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Cambridge Lower Secondary

Science
ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK 8
Mary Jones & Sally Burbeary

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Contents
Contents

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Contents
Bookmarks

 English skills and support

My Activity
Connecting words 1
Command words 2
Comparative and superlative adjectives 3
The language of science experiments 6
Making predictions 6
Modal verbs 7
Prepositions 10
Phrasal verbs 12
Graphs 13
Singular and plural 14
Active and passive 15

1 Respiration
1.1 The human respiratory system 16
1.2 Gas exchange 19
1.3 Breathing 21
1.4 Respiration 23
1.5 Blood 26

2 Properties of materials
2.1 Dissolving 28
2.2 Solutions and solubility 31
2.3 Planning a solubility investigation 33
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2.4 Paper chromatography 35

3 Forces and energy

3.1 Forces and motion 38
3.2 Speed 41
3.3 Describing movement 43

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Contents Contents

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Bookmarks 3.4 Turning forces 46 8 Chemical reactions
3.5 Pressure between solids 49
8.1 Exothermic reactions 96
3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases 51

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8.2 Endothermic reactions 98
3.7 Particles on the move 54
8.3 Reactions of metals with oxygen 101
My Activity Reactions of metals with water 103
4 Ecosystems 8.4
8.5 Reactions of metals with dilute acids 105
4.1 The Sonoran Desert 56
4.2 Different ecosystems 57 9 Magnetism
4.3 Intruders in an ecosystem 60
9.1 Magnetic fields 107
4.4 Bioaccumulation 62
9.2 The Earth as a giant magnet 109
9.3 Electromagnets 112
5 Materials and cycles on Earth
9.4 Investigating electromagnets 114
5.1 The structure of the atom 64
5.2 Purity 66
5.3 Weather and climate 68
5.4 Climate and ice ages 70
5.5 Atmosphere and climate 72

6 Light
6.1 Reflection 74
6.2 Refraction 78
6.3 Making rainbows 80
6.4 Colours of light 82
6.5 Galaxies 84
6.6 Rocks in space 86

7 Diet and growth

7.1 Nutrients 88
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7.2 A balanced diet 90
7.3 Growth, development and health 92
7.4 Moving the body 94

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How to use this book English skills and support

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How to use this book English skills and support
This book is to help you with English skills when you are studying science. The
English skills and support section gives you information about important topics in
 This workbook will help you to understand and use the English that is involved
while learning science.
English that you will use in science. You can use this section at any time you need
help with English while studying science.
My Activity
It will help you to: In this English reference section, there is information about English grammar and
• understand what you read in your science books, and what your teacher vocabulary to help you with science.
tells you during the lessons Many different grammatical words will be explained in the English language
• talk to other learners during your science lessons in English, using the reference section.
correct vocabulary
• understand questions that you are asked by your teacher or in a test Connecting words
• speak or write answers to science questions that say clearly what you mean.
Connecting words help you to join two pieces of information together in
different ways.

This workbook contains an English Lines

skills and support section. This contains straight A straight line can be in any —/ In science, we often need to talk about more than one thing. We can join two ideas
information about English grammar
horizontal A straight line that goes across from side
direction.
— to
together with connecting words, for example: and, but, because, so. These are called
vertical A straight line that goes from top to |
and vocabulary to help you with science. curved
side.
A curved line is not
connectives. Connectives are like glue – they stick two ideas together.
bottom.
You can use the reference section at any Singular
line andstraight.
plural There are many connecting words in English and they do different things in
time you need help with English while Singular means one sentences.
studying science. Plural means two or more
A verb describes an action, state or
thing.
things.
The verb ‘to be’
event. Connective What it is used for
Use the verb is with single and uncountable nouns. For example: A heart is an
Use the verb are with plural nouns. For example: There are many organs in
human
organ.
Other verbs
the
and connecting two positives together
body.
Who or Verbs
I, you, we,
what
look, explain, change, transfer,
or connecting two negatives together
they use

but connecting a positive and a negative together

Exercise 2 Writing two or more sentences
in an answer
This workbook provides questions for because giving a reason why
Sometimes, a question needs a slightly longer answer than
you to practise what you have learnt in In this exercise, you practise writing your own sentences to

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some ‘Explain’
usual.
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class. There is a topic to match each topic answer so giving the result of a situation
at Command words in the English skills and support section
questions.
Look
in your Learner’s Book and exercises in information about command

each topic. You can use the English skills for at least two sentences to answer each of these three questions. Make
Write
words.
that your second sentence has some new information in it and is not just the
and support section to help you as you sentence written in a different
sure
a Explain why it is easier to cut an apple with a sharp knife than a blunt
first
complete the exercises. way.……………………………………………………………………………………….
knife.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
b Explain what you need to know in order to calculate the pressure that
object is producing on the
an
floor.

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English skills and support English skills and support

 Here are some examples. For example:

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Question: Name a compound.
positive + positive Answer: Water.
and
 Roots are usually underground and anchor the plant in the ground.
Question: State the features of a compound.
Answer: A compound has more than one type of atom, which are joined tightly together.
My Activity
Question: Describe what happens when iron is heated with sulfur.
positive + negative
Answer: The iron and sulfur react together to form a new substance. The iron atoms
bond with the sulfur atoms to make iron sulfide.
but the parts of the plant above
The roots underground Question: Explain why metals oxidise.
but ground might die in harsh
continue to live Answer: Many metals oxidise because of a chemical reaction of the metal surface
conditions.
with the oxygen present in the air.
fact or situation + why
Comparative and superlative adjectives
because
Plants can absorb minerals
because they have roots. This section helps you to do two things.
from soil
It helps you to talk about:
fact or situation + result • the differences between things (comparative adjectives)
so • an object expressing the extreme quality of that thing in a group of
they can absorb minerals from objects (superlative adjectives).
Plants have roots so
the soil.

Scientists often want to compare two or more things.

Command words For example: feathers and leaves are lighter than stones and rocks.

Science questions often start with ‘Name’, ‘State’, ‘Describe’ or ‘Explain’. Comparative adjectives
You need to know how to answer these questions correctly. Comparative adjectives are formed by adding -er to shorter adjectives and more
before longer adjectives. The number of syllables in a word helps you to choose
whether to use -er or more. A syllable is the number of sounds in a word. For
Command words Answer example, ‘gas’ has one syllable, ‘copper’ has two syllables and ‘magnetic’ has three
syllables. Be careful with the spelling rules when forming comparative adjectives.
Name Give the name of the person, object or animal. Notice that ‘than’ is used after the comparative adjective.
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State Give brief information.

Describe Say what happens.

Explain Say why something happens.

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