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Trignometric Functions

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Trignometric Functions

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meghwani.rahul2003
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5 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.1 INTRODUCTION Inearlier classes, we have studied trigonometric ratios for acute angles as the ratio of the sides of aright angled triangle. In this chapter, we will extend the definitions of trigonometric ratios to any angle in terms of radian measure and study them as trigonometric functions. 52 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF A REAL NUMBER Inthe previous chapter, we have learnt that the radian measures of angles and real numbers can be considered as one and the same. In other words, every real number can be considered as the radian measure of an angle and radian measures of angles are real numbers. In fact, we have Jeamt that corresponding to every point P, representing a real number x, on the real line there is apoint P’ on the unit circle centred at the origin such that the radian measure of ZAOP" is x (see Fig 4.13) and the radian measure of every angle determines a point on the real line representing areal number on the real line. So, et x be a real number represented by a point on the real line, Then there is a point P on the unit circle with centre at the origin of the coordinate axes such that the radian measure of ZAOP is x and so arc AP = x. y! x CLO) yn Fig. 5.1 Let the coordinates of point P be (a, ). Then, ‘measure (or real number) x as follows : cosx=a and sin x=b fs if is any real number then the consine of x ie. cosxis the x-coordinate of the poi Le. int Pon fhe unit circle such that arc AP = x. Similarly, sine of rice. sin xis the y-coordinate Seu P. REMARK In Fig. 5.1, x isthe length of arc AP of the unit circle. Therefore, cos x and wi known as circular functions of the real variable x. - gers cel REMARK 2 In Fig. 5.1, AOMP is a right triangle right, are we define cosine and sine functions of radian EL 52 MATHEMATICS.x) cos cos ZAOP =a and sin ZAOP =b [: mop = ZAop) > cos ZAOP =cos x and sin ZAOP =sinx Thus, the trigonometric ratios sine and cosine of an acute angle of radian measure x are same as the corresponding trigonometric function of a real number x. REMARKS From the above definition it follows that if P is a point on the unit circle such that length of arc AP =x or equivalently P is a point where the terminal side of the angle with radian measure x meets the unit circle, then the coordinates of the point P are(cosx, sin 2). y' Fig. 5.2 5.2.1 VALUES OF SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS : ircle wi { the origin of the coordinate axes. Suppose the circle cuts the Consider a unit circle with centre a n e gees coordinate axes at A, B, C and D. The coordinates ofthese points are A (1,0), B(0, ),C( 3 r Z and D(0, -1)-Clearly, ZAOB=5, ZAOC =nand ZAOD = We shall now find the values of sine and cosine functions at 0, 4 ™, and Qn. Values of sine and cosine functions at x When x = 0, point P coincides with A and the terminal side OP coincides with OA. The coordinates of A are (1, 0). cos 0=1 and sin 0=0 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 53 Values of sine and cosine functions at x = . We observe that ZAOB = a and the coordinates of B are (0, 1). x cos = =0 and si 5 in Values of sine and cosine functions at x=n: Clearly, ZAOC =z and the coordinates of C are (1,0). 4 cos r=—1 andsin x=0 Values of sine and cosine functions at x -= The coordinates of point D are (0,~1) and 3x Zaoc = 3%. 2 cos = =0 andsin =-1 Values of sine and cosine functions at x=2n: The coordinates of point A are (1,0) and one complete revolution subtends an angle of measure 2x at the centre O. cos 2n=1 and sin 2x =0 Ifthe terminal side OP of ZAOP takes one complete revolution from the position OP, it again ‘comes back to the same position. cos (2n+x)=cosx and sin (2n+x) =sinxforallx eR Wealso observe that if the terminal side OP of ZAOP takes any number of complete revolutions in anticlockwise or clockwise directions, it again comes back to the same position. cos (2nn+x) =cosx and sin (2nn+x)=sinxfor all x €Randn eZ Itis evident from Fig. 5.2 that sin0 =0, sinx=0, sin2n=0, sin 3x = ‘Also, _ sin (~n) =0, sin (-2n) =0, sin (~32) ; sinnn=0 for alln ¢Z and, cos (2n-+1) 7 =0, for allneZ. Thus, sinx=0 = x=nn,neZ and, cosx=0 > x=(Qn+1) 5 neZ §.2.2 OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: Inthe previous subsections, we have defined sine and cosine functions. In this section, we shall define other four trigonometric functions in terms of these two functions. We define fone vx, where x ¥nn, ne Z;secx=—L— , wherexs(Qn+1) =,neZ sinx osx * tan x= 50% where x #(2n+1) =, neZ; cotx= “2% , wherex#nn,neZ cos x a sinx ae - — J a MATHEMATICE S&S VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS RRR ction, we will find the values of trigonometric functions for 0, ¢ inthis s cos. 52.2, we have leamt that sin0=0,cos0=1,s in2x=Oand cos2n=1. where nnn, n-€Z. Therefore, cosec 0, cosec ™ and We have also learnt that cosec x =—— sinx cosec 2x are not defined. tan 0 = =" implies that cos sinx sin 2" 9 and tan, tan are undefined. cos2n nnd and cot0, cotn, cot 2x are not defined. Let us now find the values of all trigonometric functions at a jand ; Values of trigonometric functions at 5 + Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the Let Pbea point on the circle such that ZXOP = Draw PM perpendicular from coordinate axes. . Thus, we have Therefore, 4OPM = P on OX. In right triangle OMP, we have ZPOM = Z = OM=PM ZPOM = ZOPM Applying Pythagoras theorem in AOMP, we obtain OM? + PM? =oP? > 20M? =1 [OM =PM and OP =1] 1 > OM = a = OM =PM = gpa TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 55 ee c x | vy Fig. 5.4 e i ary Seok r 1 coordinates of P are] —, Hence, cos. =and sin —=—~. Se (a 2) 45 tis gk eae Now, 1 => cosec—= 4 = i sin cos i sinx cos tan x= tan = = =1; cotx recov Bs. cos x er sin x ieee Values of trigonometric functions at A : Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the coordinate axes. Let P be a point on the circle such that 2XOP =—. Join PA. In AOAP, we have OA =OP =1 Unit. Therefore, COPA = ZOAP. But, ZAOP = Es By angle sum property in AOAP, we have ZOAP + ZOPA+ ZAOP =n > 412 20PA =" > zopa== 3 ‘Thus, in AOAP, we have ZOAP = ZOPA = ZAOP ee $0, AOAP is an equilateral triangle and hence Perpendicular PM drawn from vertex P to the v posite side OA bisects it. Fig. 5.5 § OM=AM=4 unit Applying Pythagoras theorem in AOMP, we obtain 2 OP? -oM? + MP? = 1? -() +MP? => PM Ell FS i MATHEMATICS 5.6 1 V3 So, the coordinates of Pare| 5, : ) But, ZA0P =" $0, the coordinates of P ar (cos, sind) Now, Values of trigonometric functions at e : Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the & coordinate axes. Let P be a point on the circle such that ZXOP Draw PM perpendicular from P on OX. In right triangle OMP right angled at M, we have 2POM a Therefore, ZOPM = A In Fig. 5.6, we have seen that in a right triangle if the measures of angles other than the right v3 angle are Zand , then the sides opposite to them are oflength “>and ; respectively. Thus, in AOMP, we have y V3 a »M om="3 and PM=> So, the coordinates of Pare{ “2 3). But, the — coordinates of Pare{ cos, sin) Cr ind sint ; ma 2 Fig. 5.6 In the above Peacoaions we have obtained the values of various trigonometric functions fof 0, My Gand 2n. These values are listed below for ready reference. Nia i TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 57 ———— | r 7 iia | | | 3 Wate | alee ; on : 0 uals 5 CuMlahen TTrigonome- | | tric Function } ; 1 ji sin 0 2 i Bey! Nont 4 1 v3 cos 2 1 tan 0 iG not a | eee erie a Cm defined | 7 | | defined | 1 ean) |3 clot = pil tN3 | | defined | | not | not ee Wfeetneal| oS OR ected 5.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES IDENTITY An equation involving trigonometric functions which is true for all these values of the variable {for which the functions are defined is called a trigonometric identity. For example, sin? x =1- cos” x, sec” x-1 = tan? x are trigonometric identities as they hold for all values of variable x except those values for which secx and tanx are not defined. But, sinx =cos.xis a trigonometric equation not a trigonometric identity because it does not hold for all values of x. §.4.1 FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES Inthis section, we shall state and prove three fundamental trigonometric identities as a theorem. THEOREM Prove that: (i) cos*x+sin?x=1 for allx eR ) Leta? =sec?sforalx eR -{ Qn) En eZ} (ii) 1+ cot? x = cosec” x for all x ¢ R— fan: n eZ} PROOF (i) Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin O of coordinates axes. Let P(a,b) bea point on the circle such that arc AP = x. Then, ZAOP =x. Using the definition of trigonometric functions cos x and sin x, we obtain a@=cosx and b=sin x Now, OP =1 = a0? +=)? =1 Som at +b? =1 5 cos*x+sin?x=1 i) Werave, c08?x-+ sin?x=1 ii ee 58 MATHEMATIOg % Ifx = (2n—1) © , then cos x + 0. So, dividing throughout by cos? x, we obtain x for all x #(2n-1) 2 for all x #(2n-1) = = x for all x #(2n-1) 2 cos? x+sin?x Ifx nr, then sin x = 0. So, dividing both sides by sin? x, we obtain for all x4nn = —— for all x#nx sin?x sin?x sin?x > cot? x +1 = cosec” x for all x#nn > 1+ cot? x = cosec* x for all x#nn OED REMARK 1 The identity 1 +tan?x = sec” x is also written in the following forms : sec2x-1=tan?x and sec?x-tan?x=1 MARK2 The identity 1 + cot? x = cosec”x is also written in the following forms : cosec2x-1=cot?x and, cosec*x—cot?x=1 REMARK3 We have, sec?x—tan?x=1 rr E} and, secx + tanx = = (secx + tan) (secx tan x) =1=9 secx—tan.x =——___ secx+tanx Secx—tanx REMARK Wehave, cosec*x —cot? x =1 = (cosec x—cotx) (cosec x+ cot x) =1 1 1 ————_ and cosec x + cot x = —_—____ cosec x + cot x cosec x — cot x => cosec x —cot x= We shall now discuss more identities involving trigonometric functions in the following examples. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES LEVEL-1 EXAMPLE 1 Prove the following identities: (i) sin® x ~cos®x = (sin? x - cos? x) (1-2 sin? x cos? x) (ii) cot*x+ cot?x = cosec4x ~ cosecx 2 sec* x -sec' x-2 cosec? x + cosect x = cot* x~tan4 x (iv) (sin x + cosec x)? +(cos x + secx)? = tan? x + cot? x+7 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 59 SOLUTION (i) LHS = (sin® x~cos® x) = (sin4 1)? _ (cog x? = (sin* x ~cos* x) (sin4 x + cos! x» = (sin? x ~ cos? x) (sin? x + cog? x) (sin* x + cos* x) = (sin? x — cos? x) (sin4 y+ cos* x) = (Gin? x —cos? 2) (sin4 x + cost x42 sin? x cos? x—2 sin? x cos? x) = (sin? x —cos? x) 4 (sin? X + cos? x)? -2sin? x cos? xr = (sin? x ~cos? x) (12 sin? x cos? x) = RHS (i) LHS = cot4 x + cot? x = (cot? x2 + cot? x = (cosec” x 1)? + (cosec? x — 1) = cosec* x ~2 cosec? x +1 + cosec? x _ LHS = 2sec? x~sec* x — 2 cosec? x + cosect x , 2 sec’ 2(1 + tan? x) -(1 + tan? 2)? ~2(1 + cot? x) + (cot? x +1)? 2+2 tan? x—(1 + tant *4+2tan? x) —2 £2 cot? x + (cot x +2 cot? x +1) = cot* x—tan‘ x = RHS (iv) LHS = (sin x + cosec x)? + (cos x + sec x)? = sin! £4 cosec! x +2 sin x cosee x-+ cos? x + Sec? x +2c0s x sec x i) iz aye. x—(sec* x)? —2 cosec? x + (cosec? x)2 4 = (sin? x+ cos? x) + (cosec? x + sec? x)+24+2 =1+(1+ cot? x) +(1+ tan? x44 = tan? x+cot?x+7 = RHS EXAMPLE2 Prove the following identities: : (i) (1 + cot x ~cosec x) (1 + tan x + sec x) =2 (3) ea INCERT EXEMPLAR] tanx—secx+1 cosx SOLUTION (i) LHS = (1 + cot x —cosec x) (1 + tan x + sec x) ( cosx 1 Jf sin 1 } 1+ == 1+ sinx sin x cos x” cos x — (sin x + cos x—1) (sin x +cos x +1) sin x cos x sin? x + cos? x +2 sin x cosx—1 _ (sin x + cos x)? - sin x cos x sin x cos x a2 sin x 008 to Sans sin x cos x 2 2 i) Lis = fnx+secx-1 (tan x+ sec x) -(sec? x- tan? x) fr sec? x—tan? x=1] tan x—secx+1 tan x—secx+1 — (sec x + tan x) {1 —(sec x — tan x)} — (sec x + tan x) (tan x —sec x +1) & tan x—secx+1 tan x—secx+1 1 sin x secx + tan x= ——_+ a ee. 5.10 MATHEMATICR.y, n= 4¥min [NCERT EXEMPLAR EXAMPLES Iftan x + sin x=mand tan x —sin x =n, show that m2 SOLUTION We have, tanx+sin x =m and tan x—sin x =n. 2 en2 : a 2 = cos? x + sin? x +2 sin x cos x=2 cos” x = cos? x —sin? x=2 sin x'cos x > (cos x + sin x) (cos x — sin x) =2 sin x cos x __ 2sin x cos x = cos x—sin x= XS * cos x + sin x ae = cos x—sin x =n FSF fe cos x + sin x = 2 cos} V2 cos x = cos x —sin x= 2 sin x LITER We know that (cos x+sin x)? + (cos x—sin x)? a (J2 cos x)? +(cosx—sin x)? =2 [> cos x+sin x = V2 cos] = (cos x—sin x)? =2-2 cos? x => (cos x-sin x)? =2 sin? x= cos x-sin x= 2 sin x. EXAMPLES [fa cos x +b sin x=manda sin x-b cos x =n, prove that a +b? =m? +n? INCERT EXEMPLAR] SOLUTION. We have, m=acos x+b sin x and n=asin x-b cos x. mt? + 1° =(a cos x +b sin x)? + (asin x -b cos x)? = (a? cos? x+b? sin? x + 2ab sin x cos x) + (a? sin x +b? cos? x —2ab sin x cos x) = @ (cos? x+sin? x) +b? (sin? x + cos? x) = a2 +b? EXAMPLE6 Ifacosx—b sin x=c, show that a sin x +b cos x +e +0? SOLUTION Clearly, (2.008 x~b sin 2)? + (a sin x +b cos x)? = © (cos? x4 sin? 3) +17 (in? z+ cos? 2) ~2ab sin x cos x4 2ab sin x cos x=a? +b? A a ef | am a TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.11 (asin x +b cos x)? = a* +b? —~(acos x —b sin x)* e (asin x +b cos x)? = a* +b? ~¢? [- acos x—b sin x =c} = asinx+bcosx = + ya? +b? —c2 EXAMPLE7 If sec x + tan x =p, obtain the values of sec x, tan x and sin x in terms of p SOLUTION We know that : sec? x ~ tan? x =1 (sec x + tan x) (sec x —tan x) = 1 > p(secx—tan x)=1 = secx-tan r=F ‘Thus, we have 1 secx+tanx =p and, secx-tanx = (sec x + tan x) + (sec x-tan x) = p++ Pp and, (sec x + tan x) —(sec x ~tan x) =p 2 2 1 = = 2secx = pt tand,2tanx--1= secx = 2 * = ii) P p 2p . tanx : pe-1 sinx = 82 = sin x= secx pr+l EXAMPLES Prove that: 2 sec” x — sec* x — 2 cosec” x + cosec* x = SOLUTION 2 sec x —sec* x — 2 cosec? x + cosec! x 2(1 + tan? x) —(1 + tan? x)? —2(1 + cot? x) +(1 + cot? x)? 2 (1+ tan? x —1~cot? x) +(1 +2 cot? x +cot* x) —(1 +2 tan? x + tan? x) i = 2(tan? x —cot? x) + (2 cot? x —2 tan? x) + cot* x -tan* x 8 —tan’x stants 1a tants tan® x tan* x 1 = cot4x-tan4x= EXAMPLE9 Prove that: 3 (sin x — cos x)* + 6 (sin x +.cos x)* + 4 (sin® x + cos® x) -13 =0. SOLUTION We have, 3(sin x —cos x)4 + 6 (sin x + cos x)? + 4 (sin® x + cos® x) -13 2 =3 {(sin x cos )? | +6 (sin x + cos x)? +4 (sin? x + cos? 2)? ~3 sin? x os? x(sin* x + cos?s)} 13 =3(1~2 sin x cos x)* + 6(1 +2 sin x cos x) + 4 (1 —3 sin? x cos? x) ~13 =3(1—4 sin x cos x + 4 sin? x cos” x) + 6 (1 + 2 sin x cos x) + 4 (1-3 sin? x cos? x) -13 =3+6+4-13=0 EXAMPLE10 Given that; (1 + cos a) (1 + cos B) (1 + cos y) =(1 —c0s a) (1 ~cos B) (1 —cos 7). Show that one of the values of each member of this equality is sin a sin B sin y. ciel az MATHEMATIOg. x SDLCTON We dove a * SSH (T+ cas y) = (1 = cos a) (1 — cos f) (1 ~cos y) Mbaedbans NA SSS EY E+ cos «) (1 + 605 f) (1 + cos 7), we get p= cose (A + ces 97 (1 + c0s 1)? = (1 ~ cos a) (1 — cos f) (1 —cos y) (1 + cos @) (1 + cos ‘ - Bis +s B)* (1+ cos 7)? = (1 — cos? a) (1 - cos B) (1 — cos? y) oa) 1+ a)” 1 + cas a}? + ces)? (1 + cos 7)? = sin? a sin2 sin? y = T + cos @) (T+ cos A) (1+ cosy) = + sin a sin sin y Hence, ome of the walaes of (1 + cos a) (1 + cos p) (1 + cos 7) is sin a sin B sin 7. sa b iaplying both sides by (1 — cos a)(1—cos PB) (1 —cos 7), we find that one ofthe values of {1 —cos a) (1 — cos B) (1 — cos 7) is also sin a sin B sin 7. LEVEL-2 Prowe that: sec* x + cosec” x > 4. SOLUTION sex? x + cosec? x = (1+ tan? x) +1+(cot? x) = 2+ tan? x + cot? x = 2+ tan? x + cot* x2 tan x cot x +2 tan x cot x = 2+(tan x—cot x)? +2 = 44+(tan x—cot x)? > 4 EXAMPLE 22 If 10 sin* a +15 cos‘ a =6, find the value of 27 cosec® a +8 sec® a. [> (tan x —cot x)? >) SOLUTION We have, 10 sin* a +15cos*a = 6 = 10 sin? a +15 cost @ = 6(sin? « + cos? a)* = 10 tan4 a +15 = 6 (tan? a +1)? [Dividing boths sides by cos! a] 3 (2 tan? a~3)? = 0= tan? a => 27 cosec® a + 8 sec® o = 27 (1+ cot” a)? +8(1+ tan? a)? 125 3 3 -7(1+2) +a(1+3) = 7x4, 3,325 _ o50, 3 2 a 8 6054 _ 9 find tan A and tan B, SOLUTION We have, sin A cos woo and SOA Ag sin B cos _ —sinA cosB _p sin B cosA q = ‘mA _p_,tanA _ tnB _ 4 (ay) = tan A =p) and tanB = 0) tanB q p q ea TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.13 ms EE ip dk yi+p? a+ q? 2 Ss pr (1+ q2 2) = p2 q(t p? ) a PG 7) = 7-1 =P = i= lea tan A = +2 and, tanB = + |£—* [Using (i)] q \1-p? FXAMPLE14 If tan? x=1 -a?, prove that sec x + tan? x cosec x =(2—a*)?/*. Also, find the values of a for which the above result holds true. SOLUTION We have, cosec x } 3 secx + tan? x cosec. x= sec x {1 + tan? x= sec x = y1+tan?x {1+ tanxx cot} = (1+ tan? 19/2 = 1 +1 -a2)9/2 = (2~-a4)3/2_ E> tan? x=1-a2] Now, tan? x20 for allx => 1-a?>0 => a*-1<0 > -1 0 => a*-2<0 = —J2 < ax v2 ii) From (i) and (ii), we find that the given relation holds true for all a <[~1, 1]. FXAMPLE15 Ifa cos® x + 3a cos x sin? x =m and a sin x + 3a cos*x sin x =n, then prove that: (m+ 12/3 + (n—n)2/3 = 20/3, SOLUTION We have, acos?x + 3acosxsin?x =m and asin? x+3acos? xsinx =n > acos® x + 3acos x sin? x+asin? x + 3a cos? xsin x =m+n and, cos? x + 3acos x sin? x~asin? x—3acos? x sin x = m—n = a(cosx+sin x)? = m+n and, a(cosx—sinx)® = m-—n > cosxtsinx = C= and, cos x sin x = ar > (cos x + sin x)? + (cos x —sin x)? - (nay (Sy a (m+n) gs PE (m+ ny2/3 + (m—m?/3 = 202/3 y2/3 (m=nj2/3 2 (cos? x + sin? x) FXAMPLE 16 If 2 tan? a tan? tan? y + tan? a tan? B+ tan” tan? y + tan? y tan? a =1, prove that sin? aw + sin? B + sin? y=1. SOLUTION We have, 2 tan? « tan? B tan? y + tan? o tan? B+ tan? tan” y + tan” tan? a =1 | 514 MATHEMATiCg, x Dividing throughout by tan? @ tan? B tan? y, we get 2+ cot? y+ cot? a+ cot? B = cot? a cot f cot? y = => 2+ cosecty-1 + cosec? a —1 + cosec? B -1 = (coseca ~1)(cosec?B -1)(cosec?y ~1) = cosec? a + cosec® B + cosec? y-1= cosec” a cosec fi cosec? y — cosec” a cosec? —cosec® fi casec* y —cosec” y cosec? a + cosec? a + cosec” + cosec? y_, = cose” a coser® P cosec” y = cosec? a cosec® f+ cosec? f cosec” ¥ + cose” y cose? y = 1 = sin? y+sin? a+sin?p [Multiplying throughout by sin* a sin? g sin?) = sin? a + sin?B+sin? y = 1 5. ax by 2 EXAMPLEI7 If eS aCe fan aeno Ns Fre af (ax)? + ry? =(@2 —04)?/3 SOLUTION We have, axsin @ by cos _4 cos*@ sin?6 > ax sin? 6 —by cos? 0=0 x sin3@ _ cos? by ax 2/3 2/3 sin3@ cos 6 = 2 by ax LS sin?@ _ cos*0 ey? (an?!? 2 2 2 2 sin? _ cos*@ __sin?0+cos0 ‘ = i ~ eee [Using ratio and proportions] y® ey? (oy? + (any? sin?@ _ cos*0 1 = pan a wy? (ax)?/ (ax)?/ + (oy)? 2/3 2/3 = sin?o- —apP_yy and, cos? ad (ax)*/* + (by) (axy"’~ + (byy 1/3 1/3 a ae and, cos = ——@) © en??? + oy? [axy?/? + ey??? i gn 2p Substituting these values in "> + <= =a? ~b?, we get (a? lax?” + oy??? + ey? Yan?/? + Oy??? = a? -0? S { fax??? + yr} {ie + oy} Sein. 3/2 = {(#”? om} = bP = (ax)/3 + y?/? = (a? -02)°/3 a TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.15 2 + 2nn’ cos x =1,and EXAMPLE 18 Ifm? + m'? 42mm! cos x =1,1? + mn-+m! n! + (mn! +m’ n) cos x =0, prove that (i) m? + n® =cosec x (ii) m+n? = cosec? x SOLUTION (i) We have, el cosx =1 and n? +n? +2nn'cosx =1 2 2 + 2mm’ cos x +m? cos* x ~m? cos? x +m? =1 and, nt Feasts antics a => _(m’ + mcos x)? +m? (1 -cos* x) =1 and, (n' + ncos x)* +n? (1 —cos* x) =1 > (m'+mcosx)? =1-m?sin?x ..(i) and, (n'+ncosx)? 21-1 sin?x (ii) Now, (m’ +m cos x) (nf +1 cos x) = mf 1 + (mrt + mf n) cos x + mn cos? x > (nt + mos x) (rf +n-cos x) = —mn+mn cos? x [-* mn + mf rf + (mrt +m n) cos x=0] > (uf +m cos x) (1 +n cos x) = —mn (1 ~cos? x) > (m! +m cos x) (n! +n cos x) = igs => — (+ mcos x)? (Wf +ncos x)* =m?" nr? sin? x [On squaring both sides] => — (1-m? sin? x)(1-n? sin? x) = mr? sint x [Using (i) and (ii)] => 1-(r? +n?) sin? x +m? r? sin’ x = mn? sin’ x = 1 = (m+n) sin? x > m+n = cosec? x {@) As the given relations do not alter by replacing m by m and by 1. Therefore, on replacing mby mt! andnby nl in m? +n? = cosec* x, we get m' +11” =cosec*x. sintx cos! x EXAMPLE19 If a , prove that a+b is. 8 int" 4n 4) sinx | cos? x 1 . sin”x cosx 1 i) = ii + = /meN { ao be (a+b)? oO) arial bt ee (ip eee SOLUTION We have, 4, x costx 1 a b a+b 4 4 > (a+b) (* ae } a b 4 4 > con. as 3 2) = (sin? x + cos? x)? = sintx+costx +5 sin'x+ # costx= sintx + costx+2sin?x cos?x SP sintr+ cost a b b 2 > {Bont ff om? s} =0 a b > fesints = | costs a b > tan?x = ¢ x=2sin?x cos* x= 0 5.16 MATHEM ATICS. > = = i) @ 1 etal (abit p perenne | Aa ee [Usin, a (5) 3 (385) 8 (0) a b ath 1 E pov Uae = (a+b)* (a+b)i (a+b) (a+b)> «4 @® 5 = 21 2 "x cost x _ (in?) | (cos? x)" _ 1 a eC b geal peal gal pat ll ra p21 \asb a b a+b ‘tL G4 (as (at (arom! 4 int cos sin* a EXAMPLE 20 If Je = 1, prove that cos*B sin? B s4 (@ sin4 a +sin4B = 2sin? asin?B (y= en8 i SOLUTION We have, costa sint a = cos? sin?B 4 cos* a sin? B+ sin4 = a. cos* B = cos” B sin? p = cos* a (1 — cos? f) + cos” (1 —cos* a)? = cos” B (1 — cos? f) x cos! a —cos* a cos* 8 + cos* B -2 cos* a cos” B+ cos* a cos? f = cos? B - cos? B a cos a ~2 cos* a cos* B+ cos4B = 0 = (cos a ~ cos? p)? =0 => cos? a ~cos*B = 0 = costa = costp wll) = = 1-sin?a =1-sin2p > sin?a=sin2p vi) Woh werk pices as : () sin® a + sin’ =(sin? a ~sin? p)? +2sin? a sin? =2sin? a sin2p [.- sin? a=sin’ Bl ao. qRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS int costB . sin*B _ cos*Bcos?p sin? sin2p + — + So B sin” @) Sea sina cos? a ne cos? B cos? sin2 2 ET 2 ; Leta = cos*B+sin? [Using (i)and (ii)} EXAMPLE 21 If ais any non-zero real number, show that cos x and sin x can never be equal to a + SOLUTION We have following cases CASEI When a > 0:In this case, we have gs toea?+(1) -2x4a. Let Osa a va va ce 20 CASEM When x <0: Tae =—b. Then,b >0 1 1 2S ad iid b ( b 159 But, ae [From Case I] > “(b+ ft) s-2> 042 <-2 b a 1 1 a+—22 fora>O and, a+—<-2 fora<0. a a But, —1 (sin? x)? < sin? x [For 0 cos? x + (sin? x)? < cos? x + sin? x for allx > AS<1 forall x i) Again, 2 eee 7 esa ie A=cos*x+sin4x =1-sin?x+(sin?x)? = -i+ {4 -sin?x+(in?)?| =34(5-sin?x) Now, 2 (5-sin?x) 20 for allx 4 = 3 ire for all x 2 i a*(p-8n?>) >3 for allx 2 4 (ii) From (i) and (ii), we obtain 3 cotx+cosx=4m and cotx - cos x = 4n > (cot + cosx)*~(cotz—cos2)? = 16m? 1672 and (cot +082) (cotx C082) =16 my S Hevt ren x=16 (m1?) and cot x ~ cos?x =16 mn u 2 4 poh cos*x Sear Ga Ont Sax 7407-17) and =i, 7lom costs meeistcos tx Set Oe and SS 16 mn mx sin* x > 6-1)? -16 mn > wl)? on $5 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Consider a unit circle with centre at the originO of the coordinate axes, Clearly, this circle meets thecoordinates axes at A (1, 0), B(0,1),C(-1, 0)andD(0, -1),Let Pa, b)bea point on the circle such that length of arc AP =x or equivalently, let P(a,})be the point where the terminal side of the angle ZAOP with radian measure x meets the unit circle. Then, Fig. 58 () cosx=a forallreR (i) sinx=b forallxeR (i) tan z= 22% foralx#(21+1) 2 neZ (iv) ost praileain neZ () secr=} forallxe re) 5 neZ (vi) coseex= 2 forall x# nn, ne Z a TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.21 We observe that as the point P(a, b) moves on the unit circle, point M moves between C and A and N moves between D and B.Consequently,OM =a varies between 1 and 1 and ON = PM =b also varies between -1 and 1 ie. -10,b>0 inIquadrant ; 4<0,b>0 in II quadrant 4<0,b<0 in MI quadrant; 4>0,b<0 in IV quadrant Thus, the signs of trigonometric functions in various quadrants are as discussed below Inthe first quadrant : We have, a>0 and b>0 >Oand cosec.x cosx=a>0,sinx=b>0, tanx=>0, cotx = >0, secx a a Consequently, all the six trigonometric functions are positive in the first quadrant. Inthe second quadrant: Wehave, a<0 and b>0 a % cosx =a <0, sinx =b >0, tanx =~ <0, cotx => <0, secx = 4 a 1 0 Consequently, in the second quadrant sinx and cosec x both are positive and all other trigonometric functions are negative. Inthe third quadrant: We have,a<0 and b <0. Pepe ec) sinx=0 <0, tanz=">0, cotx = >0, secx = 0 and b <0. 4 <0, cotr=# <0, seer =7>0and cosee x =7 <0 a e cosx =a >0, sinx=b <0, tanx= Thus, in the fourth quadrant cosx and secx both are positive and all other trigonometric functions are negative. The signs of trigonometric functions in different quadrants can be summarised as under : yt 0 (4) sin x and cosec x ()cos x, tan x,cot x, cosec x (+) cos x and sec () sin x, tan x, cot x, cosec x (+) tan x and cot x (©) sin x, cos x, sec x cosec * Vv Fig. 6.9 Signs of trigo! ll ae MATHEMATICS.x, SIMPLE RULE TO REMEMBER A crude aid to memorise the signs of trigonometrical ratios in different quadrants is the four-word phrase “ALL SCHOOL TO COLLEGE”. The first leter of the first word in this phrase is ‘A’. This may be taken to indicate that all trigonometric ratios are positive in the first quadrant. The first letter of the second word is ‘S’. This indicates that sine and its reciprocal are positive in the second quadrant. The first letter of third word is 'T’. This may be taken as to indicate that tangent and its reciprocal are positive in the third quadrant. The first letter ofthe fourth word in the phrase is ‘C’ which may be taken as to indicate that only cosine and its reciprocal are positive in the fourth quadrant. 5.6 VARIATIONS IN VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS. Consider a unit circle centred at the origin O of the coordinate axes, The circle cuts the coordinates axes at A(1, 0), B(0,1),C(-1, 0) and D(0,~1). Let P(a, b) be a point on the circle whose equation is x? + y? =1 such thatarc AP =x or equivalently radian measure of ZAOP is x. Then, a=cosx and b=sin x. It is evident from Fig. 5.10 that ~1 the values of} decrease from 0 to ~1 and in the fourth quadrant as x increases from 3 to 2n the values b of increase from ~1 to 0. Thus, in the third quadrant as increases from sto 2, sin decreases from 0 to -1 and finally in the fourth quadrant asx increases from 2 to 2x, sin x increases from -1 t0 0. Similarly, we can observe the variations in the values of other trigonometric functions. The Bt a TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS a Trigonometric | I quadrant I quadrant Il quadrant IV quadrant function | el sine | iReteasefrom decreases from | decreases from increases from Otol 1to0 Oto-1 | -1toa decreases | decreases from | increases from increases from cosine | from1tod | Oto-1 -1t00 Otol increases | increases from | increases from increases from | tangent | from 0 to -2to0 0 tox __ -wtoo | | decreases | decreases from | decreases from | decreases from cotangent fromato0 | Oto-» x too Oto—x increases | increases from | decreases from decreases from } secant fromitow | -stol | -1to-« xtol decreases decreases from | decreases from decreases from cosecant | fromo tol | ltow —xto-1 -1to-a ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES LEVEL-1 FXAMPLE1 Find sin x and tan x, if cos x =~ 2 and x lies in the third quadrant. SOLUTION We know that cos? x + sin? x=1 = sin x=+ y1-cos* x Inthird quadrant sin xis negative. a sinx = -J1-cos*x= sinx = -p-(-¥) = -2 Be Pane ee nl Bis 0S X IXAMPLE2 Find the values of cos x and tan x, isin x =— 3 ana n 3 4 and, tanx | u Z | i cos x 5 4 EXAMPLE3 Find all other trigonometrical ratios, if sin x = — a and x lies in quadrant III. SOLUTION We know that cos* x+sin? x=1 => cosx=+ x OT 5.24 a MATHEMATICS, In the third quadrant cos xis negative EXAMPLES If cos x 1 r ~pandn ox = secx Itis given that rlies in the fourth quadrant in which sin xis negative. sin x =-{1-cos* x sinx _ Cd ane cos x 1+ tan x + cosecx 1 + cot x — cosec x EXAMILE 6 Prove that : SOLUTION We have, fi=sinz _ |-sinx? _1-sinx _1~-sinx A +sin x 1-sin?x ae TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.25 sec x —tan x if F ex ck f 2 -secx+tan x, if sinx=-cosx => tanx=-1 sec? x =1+tan? x => sec? x=1+(-1)?=2 => secr=V2 = cosx= v2 5.7 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT ALLIED ANGLES Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either zero or a multiple of 3 The angles allied to xare values of trigonometric functions at allied angles of an angle x in terms of the values at x. 5.7.1 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT ~ x Consider a circle of unit radius centred at the origin of coordinate axes which cuts the coordinates axes at A(1, 0), B(0, 1),C(-1, 0) andD(0, -1). Let P(a, b) be a point on the circle such that arc AP =x so that the measure of Z AOP is x. Then, a =cosx and} =sin x . Let Q be the image of P in x-axis. Then, Z AOQ =~x and the coordinates of Q are (a, —b). y EI £x,ntx, = + x, 2n+ xetc. In this section, we will express the a = cos(—x) and -b=sin (-x) cosx =cos(-x) and -sinx = sin (— x) cos (-2) = cosx and sin (~x) =—sin x sin i = £08(-%) =cosx,b =sin2) VS 1 =—L x secx and, cosec(-2) c0s(-x) cosx 5.72 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT | - x | ‘sec (-x) = Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of coordinates axes which cuts the coordinate axes at A(L, 0), B(0, 1), C(-1, 0) and D(0,~1), Let P(a, b) be a point on the circle such that are AP = consequently ZAOP =x and hence a = cos x and b = sin x. Let be a point on the circle such that are AQ => —xand so ZAOQ = 5 -x.Consequently, measure of BOQ is x. eral z= yr 27 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS eg C10) BO,-1) ry Fig.5.12 Draw perpendiculars PM and QN from P and Q respectively on OX. In triangle ONQ, we have ZQON ==-x, ZONQ eo 2 ZOQN =x [Using angle sum property] Intriangles OMP and ONQ, we have ZOMP = ZONQ, POM = ZOQN and, OP =0Q $0, by RHS criterion of congruence AOMP = AQNO = OM=QN and ON=PM > QN=a and ON=b So, the coordinates of Q are (b, a). b=cos( $x) and a=sin(¥-x) [ 290n =2-x] 2 sin=cos(¥-x) and cosx=sin($-x) @=cosx andb =sin x] fe z = cos(¥-x)-sinx and sin($-x)=cosx 5.74 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (x x) Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin O of the coordinate coordinate axes at A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(-1, 0) and D(0, ~1). Let P(a, that are AP =x consequently, let Q bea point on the unit sircle such that 2AOQ = n-x and so measure of arc AQ = n—x. arcQC = n~(n-x)=x fy are AC =n] = £Q0C=x axes and cutting the ) be a point on the circle such the measure of ZAOP is x. Further, In triangles OMP and ONQ, we have 2POM = ZQON, OP = MATHEMATICS-Xj So, AOMP=AONQ = OM=ON and PM=QN = ON=a and QN=b So, the coordinates of Q are (—a, b) x D(O,-1) ry Fig. 5.13 3 —a=cos(x-2x) and b=sin(x-x) = cos (x—x) =—cosx and sin (x—x) =sin x [-a=cosx, b =sinx] Thus, we obtain cos (x—2) =—cosx and sin (x-x)=sin x ee) A ia, cos (n—x) —cosx cosx cot (=x) = SS F=2) = 008 C057 _ oe y sin(x-x) sinx sinx erie) ee te ccwer'x sec (=x sin(x-x) sinx 5.75 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS at - +x } Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes which cuts the coordinate axes at A(1, 0), B(0,1),C(—1,0) and (0,—1). Let P(a,b) a point on the circle such that ZAOP =x ZAOP =x equivalently arc AP =x. Let Q be a point on the circle such that 2A0Q =F +1 equivalently arc AQ = 5 +x = ZQON =F -x. In triangles OMP and OQN, we have ZPOM = ZOQN ZOMP = ZONQ and, OP=0Q * APOM = AOQN = OM =QN and PM =ON > a@=QN and b=ON = — ON=b and QN=a TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS e So, the coordinates of Qare(-b, a). , -b=cos( $+) and a=sin( 24x) h2ieey) nT b > oms( E+) =-sinx and sin(2+x) = cosx [/4=cosx, b =sinx] } cmee{E+x)=——2 =secs, sec( Z+z}=— 2) sin( +2) cosx \2 5.7.6 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (x + x Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes cutting the coordinate axes at A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(-1, 0) and D(0, ~1). Let P(a,b) a Point on the circle such that arc AP =x consequently ZAOP = x. yt D(0,-1) yy Fig. 5.15 Rs a@=cosx and b=sin x. LetQ bea point on the circle such that ZAOQ = x+xor equivalently, i ArcCQ=x and ZCOQ=x Clearly, AOMP = AONQ > arc AQ=n+x. OM =ON and PM =QN => a=ON and b=QN = ON =a and QN=b So, the coordinates of Q are (-a, —b). * =ascos(n+x) and ~b =sin (m+ x) => cos(m+x) =—cosx and sin (t+x) =—sinx tanx, cot (w+x) = S0S(R+%) _ — cos sin(x+x) —sinx _sin(n+3) _-sinx %, ONCE ie y pe ialenes =cotx 1 cosec (m+ x) = i a =—cosec x, sec(m+x) = z i ———__ == - secx sin(m+x) -sinx cos(m+x) —cosx Ral MATHEMATICS.x 5.30 5.7.7 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (2x ~ x) Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes. Suppose the circle cuts the coordinate axes at A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(-1, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P(a, b) a point on the unit circle such that ZAOP =x. Then, a=cosx andb = sinx hy BQ, 1) P(a, b) DeO,-0| y Fig. 5.16 Let Q be a point on the unit circle such that ZAOQ =2n-x. Then, the measure of ZAOQ =x. Consequently, Q is image of P(a,}) in the line mirror along OX. So, the coordinates of Q are (a,b). a=cos(2n-x) and —b =sin (22-2) => cos x = cos (2x~x) and sin x=sin (2n+2) [+ a=cosx, b =sin1] > cos (2x—x) =cosx and sin (22-2) sinx ee) er cok (2) ede ios (a=) tee aonk sin (2n— 1 a 1 1 cosec (2n—x) = =cosec x, sec (2n-x) = sin (Qn-x) sinz cos (2n-x) cosx 5.7.8 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (2x + x) Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinates axes. The circle cuts the coordinate axes at A(1, 0), B(0, 1),C(-1, 0) and D(0, ~1). Let P be a point on the circle such that arc AP or equivalently ZAOP =x, Thereofe, a= cos x and b =sin x. The circumference of the unit circle is 2x. Therefore, if we begin from P and travel distance 2x along the circle, we return to the same point P. 4=cos(2n+x) and b=sin (2n +x) = 08x = cos (2n+2x) and sin x=sin (2n+ x) = cos(2n+1) =cosx and sin (2n+ 3) tan (2n+x) = Sin (2n+2) _sinx 4) = 08 (2n4+2) _ c08t Geaae Genes te anes) eins cosec(2n+x)=——1 1 1 = cosec x, sec(2n+ x) = sin (2n+x) sinx cos (2n+x) cosx ee TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS eae Do, -1) wv Fig. 5.17 5.8 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS A function f(x) is said to be a periodic function, if there exits a positive real number T such that fle+T) = f(a) for all x. If Tis the smallest positive real number such that f(x +T) = f(x) for all x, then T is called the fundamental period of f(x). We observe that if f(x) is periodic with period T, then f(x+20) =f +1) =f(+1) =f) f(x+30) =/{+20 + 7) =f(e+2n) = f(x) and so on. Ingeneral, f(x +nT) = f(x) for all xandn EN. 5.8.1 PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes. The circle cuts the coordinate axes at A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(-1, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P(a, b) be a point on the circle such that arc AP =x or equivalently ZAOP =x. . x ae 5.32 MATHEMATICS-x| a=cosx andb =sin x Now, if we take one complete revolution from the point P along the we again come back to the same point P. In other words, if x increa: return to the same point. circumference of the citcle, s or decreases by 21, we a=cos(2x+2) and b=sin(2x+3) cos x =cos (2x +x) and sin x=sin (2x+3) Also, @=cos(-2x+x) and b=sin (-2n+3x) cos (—2n+x) = cos x and sin (—2n + x) =sinx We also observe that if x increases or decreases by any integral multiple of 2x, we come back to the same point P. cos (2nx+x)=cosx and sin (2nx+x)=sinx,neZ Thus, cosine and sine functions are periodic functions. It is evident from the above discussion that 2m is the smallest positive number such that cos (2x+x)=cosx and sin (2x +x) =sinx forall x Hence, cosine and sine functions are periodic functions with period 2x. In sub-sections 5.7.5 and 5.7.7, we have learnt that tan (n+x)=x and tan (2x+x)=xforallxeR = tan (nx+x) =x for allxeR andneZ Also, xis the smallest positive real number such that tan (n+) = tanx forall x ¢ R. So, tangent function is also periodic with period x Using the definition of cotangent, cosecants and secant functions, we obtain 1 1 =——_—___ = —_ = cotx for all x (# nn) eR cot (x+2) ms : for all x (+ nn) cosec (2+ 2) = = ig emsec fr allx (#1) eR 1 1 ———__ == sec x for all i sec(2x+x) as ED GST sec x for al x(-@n+nZ)er Thus, consecant and secant functions are periodic with period 2nand cotangent is periodic with period x 5.9 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS EVENFUNCTION A function f(x) is said to bean even function, if f(~x) = f(x) for all x in its domain. ODD FUNCTION A function f(x) is said to be an odd function, if f(—x) = f(x) for all x in its domain. ILLUSTRATION 1 Determine whether the following functions are even or odd or neither @ fax? +x (i) g(x) =3x7 41 SOLUTION (i) Wehave, f(x) =x3 +x Sta) =(-9 +(-2) =-23 - So, f() is an odd function. (i) Wehave, g(x) = 3x7 +1 (iii) (x) =x? 4x44 =~(x3 +x) =~ f(x) for all x eR. 8(-2) = 3 (2)? +1 = 32? +1 = 9(x) for allx eR So, (2) is an even function. (i) Weave, ix) =x? +x+4 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.33 a N(=x) = (=x)? + (-x) +4 =x? -x44 Clearly, h(-x) is neither equal to h(x) nor to ~h(2). So, h(x) is neither even nor odd function. We have learnt that _ : sin (-x) =~ sin x, tan (- x) =— tan x, cosec (— x) =~ cosec x and cot (- x) =—cot x So, sine, tangent, cosecant and cotangent functions are odd functions. We have also learnt that cos (-x) = cos x and sec (~ x) = sec x. So, cosine and secant functions are even functions. The values of trigonometric functions at~x, 2: x, nx, = + xand 2n+ xare given in terms of values at x in the following tabular form for ready reference Trigonometric ‘unction sin cos tan cot cosec sec int /Angle—— | ie | isi Meese Foley Nain x | cosx) | =tanx | \=cotx “} —cosecx secx cosx | sinx cotx tanx secx cosec x T | ape ae cosx -sinx | —cotx ~tanx sec x —cosec x m-X sinx _ = cot x cosec x =secx m+X | =sinx cot x _—cosec x —secx 3n la 5 ae a ~cos x -sinx | cotx tanx —secx —cosec x = ~ 1 = 3 | ae Weal ee — cosx sinx | -cotx | —tanx ~secx cosec x 2n-x =sinx _cosx ~tanx | -cotx —cosec x sec x Qn+x sinx | __cosx tanx | cotx Cudee S26) 5 SCE. From the above table we observe that the values of sine function at 3 x=1x = +x and Hs x=8x 4. rarecosxor— cos depending upon the quadrantin which the terminating ray ofthe angle lies, Also, sine function is periodic with period 2.So, the values of sine function at aa and dnt Ex are cosx or -cosx. But, dna F =(4n+1) 5 and aes SE = (4n+3) 5 Z are odd multiples of 5 Therefore, the value of sine function at (2n— aS Pee roe or —cosx ee upon the ati of the terminating ray of the angles We oe note from the table that the values of sine function at r+ x = 2 Z ® + xand2ntx=4x = = + xaresinor ting ray of the angle. The periodicity of the sin x depending upon the position of the terminat -sinx sine function gives that the values of sine function atnntx= anx % +x are sin x oF depending upon the quadrant in which the terminating or of the ae lies. We also note that at point expressible in the form (2n— Ns © + x the values of cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are + respectively. At a point expressible in the form 2n) sin x, Ga ant een # and + sec x ™)+x the values of cosine, tangent,

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