Testing of High Tension (HT) panels and Low Tension (LT) panels is

crucial to ensure the safe and reliable operation of electrical

distribution systems. Here are some key aspects and tests associated
with HT and LT panel testing:

### High Tension (HT) Panel Testing:

1. **Insulation Resistance Test:**

- Measure the insulation resistance between phases and between

each phase and ground to ensure that the insulation is adequate.

2. **Dielectric Strength Test:**

- Perform a high voltage test to check the dielectric strength of the

insulation material, ensuring it can withstand the specified voltage
without breakdown.

3. **Contact Resistance Test:**

- Verify the resistance across contacts in the HT panel to ensure

efficient electrical connections and minimal energy losses.
4. **Circuit Breaker Testing:**

- Test the functionality of circuit breakers, including tripping time,

closing time, and insulation resistance. Ensure that the circuit
breakers operate within specified tolerances.

5. **Protection Relay Testing:**

- Test and calibrate protection relays to ensure they respond

appropriately to fault conditions and provide the necessary
protection for the system.

6. **Busbar Stability Test:**

- Verify the stability of busbars under specified fault conditions,

ensuring they can withstand the mechanical forces generated during a
fault.

7. **Verification of Control Circuits:**

- Check the control circuits for proper wiring, continuity, and

functionality to ensure that the panel can be operated safely.

8. **Primary and Secondary Injection Tests:**

- Conduct primary and secondary injection tests on protection relays

to verify their response to simulated fault conditions.
### Low Tension (LT) Panel Testing:

1. **Functional Testing:**

- Verify the proper functioning of all components within the LT

panel, including switches, fuses, indicators, and meters.

2. **Earth Continuity Test:**

- Ensure the continuity of the earth path by measuring the resistance

between the panel's metallic parts and the earth.

3. **Short Circuit Test:**

- Simulate short circuit conditions to ensure that protective devices,

such as circuit breakers and fuses, operate correctly to isolate the
faulty section.

4. **Load Sharing and Balancing:**

- Verify that the load is evenly distributed across all phases, and
there is no imbalance that could lead to overheating of components.

5. **Temperature Rise Test:**

- Measure the temperature rise of critical components, such as

busbars and cables, under full-load conditions to ensure they remain
within acceptable limits.

6. **Voltage Drop Test:**

- Check for excessive voltage drop across the panel to ensure that the
connected loads receive the required voltage.
7. **Emergency Stop and Interlock Testing:**

- Test emergency stop functions and interlocks to ensure that the

panel can be safely shut down in case of an emergency.

8. **Harmonics and Power Quality Analysis:**

- Analyze the power quality to identify and mitigate harmonic

distortions that may affect the performance of connected equipment.

Always follow safety procedures and guidelines while conducting

panel testing, and ensure that testing is performed by qualified
personnel. Additionally, adherence to relevant standards, such as IEC
and IEEE, is essential during the testing process.
### Transformer Installation Checklist:

#### **Pre-Installation:**

1. **Site Selection:**

- Verify that the chosen location complies with safety and

environmental regulations.

- Ensure proper ventilation and clearance requirements are met.

2. **Transformer Inspection:**

- Inspect the transformer for any visible damage during

transportation.

- Check the accompanying documentation for completeness.

3. **Foundation:**

- Ensure that the foundation is designed and constructed according

to specifications.

- Verify that the foundation is level and provides proper support

4. **Clearances:**

- Confirm clearances from nearby structures, fences, and other

equipment meet safety standards.

### **Installation:*
5. **Transport and Rigging:**

- Use proper lifting equipment and rigging techniques.

- Ensure the transformer is transported and lifted in a manner that

prevents damage.

6. **Positioning:**

- Place the transformer on the foundation accurately, considering

proper alignment.

7. **Grounding:**

- Establish effective grounding for the transformer, including

grounding of the tank and core.

- Ensure low-resistance connections to the ground grid.

8. **Oil Filling:**

- Fill the transformer with the recommended type and quantity of

insulating oil.

- Perform degassing if required.

9. **Piping and Valves:**

- Install inlet and outlet pipes with appropriate valves.

- Check for leaks and ensure proper tightness.

10. **Cooling System:**

- Verify the proper installation of cooling fans or radiators.

- Check for the correct direction of airflow.

#### **Electrical Connections:**

11. **Bushings:**

- Install and connect the bushings according to the manufacturer's

specifications.

- Perform insulation resistance tests.

12. **LV and HV Connections:**

- Make sure all low voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV) connections
are properly torqued.

- Perform insulation resistance and polarization index tests.

13. **Tap Changer:**

- If applicable, install and test the tap changer for proper operation.

### **Testing and Commissioning:**

14. **Transformer Tests:**

- Perform routine tests such as turns ratio, vector group, and

insulation resistance tests.

- Conduct specific tests based on the transformer type and

application.
15. **Load Testing:**

- Gradually load the transformer to its rated capacity, monitoring

for any abnormalities.

16. **Protection System:**

- Test and calibrate the protective relays and alarms.

- Verify the operation of Buchholz relay (if applicable).

17. **Oil Quality:**

- Sample and test the insulating oil for quality and dielectric
strength.

18. **Documentation:**

- Update all documentation, including test reports, nameplate data,

and as-built drawings.

19. **Safety Checks:**

- Confirm that all safety features, warning signs, and barriers are in
place.

- Ensure that personnel are trained on safety procedures related to

the transformer.
#### **Post-Installation:**

20. **As-Built Documentation:**

- Update and maintain accurate as-built drawings reflecting any

modifications during installation.

21. **Manufacturer's Guidelines:**

- Ensure compliance with the manufacturer's guidelines and

specifications.

22. **Regulatory Compliance:**

- Confirm that the installation meets all local and national electrical
codes and regulations.

HT & LT Panel Testing and Commissioning

Testing and commissioning of Low Voltage (LV) panels are critical steps in
ensuring the proper functioning, safety, and reliability of electrical
distribution systems. Here's a general overview of the process:

1. **Pre-Commissioning Checks: **

**Visual Inspection:** Ensure that the LV panel is installed correctly, and

there are no visible damages or loose connections.

**Documentation Review: ** Verify that all documentation, including

drawings and manuals, is in order.
### 2. **Functional Testing:**
- **Power-Up Test:** Gradually apply power to the LV panel and check for
abnormal sounds, smoke, or any signs of malfunction.

- **Insulation Resistance Test:** Measure the insulation resistance

between conductors and between conductors and ground to ensure there
are no short circuits or insulation issues.

- **Continuity Test:** Check the continuity of all conductors to ensure

proper connections.

- **Operation of Protective Devices:** Test the functionality of protective

devices such as circuit breakers, relays, and fuses.

- **Metering and Instrumentation Checks:** Verify the accuracy of meters

and instrumentation.

### 3. **Functional Checks for Components:**

- **Individual Component Testing:** Test each component separately to

ensure that they function as intended.

### 4. **Load Testing:**

- **Verify Load Handling Capacity:** Gradually apply load to the panel to

ensure that it can handle the specified load without issues.

- **Verify Voltage Levels:** Check that the voltage levels at different points
in the panel are within the specified limits.

### 5. **Safety Checks:**

- **Emergency Stop Tests:** Ensure that emergency stop buttons and

switches are functional.

- **Door Interlocking Tests:** Verify that safety interlocks on doors are

functioning correctly.

- **Earth Fault Protection Testing:** Check the effectiveness of earth fault

protection systems.
### 6. **Commissioning:**

- **System Integration:** If the LV panel is part of a larger system, ensure

proper integration with other components.

- **Functional Test in Operating Conditions:** Perform a final functional

test under normal operating conditions.

### 7. **Documentation and Record Keeping:**

- **As-Built Documentation:** Update drawings and documentation to

reflect any changes made during the testing and commissioning process.

- **Test Reports:** Prepare detailed test reports documenting the

procedures, results, and any issues encountered during testing.

### 8. **Training:**

- **Operator Training:** Provide training to the operators on how to

operate and maintain the LV panel.

Tests for Low Voltage (LV) panels:

### Type Tests:

1. **Temperature Rise Test:**

- **Purpose:** This test aims to ensure that the temperature of critical

components within the LV panel does not exceed specified limits under
normal operating conditions. It helps assess the thermal performance and
insulation of the components.

- **Procedure:** The LV panel is subjected to its rated load for a specified

period, and the temperature rise of key components (such as busbars,
contacts, and connections) is measured.
2. **Short-Circuit Test:**

- **Purpose:** This test evaluates the LV panel's ability to withstand

short-circuit conditions, ensuring that protective devices operate
effectively and that structural integrity is maintained.

- **Procedure:** A short-circuit current is applied to the panel, and the

behaviour of protective devices, as well as the overall structural integrity,
is observed.

3. **Dielectric Test:**

- **Purpose:** This test verifies the insulation properties of the LV panel

to ensure that there are no weaknesses that could lead to electrical
breakdown.

- **Procedure:** A high voltage (often higher than the normal operating

voltage) is applied between conductors and between conductors and
ground. The insulation resistance is monitored during the test.
4. **Impulse Withstand Voltage Test:**

- **Purpose:** This test assesses the ability of the LV panel to withstand

impulse voltages, such as lightning strikes, without sustaining damage.

- **Procedure:** High voltage impulses are applied, and the insulation

response is observed to ensure it meets specified criteria.

5. **Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Test:**

- **Purpose:** This test ensures that the LV panel does not emit excessive
electromagnetic interference and is not susceptible to external
interference.

- **Procedure:** Tests are conducted to measure emissions (the amount

of electromagnetic radiation produced) and susceptibility (the panel's
resistance to external interference).

6. **Mechanical Operation Test:**

- **Purpose:** This test checks the mechanical components, such as

switches and circuit breakers, for smooth operation under various
conditions.

- **Procedure:** The mechanical components are operated through their

full range, and their performance is assessed for any signs of binding,
sticking, or irregularities.

### Routine Tests:

1. **Insulation Resistance Test:**

- **Purpose:** To verify the integrity of insulation within the LV panel,

ensuring that there are no unintended paths for electrical current.

- **Procedure:** A high voltage is applied between conductors and

between conductors and ground, and the insulation resistance is measured.
2. **Power Frequency Voltage Withstand Test:**

- **Purpose:** This test ensures that the LV panel can withstand normal
power frequency voltages without breakdown.

- **Procedure:** A power frequency voltage (at the normal operating

voltage level) is applied for a specified duration.

3. **Continuity Test:**

- **Purpose:** To ensure proper electrical continuity within the panel,

verifying that all conductors and connections are intact.

- **Procedure:** Conductors and connections are checked for continuity

using appropriate testing equipment.

4. **Functional Tests:**

- **Purpose:** To verify the proper functioning of all components and

protective devices under normal operating conditions.

- **Procedure:** The LV panel is tested under typical operational

scenarios to ensure that switches, relays, meters, and other devices operate
as expected.

5. **Operation of Protective Devices:**

- **Purpose:** To ensure that protective devices, such as circuit breakers

and fuses, operate as expected during fault conditions.

- **Procedure:** Fault conditions are simulated, and the response of

protective devices is observed to confirm proper operation.

6. **Voltage Drop Test:**

- **Purpose:** To check the voltage drop across the panel under load
conditions, ensuring that the distribution of voltage is within specified
limits.
 - **Procedure:** A load is applied, and the voltage drop at critical points
within the panel is measured.

7. **Earth Fault Protection Test:**

- **Purpose:** To verify the effectiveness of the earth fault protection

system in detecting and responding to ground faults.

- **Procedure:** Earth fault conditions are simulated, and the operation of

protection devices is checked.

8. **Metering Accuracy Test:**

- **Purpose:** To ensure the accuracy of meters installed in the LV panel.

- **Procedure:** Meter readings are compared with known reference

values to verify accuracy.

These tests collectively ensure the safety, reliability, and proper

functionality of the LV panel under various operating conditions. The
specific procedures and acceptance criteria may vary based on industry
standards, regulations, and the design of the LV panel.
Testing and commissioning of High Tension (HT) and Low Tension (LT) panels
are a crucial process in the electrical engineering field, particularly in the
installation of power distribution systems. The purpose of testing and
commissioning is to ensure that the panels operate safely, efficiently, and in
accordance with the specified design and standards. Here are some key
steps and considerations for testing and commissioning HT and LT panels:

1. **Visual Inspection:**

- Examine the physical condition of the panels, checking for any visible
damage, loose connections, or foreign objects.

- Verify that all components are correctly installed and labeled.

2. **Electrical Continuity Test:**

- Conduct continuity tests to ensure proper electrical connections.

- Check for any loose or damaged conductors.

3. **Insulation Resistance Test:**

- Measure the insulation resistance between conductors and between

conductors and the panel enclosure.

- Ensure that insulation resistance values meet the specified standards.

4. **Earth Continuity Test:**

- Verify the integrity of the earth connections by conducting earth

continuity tests.

- Ensure that the resistance to earth is within acceptable limits.

5. **Functional Testing:**

- Test the functionality of each component within the panels, such as

circuit breakers, relays, meters, and control systems.

- Verify that all protection devices are operating correctly.

6. **Operational Tests:**

- Conduct operational tests to ensure that the panels can perform their
intended functions.

- Check the switching operations and make sure that control devices
operate as expected.

7. **Load Testing:**

- Apply a load to the panels to verify their performance under normal

operating conditions.

- Monitor for any abnormal behaviour or overheating during the load test.

8. **Voltage and Frequency Checks:**

- Verify that the voltage and frequency levels at the panel inputs and
outputs are within the specified limits.

9. **Interlock and Safety Systems Testing:**

- Test interlocks systems and safety features to ensure that the panels
comply with safety regulations.

- Verify that emergency shutdown systems are functioning correctly.

10. **Documentation Verification:**

- Confirm that all documentation, including drawings, manuals, and test

reports, is complete and accurate.

- Ensure that as-built drawings reflect the actual installation.

11. **Commissioning:**

- Once testing is successfully completed, commission the HT and LT

panels for operation.

- Document the commissioning process and any adjustments made during

the testing phase.

12. **Training:**

- Provide training to the operating personnel on the proper use and

maintenance of the panels.