vehicle is behind the load, the sign will say either Long load
ahead or Wide load ahead.
The second pilot vehicle will have flashing orange roof lights and a roof-top sign
that says Wide load follows.

Important!
If you see an oversize sign or a pilot vehicle with flashing lights, slow down and be prepared to
pull over and stop. Look for any instructions from the pilot vehicle driver.

Sharing the road with motorcyclists

Motorcyclists are highly mobile but hard to see and therefore more vulnerable.
It's important to:

 check your mirrors and blind spots before turning

 look behind you before opening your door or changing lanes
 be aware that most motorcycle indicators don’t automatically turn off –

don’t be fooled by an indicator that stays on

 acknowledge motorcyclists always need a whole lane. A motorcyclist may

suddenly swerve or slow to avoid road hazards.

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5. Sharing the road

Sharing the road with horse riders

Please be polite when sharing the road with horse traffic. Horses can take fright
easily, so adjust your driving as soon as you see horses on the road ahead of
you.

Safe driving near horses

 Slow down and pass carefully, giving the horse and rider plenty of room.
 Don’t sound your horn, rev your engine or pass at speed.
 If the horse and rider are on a bridge or narrow road, be very careful –

slow down or stop.

 If the horse appears frightened, stop.
 At night, dip your headlights when approaching a horse.
 Avoid passing another vehicle near a horse.

Important!
Be careful around horse traffic. If you're not, you could be charged with careless or dangerous
driving.

Speed limits
Too much speed is one of the biggest killers on our roads. People die every year
in Aotearoa in speed-related crashes.

Remember, the faster you go, the more likely you are to be killed or seriously
injured if you crash.

Safe speed guidelines

You can drive at any speed under or equal to the limit, provided:

 your speed is safe for the traffic conditions – slow down if you’re on a
busy road, or if there are pedestrians or cyclists around
 your speed is safe for the road conditions – slow down if the road is
winding, bumpy, narrow, wet or icy
 your speed is safe for the weather conditions – slow down if it’s raining,
windy or foggy
 you can stop suddenly behind a vehicle that you’re following – if a vehicle
ahead of you stops suddenly and you run into the back of it, you’ll be
legally responsible
 you can stop in half the length of clear road you can see in front of you on
a road with no centre line or lanes – a narrow country road where vehicles
may meet head-on
 you can stop in the length of clear lane you can see in front of you on a
road with a centre line or lanes.
Important!
Speed limit changes take effect at the sign post. Before reaching the speed limit sign, make sure
you:

 reduce your speed, if the sign indicates a lower speed

 don’t increase your speed until you pass the sign, if the sign indicates a higher speed.

Slow drivers
If you’re travelling slower than the speed limit and there are vehicles following
you, you must:

 keep as close to the left side of the road as possible

 pull over as soon as it’s safe to let following vehicles pass.

Don’t speed up on straight stretches of road to prevent vehicles from passing

you.
Compulsory speed signs
A speed limit is the maximum legal speed you can travel on the road in good
conditions. Signs showing the speed limit are displayed beside the road. These
signs usually have a red border, which means the sign is compulsory.

You may drive slower than the speed limit shown, but you must be considerate
towards any vehicles behind you.
You must drive slower than the limit if:

 conditions make the speed limit shown unsafe, or

 you’re driving a vehicle that requires you to drive at a lower speed, such
as heavy vehicles.
Some examples of speed signs.

The maximum speed you

can travel is 50km/h

The maximum speed you

can travel is 70km/h

A temporary speed limit

of 30 km/h applies

Temporary speed-limit signs are usually put up when there’s work being done
on or near the road.
Open road speed limits
These signs mean the maximum speed that you can travel at is 100km/h.

When following other vehicles, remember that some vehicles have lower speed
limits and you may have to adjust your speed.

The vehicles listed in the table below have a lower maximum speed limit than
light vehicles.

Vehicle type Maximum open road

speed limit

Heavy vehicles – vehicles with a gross vehicle mass of over 3500kg, and heavy 90km/h
motor vehicles towing trailers

Light vehicles towing trailers 90km/h

School buses with a gross vehicle mass over 2000kg 80km/h

Any vehicle using a tow rope or other non-rigid connection to tow another 50km/h
vehicle, other than a motorcycle or ATV

Heavy vehicles constructed without springs, or other forms of suspension, 45km/h

between its road wheels and its chassis
Vehicle type Maximum open road
speed limit

Any vehicle towing a mechanically disabled motorcycle or ATV 30km/h

School speed limits

Active school speed limit signs are turned on before and after school, and at
other times there’s activity associated with the school.

The sign on the left indicates the start of the school speed limit. If either 30 or 40
km/h is visible the red ring will flash, indicating the maximum speed past the
school until the school speed limit ends.

The sign on the right will be on the side road.

Other signs that mean you must adjust your speed

Crash, fire or other emergency sign
These signs mean that you’re coming up to a crash, breakdown, fire or other
emergency. Slow down and drive at 20km/h or less until you’ve passed the
emergency site.
Important!
If a driver exceeds a permanent posted speed limit by more than 40km/h, there's an automatic 28-
day licence suspension. If a driver exceeds a temporary speed limit by more than 50km/h, there's
an automatic 28-day licence suspension.

School bus signs

These signs are displayed on school buses. If a school bus has stopped, you
must slow down and drive at 20km/h or less. This applies if:

 the lights are flashing on the school bus sign, or

 the bus has stopped to pick up or drop off school children, even if the
lights aren’t flashing.
No matter which way you’re coming from, you must drive under 20km/h until
you’re well past the bus.
Curve warning signs
These signs warn you that you’re coming up to a tight curve or bend in the road.
The number recommends a safe and comfortable speed to drive around the
curve – in this example the recommended speed in good driving conditions is
35km/h. The arrows show which direction the curve goes.

Variable speed limit signs

Variable speed signs are used to manage traffic congestion and you need to
adjust your speed to the speed shown.
Beach and river variable speed limit signs
These speed limit signs can be used at beaches or rivers. If pedestrians are
present, the speed limit is 30km/h. If there are no pedestrians, the speed limit is
60km/h.

Alcohol and drugs limits

Alcohol and drugs, including some drugs given to you by a doctor, can seriously
affect your driving. They can slow your reaction times and affect your senses.

You risk causing death and serious injury to yourself and other people if you
drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

Legal alcohol limits for driving

The law says you must not drive if the amount of alcohol in your blood or breath
exceeds certain age-related limits.

Under 20
There’s a zero alcohol limit if you’re under 20. That means if you drive after
consuming even one drink you can be charged with drink-driving.

 If you have an alcohol level of less than 150 micrograms per litre of
breath, or less than 30 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood, you could
be fined and given 50 demerit points.
 If your alcohol level is higher, you could be disqualified from driving,
given 50 demerit points and either fined or imprisoned.
Twenty or over
You must not drive if you have more than 250 micrograms of alcohol per litre of
breath, or more than 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood.

either fined or imprisoned.

It’s hard to say how many alcoholic drinks you can have before you reach these
limits. It depends on many things, including:

 your gender
 your size
 how much food you’ve eaten.

Because even small amounts of alcohol can affect your driving, the best advice
is: if you drink at all, don’t drive.

Drugs and driving

The law also says you must not drive if you’ve taken any type of drug that may
affect your driving ability. If you’re prescribed drugs by a doctor, always ask if
they will have any effect on your driving.

Testing for alcohol and drugs

You can be stopped by the police and tested at any time for alcohol and drugs.
The police can use these tests to see if you’ve been drinking or taking drugs. In
2023, random saliva based roadside testing for driving under the influence of
drugs will be introduced.

Passive breath test

The police officer will ask you to talk into a hand-held device in front of your
mouth. This will show if you’ve recently drunk any alcohol. If any alcohol is
detected, a breath screening test will be required.

Breath screening test

The police officer will give you a small electronic device, and ask you to blow
into it. If your alcohol level is high, you’ll be asked to take an evidential breath
test or have a blood test.

Evidential breath test

This is an electronic device you blow into, which gives a reading that can be
used in court as evidence of your breath–alcohol concentration.
Blood test
If you have a blood test, a medical doctor or other approved person will take a
sample of your blood to be tested for alcohol or drugs.

Compulsory impairment test

This includes an eye assessment, a walk and turn, and a one leg stand
assessment.

If you fail you may be forbidden to drive and required to have a blood test.

Alcohol and drug limits

Driver fatigue
Many fatal crashes are caused by people driving when they’re tired. If you feel
tired, don’t drive. Don’t risk your life or the lives of others.

Recognise the warning signs

Signs of fatigue are:

 having trouble focusing, keeping your eyes open or holding your head up
 daydreaming, wandering or disconnected thoughts, memory loss
 yawning or rubbing your eyes repeatedly
 drifting from your lane, tailgating and missing signs or exits
 feeling restless and irritable.

Tips to help you avoid driver fatigue

 Get a good night’s sleep before driving, preferably 8 hours.
 Avoid driving during the hours when you’re normally sleeping.
 If you normally have a mid-afternoon nap, avoid driving at this time.
 Make sure that after sleep, you’re fully awake before driving.
 Don’t drink even small amounts of alcohol. It makes fatigue much worse.
 When taking long trips, include rest breaks in your journey plan.
 Share the driving if possible.
 Snack on light, fresh foods. Fatty, sugary or carbohydrate-filled foods can

make you tired.

Stop to revive, then drive
During long trips, take rest breaks about every 2 hours or every 100 kilometres.

If you start feeling sleepy or notice any of the warning signs:

 don’t keep driving – pull over in a safe place, as far off the road as
possible
 take a 15–20 minute power nap in the passenger seat. Try not to nap for

longer than 40 minutes or you may feel groggy and disoriented

afterwards – this is called sleep inertia
 wait at least 10 minutes before you start driving again, to make sure that

you’re completely awake.

Once fatigue has set in, no amount of willpower will keep you awake. The only
answer is sleep and you should stop for a short nap or seek help to get home. If
you still feel sleepy, don’t drive. Find a place to sleep for longer or for the night.

Driver fatigue

Registered person’s responsibilities

If a motor vehicle is registered in your name, you're responsible for making sure
it meets all the requirements.

Registration
All vehicles driven on the road must be registered and issued with registration
plates – commonly called number plates. They must be clearly visible on your
car.

Vehicle registration

Warrant of fitness or certificate of fitness

All vehicles on New Zealand roads must have a current warrant of fitness (WoF)
or certificate of fitness (CoF).

Warrant of fitness

Licensing (rego)
Licensing is sometimes confused with registration. Licensing is the payment of a
fee to use a vehicle on the road. All vehicles used on the road must be licensed
regularly and must display a current licence label on the windscreen.

Vehicle licensing (rego)

Road user charges

Light vehicles – those with a GVM of 3500kg or less – must display a current RUC
licence if powered by a fuel type other than petrol, LPG or CNG.
Heavy vehicles – those with a GVM of more than 3500kg – must display a current
RUC licence, regardless of fuel type.

About RUC

Buying or selling a motor vehicle

You’re legally required to let Waka Kotahi know as soon as you buy or sell a
motor vehicle. The best way to do this is online.

Buying and selling a vehicle

Seatbelts and child restraints

Seatbelts and child restraints protect people by holding them in their seats
when there’s a crash or when the vehicle stops suddenly. If you don’t wear a
seatbelt and you’re involved in a crash, you could be thrown out of your vehicle.
Always remember to fasten your seatbelt before you drive off.

Child restraints
Under 7s
Children under 7 years old must be properly restrained in an approved child
restraint. However, if the child is travelling in a taxi that doesn’t have an
approved child restraint, the child must sit in the back seat.

7 year olds
Children aged 7 years old must use a child restraint if available.

If it’s not available, the child must be restrained as securely as possible using
any child restraint or seatbelt available, whether or not that child restraint
or seatbelt is approved.

Child restraints

How to wear a seatbelt

Most seatbelts are retractable. This means they stretch automatically to the
correct length when you fasten them and lock only if the vehicle stops suddenly.

If your vehicle has a non-retractable seatbelt, you'll need to adjust its length
before you fasten it. There should be just enough room to slide the palm of your
hand between the belt and your chest.

Never put an adult and a child together in the same seatbelt.

Seatbelts

Responsibility
As the driver, you’re responsible for making sure passengers under the age of 15
are using an approved child restraint or seatbelt.

The seatbelt must be worn correctly and kept securely fastened while the
vehicle is in motion on the road.

Passengers 15 years and over are responsible for making sure that they wear
their own seatbelts correctly and that they keep them fastened while the vehicle
is in motion.

Bus drivers in vehicles with passenger seatbelts aren’t responsible for ensuring
passengers wear them, except for passengers under the age of 15 sitting in a
front seat alongside the driver.

Special exceptions
You don’t have to wear a seatbelt if you:

 hold a current doctor’s certificate that says you don’t have to wear one
for medical reasons
 are reversing and it’s difficult to see while wearing one.

1. Home

2. Road code

3. General road code

4. About driver responsibility

Crashes
Unfortunately, crashes happen on our roads. As a responsible driver, you need
to know the signs that tell you when a crash scene is ahead and what your
responsibilities are if you’re involved in a crash or if you come across a crash.

Crash warning signs

At a crash site the police may use signs, flashing lights and flares to warn
approaching drivers.
When coming up to a crash site, slow down and drive carefully. The road may be
blocked and there could be injured people lying on it.

Police put these signs near a crash site. They mean you must drive at 20km/h or
less until you pass the crash site. Watch out for emergency workers and injured
people.

This is a reflective warning triangle. It means there's a breakdown or crash

ahead. Anyone can put a warning triangle on the side of the road to warn other
road users.

Reporting a crash
If you’re involved in a crash while driving, and you aren’t badly injured, the first
thing you must do is stop and check to see if anyone is hurt and help them.

If someone is hurt, you must tell a police officer as soon as possible and no later
than 24 hours after the crash.

If no one is hurt, you must give your name, address and plate number as soon as
possible but no later than 48 hours after the crash to:

 the owner or driver of any other vehicle that’s been damaged

 the owner of any property that’s been damaged.

If you can’t find these people, you must tell a police officer as soon as possible
and no later than 60 hours after the crash. If your vehicle is insured, tell your
insurance company as soon as possible after the crash.
If it isn’t your vehicle and you’re asked, you must also give the name and
address of the owner of the vehicle you’re driving.

Tips for dealing with crashes

If you’re first on the scene of a crash, your actions could help save the lives of
the people involved and make it safer for other drivers coming across the crash
scene.

Here are some things you can do to help make the crash scene safer:

 Park your car in a safe spot, away from the crash area. Leave plenty of
space for emergency vehicles to come and go, and for emergency workers
to work in.
 Switch on your car’s hazard warning lights.
 If possible, put people or warning triangles on all approaches to the crash
site to warn oncoming drivers. They should be about 200 metres from the
crash site to give approaching drivers time to slow down.
 If people are injured, call an ambulance as soon as possible.
 Sometimes the airbags may not be deployed. Don’t get between any
undeployed airbag and an injured or trapped person. Undeployed airbags
can deploy with force some minutes after a crash and could injure you
both.
 If it’s safe to do, turn off the ignition of all vehicles involved in the crash.
 If any vehicle involved in the crash has a dangerous goods sign, follow the
instructions on crashes involving dangerous goods.
Important!
Dial 111 for emergency services.

Dial *555 to report traffic incidents.

Basic first aid

Ideally, you should enrol in a recognised first aid course to learn techniques
such as primary assessments and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This will
make you more confident and capable of using first aid if you have to.

Try not to move injured people

If a victim has spinal injuries, moving them may make their injuries worse –
never move a crash victim unless it’s absolutely necessary. You should only
move someone before medical help arrives if:

 the person is trapped in a vehicle on fire or in danger of catching fire

 you need to move them to give CPR or stop severe bleeding.
If the crash victim is a motorcyclist, never remove their helmet.

Stopping severe bleeding

If the patient is bleeding badly, you should try to stop or reduce the bleeding.
Put on gloves for protection, if possible, and apply direct pressure to the wound,
preferably with thick, folded fabric, such as a towel or an item of clothing.

Crashes involving dangerous goods

Be very careful at a crash involving a vehicle carrying dangerous goods. Never
make a rescue attempt unless you’re sure you won’t come into contact with
dangerous substances. Don’t get close unless you know it’s safe.

The 4 main things to take note of when describing a dangerous goods sign to
emergency services are:

 Colour of the sign.

 Picture inside the sign.
 Wording inside the sign.
 Class number.

Tips on driving sustainably

Drive to save fuel and reduce emissions
Driving efficiently can reduce the amount of fuel your vehicle uses and the
pollution it emits. You should:

 drive smoothly, avoiding fast acceleration and sharp braking

 avoid over-revving by changing up gears
 reduce short trips – you use 20 percent more fuel when your engine is

cold
 don’t leave your vehicle idling for long periods
 avoid carrying unnecessary loads.

Keep your vehicle maintained

Basic maintenance will cut down the fuel your vehicle uses as well as reducing
pollution. Make sure your vehicle is well-tuned and the tyres are correctly
inflated. Roof racks and poorly placed spoilers increase air resistance and fuel
consumption.

When buying a vehicle

Try to choose a model that uses less fuel and emits fewer greenhouse gases.

Visit rightcar.govt.nz(external link) for more information.

Consider other ways to travel
Think about sharing rides or carpooling, taking public transport, and walking or
cycling.

Responsible driving
Responsible driving means driving with the safety and convenience of all road
users in mind.

Important driver responsibilities

Operation of a vehicle
A driver must not operate a vehicle in a condition or way that could cause:

 injury to any person or animal

 annoyance to any person
 damage to any property
 distraction to the driver.
Unsafe vehicle or load
You must not drive an unsafe vehicle or a vehicle with an unsafe load which:

 isn't tied down

Carrying people or packages

Children and pets

Children and pets can be noisy or need your help when you’re driving. If you
have to deal with the needs of children or pets, pull over to the side of the road
and park your vehicle first.

Lighting
A driver or passenger must not use any vehicle lighting equipment in a way that
will dazzle, confuse or distract other road users.

Noisy and smoky vehicles

You must not drive a vehicle that:

 makes a lot of noise, inside or outside the vehicle, due to:

o the way the vehicle is being driven
o the condition of the vehicle
o any other means – such as a car stereo
 makes noise that's likely to annoy anyone
 makes smoke for 10 seconds or more.

Make sure your vehicle’s exhaust system and engine are in good working order.
This will prevent gases and excessive noise entering the car.

Making the wheels of a motor vehicle lose traction and spin on the road surface
may make unnecessary noise or smoke and is a traffic offence.

Using the horn

 cause a hazard to any road user – including pedestrians, cyclists or other

users of a footpath
 hurt anyone.
Music
Don’t play music in your car so loudly that you can’t hear:

 the sounds your car is making

Funeral processions
If you're driving in a funeral procession, drive with your vehicle’s headlights on
dip to let other drivers know you're part of the procession.

Animals on the road

Farmers often use country roads to move stock between paddocks. If animals
are on the road:

 slow down or pull over to the side of the road

 Any slippery substance.

 Any piercing or dangerous substance.
 Glass.
 Any other substance of any kind that, because of its size or nature, could

be a danger to road users.

If it can be removed quickly and safely, you must immediately remove it or
make sure it’s removed.

Space-saver wheels
Some cars have a space-saver wheel as the spare wheel. Space-saver wheels are
much smaller than the vehicle’s other wheels to take up less storage room.

The vehicle is likely to handle differently with a space-saver wheel. Drive

carefully and don’t drive faster than 80km/h. If the space-saver wheel has a
sticker showing a lower speed, then you should follow that speed.

Note: make sure the space-saver tyre is inflated to the correct pressure. This is
much higher than normal tyre pressure.

You can, however, use your cellphone for calls while driving if the phone is
secured in a mounting fixed to the vehicle and you use the phone rarely and
briefly.

You should avoid or minimise these distractions when you're driving:

 looking at things on the roadside

Work time and logbooks

Breakdowns
If your vehicle breaks down:
 indicate and steer your vehicle to a safe place off the road
 open the bonnet to let others know you’ve broken down and need help
 turn on your hazard lights or use a safety triangle to warn others
 at night, turn on the inside light
 if you don’t have a cellphone and it’s not safe to walk, wait for help in
your car
 don’t stand in the road
 if you need help from other drivers, leave plenty of space for them to stop.
If your vehicle breaks down on a motorway:
 indicate and steer your vehicle as far off the road as possible – don’t stop
suddenly
 lift up the bonnet and boot and, if possible, hang something white on the

driver’s door handle or window to show you need help

 turn on your hazard lights or use a safety triangle to warn approaching

traffic
 at night, turn on the inside light
 if you don’t have a cellphone and it isn’t safe to walk, stay in your car and

wait for help

 don’t stand on the motorway.

1. Home

2. Road code

3. General road code

4. About driver responsibility

Stepping over the line

Traffic laws are to protect the safety of all road users. You can face penalties if
you commit driving offences.

Demerit points
You can get demerit points for some traffic offences and for speeding
infringements.

If you get a total of 100 or more demerit points within any 2-year period, you’ll
be suspended from driving for 3 months. You must surrender your driver licence
to Waka Kotahi.

Your photo driver licence will be permanently cancelled and you’ll remain
unlicensed even after your suspension has ended. You’re not allowed to drive
until you get a new licence at a driver licensing agent.

Demerit points
Careless, reckless and dangerous driving
The courts deal very seriously with drivers who drive carelessly, recklessly or
dangerously.

Penalties may include:

 a maximum fine of $20,000

 maximum imprisonment of 10 years
 disqualification of your driver licence.

Not wearing a seatbelt

If you’re aged 15 or over and you drive or ride in a vehicle without wearing a
seatbelt, or if you’re not wearing it correctly, you can be fined.

You can also be fined if you’re the driver and any passengers under the age of 15
aren’t in an approved child restraint or seatbelt, or aren’t wearing their
seatbelts correctly.

Mandatory 28-day suspension of driver licence

Your licence will be suspended on the spot if:

 a police officer detects you exceeding a permanently posted speed limit

by more than 40km/h or a temporary speed limit by more than 50km/h
 you commit one of the alcohol-related offences covered by mandatory

suspension.
28-day roadside suspension

Driver licence stop order (DLSO)

If you have unpaid traffic related fines or reparation, your driver licence may be
suspended by the Ministry of Justice under a driver licence stop order (DLSO).
The suspension will remain until you contact the Ministry of Justice and pay or
arrange to pay the outstanding amount. If you’re caught driving with a DLSO,
the vehicle you’re driving could be impounded, even if it’s not yours, and you
could be disqualified from driving.

Visit justice.govt.nz(external link) or contact the Ministry on 0800 434 637 (0800
4 Fines) for more information.
Impounding vehicles
A police officer will impound your vehicle on the spot if you're caught:

 driving while disqualified

 driving while your licence has been suspended
 driving while you’ve been forbidden to drive by a police officer.
To appeal the impoundment of your vehicle, you'll need to contact the police.

Your vehicle will be impounded for 28 days and you'll have court-imposed
penalties for your offence.

28-day roadside vehicle impoundment

Demerit points
Certain driving offences incur demerit points. If you accumulate 100 or more
demerit points in any two-year period, your licence can be suspended for three
months.

When are demerit points given

Demerit points are given for all speeding infringements (except those recorded
by speed camera), some traffic offences and for breaching licence conditions, eg
a learner driver unaccompanied by a supervisor or a restricted driver carrying
unauthorised passengers.

Demerit points also apply to some alcohol-related infringements and offences,

for example, points can also be allocated in conjunction with a court
disqualification where the court chooses to disqualify a person for less than six
months.

How long do demerits stay on your licence

Demerit points remain active on your licence record for a period of two years
from the date of the offence. However, if the court disqualifies you for a period
of six months or more, any active demerit points recorded on your licence
record at the time will be cancelled and will no longer contribute to your active
demerit point total.

Demerit suspension
If you accumulate 100 or more active demerit points within any two-year period,
your licence will be suspended for a period of three months and you will not be
entitled to drive. The suspension period begins as soon as the demerit
suspension notice is served on you by the Transport Agency, the police or an
authorised agent of the Transport Agency. Any active demerit points recorded
on your licence record at the time will be cancelled and will no longer contribute
to your demerit point total.
At the end of your demerit suspension, you’ll be unlicensed and not entitled to
drive until you’ve reinstated your licence.

Find out how to get your licence back after your suspension ends

Download Factsheet 55: Driving offences and penalties [PDF, 248 KB]

Demerit point information

See below for the offences that incur demerit points, and the number of demerit
points for each of those offences.

 Demerit points for speed related offences

 Demerit points for mobile phone related offences
 Demerit points for driver licence related offences
 Demerit points for vehicle related offences
 Demerit points for alcohol, drug and enforcement officer related offences
 Demerit points for commercial driving related offences
 Demerit points for helmet related offences
 Demerit points for pedestrian crossing and pedestrian zone related

offences
 Demerit points for rail related offences
 Demerit points for road rules related offences

Demerit points for speed related offences (excluding speed camera offences)
General description of offence D

Exceeding the speed limit fixed by not more than 10 km/h 10

Exceeding the speed limit by more than 10 km/h but not more than 20 km/h 20

Exceeding the speed limit by more than 20 km/h but not more than 30 km/h 35

Exceeding the speed limit by more than 30 km/h but not more than 35 km/h 40

Exceeding the speed limit by more than 35 km/h 50

Using, in a motor vehicle, equipment that interferes with operation of speed measuring device 25
General description of offence D

Possessing, in a motor vehicle, equipment that is designed to interfere with operation of speed measuring 25
device

Exceed speed for stopping distance 20

Exceed speed for stopping distance on road not marked in lanes 20

Demerit points for mobile phone related offences

General description of offence D

Driver uses mobile phone while driving a vehicle 20

Demerit points for driver licence related offences

General description of offence D

Drives motor vehicle contrary to the GDLS conditions of your driver licence (excluding the requirement to 35
display L plates)

Failure to display L plate as required 25

Drives a motor vehicle contrary to the non-GDLS conditions of your driver licence 25

Drives in breach of conditions applying to stage 2 of accelerated licensing process 35

Drives in breach of conditions applying to stage 3 of accelerated licensing process 35

Demerit points for vehicle related offences
General description of offence D

Operating unregistered motor vehicle by driving or using it on road in contravention of section 242(1) of the 20
Land Transport Act 1998

Operating unlicensed motor vehicle by driving or using it on road in contravention of section 242(1) of the 15
Land Transport Act 1998

Operating motor vehicle on road without plates affixed 20

Using trade plate when not eligible 20

Operating motor vehicle displaying plates or licence not authorised for that motor vehicle 25

Operating motor vehicle displaying object or design likely to be mistaken for plates or licence authorised for 25
that motor vehicle

Operating motor vehicle with plates or licence that is wholly or partially obscured or not easily 25
distinguishable

Operating motor vehicle with temporary exemption granted under regulation 20 of the Land Transport 20
(Motor Vehicle Registration and Licensing) Regulations 2011

Failure to operate a motor vehicle with an exhaust system that complies with relevant noise output 25
standards

Operate vehicle that creates excessive noise 25

Create excessive noise within or on vehicle 25

Demerit points for alcohol, drugs and enforcement officer related offences
General description of offence D

Failure or refusal to remain for evidential breath test or blood test 50

Person younger than 20 driving or attempting to drive with excessive breath alcohol or blood alcohol 50
concentration

Driving or attempting to drive with breath alcohol exceeding 250 micrograms but not exceeding 400 50
micrograms

Driving or attempting to drive with blood alcohol exceeding 50 milligrams but not exceeding 80 50
milligrams

Driving or attempting to drive with blood alcohol exceeding 50 milligrams but not exceeding 80 50
milligrams and failing or refusing to undergo an evidential breath test

Driving or attempting to drive with blood containing evidence of use of one qualifying drug 50

Driving or attempting to drive with blood containing evidence of use of 2 or more qualifying drugs 75

Driving or attempting to drive with blood containing alcohol and evidence of use of one qualifying drug 75

Failure or refusal to wait for the result of a breath screening test or an evidential breath test 50

Failure to stop on request or signal of an enforcement officer, or on being followed by motor vehicle 35
displaying flashing blue, or blue and red, lights or sounding a siren

Failure to remain stopped for an enforcement officer 35

Driving or attempting to drive when forbidden by an enforcement officer 35

Failure or refusal to accompany an enforcement officer when so required 50

Person fails to produce zero alcohol licence 25

General description of offence D

Holder of an interlock licence or zero alcohol licence contravenes specified breath or blood alcohol level 50

Demerit points for commercial driving related offences

General description of offence D

Person produces logbook with 1–5 omissions 10

Person produces logbook with 6–10 omissions 20

Person produces logbook with 11 or more omissions 30

Person fails to produce logbook 35

Requirement to produce approved alternative record to an enforcement officer on demand 35

Vehicle recovery service vehicles (requirement to complete and retain tow authorities) 35

Requirement on driver or contractor working within an alternative fatigue management scheme to keep 35
records

Taxi driver must not accept hire in specified area unless taxi is fitted with an in-vehicle security camera 20
system that is operating

Taxi driver must not accept hire in specified area unless taxi is fitted with an in-vehicle security camera 20
system that has an unobscured view of the interior

Demerit points for helmet related offences

General description of offence D

Drive or ride all terrain vehicle, motorcycle, or moped without securely fastened approved helmet 25
General description of offence D

Drive or ride all terrain vehicle, motorcycle, or moped with damaged, etc, safety helmet 25

Demerit points for pedestrian crossing and pedestrian zone related offences
General description of offence D

Driver fails to give way at pedestrian crossing 35

Driver enters pedestrian crossing when passage blocked 35

Driver of vehicle fails to give way to pedestrian on shared zone 35

Fail to comply with school patrol sign 20

Passing at school crossing point or pedestrian crossing 20

Demerit points for rail related offences

General description of offence D

Driver fails to give way to rail vehicle approaching level crossing 20

Drive etc, cycle, vehicle, or animal across level crossing when risk of collision with rail vehicle 20

Fail to comply with stop sign at level crossing 20

Fail to remain stationary at stop sign until level crossing clear 20

Driver enters controlled area of level crossing when red signal displayed 20
General description of offence D

Driver enters controlled area of level crossing when barrier arm lowered 20

Demerit points for road rules related offences

General description of offence D

Fail to drive as near as practicable to the left of the roadway 20

Fail to allow impeded traffic to pass 20

Unsafe passing 35

Impeding vehicle when passing 35

Passing to right of no-passing line 35

Drive in emergency stopping lane 10

Fail to comply with handheld stop sign 20

Driver fails to stop at stop sign 20

Driver fails to give way at stop sign 20

Driver fails to give way at give-way sign 20

Driver fails to give way at give-way sign controlling a one-way section of road 25
General description of offence D

Driver of vehicle changing lanes or turning fails to give way to vehicle not changing lanes or turning 20

Driver of right-turning vehicle fails to give way to an approaching left-turning vehicle 20

Driver at intersection fails to give way to vehicle approaching from right 20

Driver on terminating road approaching or crossing a T intersection fails to give way 20

Driver fails to give way to road user on footpath when entering/exiting driveway 20

Driver fails to give way to a vehicle on roadway when exiting driveway 20

Driver entering roundabout fails to give way 20

Drive too close to vehicle in front 20

Exceed speed for stopping distance 20

Exceed speed for stopping distance on road not marked in lanes 20

Driver permits riding dangerously 20

Careless or inconsiderate use of motor vehicle 35

28-day roadside suspension

This page explains when your licence can be suspended, the impact on your
eligibility to drive and what you need to do when the suspension has ended.
Where can you be suspended
If you're caught committing a serious driving offence, the police can suspend
your licence for 28 days. This will be effective immediately.

This is called roadside licence suspension, but it can happen anywhere:

 at the roadside after you're pulled over for speeding

 at a police station or wherever the police find you after they receive
confirmation that your blood-alcohol level significantly exceeded the
legal limit (see below)
 wherever you are if you refused to undergo a blood test.

Roadside licence suspension is an instant and severe penalty for driving in a way
that puts the lives of other road users at risk.

When is roadside suspension used?

Roadside licence suspension is used only when serious traffic offences have
been committed. Your licence will be suspended immediately for 28 days if you:

 have relevant convictions* in the last four years and are caught drink-
driving with a breath-alcohol concentration exceeding 400 micrograms
per litre of breath
 have relevant convictions* in the last four years and are caught drink-

driving with a blood-alcohol concentration exceeding 80 milligrams of

alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood
 do not have relevant convictions* and are caught drink-driving with a

breath-alcohol concentration exceeding 650 micrograms of alcohol per

litre of breath
 do not have relevant convictions* and are caught drink-driving with a

blood-alcohol concentration exceeding 130 milligrams of alcohol per 100

millilitres of blood
 fail or refuse to supply a blood sample to be tested for excess blood

alcohol
 are caught speeding at more than 40km/h above a permanent speed limit

(does not apply to speed camera offences)

 are caught speeding at more than 50km/h above any other speed limit

(does not apply to speed camera offences).

* Relevant convictions are convictions for an offence against any of the
following sections of the Land Transport Act 1998:

 Section 56(1) – driving or attempting to drive with a breath alcohol

concentration exceeding 400 micrograms per litre of breath.
 Section 56(2) – driving or attempting to drive with a blood-alcohol
concentration exceeding 80 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of
blood.
 Section 58(1) – driving or attempting to drive while under the influence of

drink or a drug or both to such extent as being incapable of having proper

control of the vehicle.
 Section 60(1) – failing or refusing to permit a blood specimen to be taken,

or failing or refusing to undergo a compulsory impairment test (ie test for

drug use).
 Section 61(1) – causing injury or death, while in charge of a motor vehicle

with a breath alcohol concentration exceeding 400 micrograms per litre

of breath or a blood-alcohol concentration exceeding 80 milligrams of
alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood.
 Section 61(2) – causing injury or death, while in charge of a motor vehicle

while under the influence of drink or a drug or both to such extent as

being incapable of having proper control of the vehicle; or a blood test
shows use of a qualifying drug.
What happens if my licence is suspended?
You're given a suspension notice by the police, saying that the 28-day
suspension of your licence takes effect immediately. You won't be able to drive
home.

The police officer will take your licence from you. You will have to surrender it
immediately.

What happens after the 28-day suspension period has expired?

If the police handed your licence over to the NZ Transport Agency, your licence
will be returned to you, unless:

 the 28 day period has been extended by the district court, or

 your licence has expired, or
 you were disqualified from driving or suspended for any other reason

during the 28-day suspension period.

If the police didn't hand your licence to the Transport Agency, you'll have to
apply for a replacement.

Find out how to apply for a replacement licence

Appeal process
If you receive a 28-day suspension notice from the police, you can appeal to the
Transport Agency against the suspension. The only grounds for appeal are that:
 you were not the driver of the vehicle at the time of the offence, or
 the police officer did not have reasonable grounds to believe the offence
was committed, or
 the police officer did not give you a notice that complied with the

prescribed requirements.
An appeal on the grounds that roadside licence suspension will cause undue
hardship will not be considered.

Step 1
Complete the Statutory declaration [PDF, 125 KB] and attach any supporting
documentation, including a copy of the suspension notice.

Step 2
Have the completed statutory declaration witnessed by a Justice of the Peace,
solicitor, authorised employee of the Transport Agency or any other person
authorised to take a statutory declaration.

Step 3
Send your completed and witnessed statutory declaration and supporting
documentation to: Team Leader Business Administration, NZ Transport Agency,
Private Bag 11777, Palmerston North 4442.

If your appeal is successful, your licence will be sent back to you. If your appeal
is unsuccessful, you can make a further appeal to a district court.

Extension of 28-day suspension period

The district court can extend the original 28-day suspension period up to three
times. Any appeal against an extension of the original 28-day suspension must
be made to the high court.

If my licence is suspended, do I still need to go to court?

Yes, if the offence you committed is serious enough to warrant a court
appearance. As well as your licence being suspended for 28 days, the court may
impose licence disqualification and either a fine or prison.

What happens if I'm acquitted in court after my licence has been suspended?
If you're acquitted, your 28-day suspension ends immediately. If the police
handed your licence over to the Transport Agency, your licence will be returned
to you (providing it is still current). If the police didn't hand your licence to the
Transport Agency, you'll have to apply for a replacement.

Find out how to apply for a replacement licence

Why have roadside licence suspension?
We're serious about removing dangerous drivers from our roads. Roadside
licence suspension:

 imposes a penalty that is swift, severe and certain

 deters drivers from offending.

Each year:

 around 8000 drivers are convicted of drink-driving offences involving

alcohol levels significantly above the legal limit
 around 1800 drivers are caught driving significantly above the speed limit
 1600 drivers refuse to provide a blood sample.

Download Factsheet 62: Roadside licence suspension [PDF, 189 KB]

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