Luna Goco Colleges, Inc.

Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

Understanding Culture, Society &

Politics SHS- Module 12:Human
Adaptation on New Challenges in
the Physical, Social and Cultural
Environment

Prepared by:

NOIME P GALLARDO
Teacher

Checked by:

Luz Aldaba-Mallorca
Principal
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Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

ADAPTATION
A change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better
suited to its environment is called adaptation. Adaptations enhance the fitness and
survival of everyone.

All of organisms or even human should possess adaptation traits and these may be:

1. Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism such as shape, body

covering, armament; and even the internal organization (e.g. a penguin has blubbered
to protect itself from freezing temperatures).

2. Behavioral adaptations are composed of inherited behavior chains and/or the ability
to learn (e.g. bears hibernate in winter to escape the cold temperature and preserve
energy).

3. Physiological adaptations permit the organism to perform special functions like

venom (in the snakes and the like), secreting slime, phototropism; and more general
functions such as growth and development, temperature regulation and ionic balance.

BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
Humans like any other organisms and
animals try to act more cautious if changes in their
environment are perceived to have a dangerous
impact on their welfare.
Behavioral adaptation is defined as the
things organisms do to survive. Unlike other
adaptations, these are not always heritable but are
learned.
The ability of humans to be able to rapidly
adapt to varying environment conditions and
changes has made it possible for them to survive
in any regions or places anywhere in the world.
They can normally adapt to environment changes
in several ways such as:

Genetic change is an inherited or acquired

modification in organisms that makes them
better suited to survive and a particular
environment. immunity to serious diseases
(malaria).
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Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

Developmental adjustments. One of the more powerful types of adjustments to

environmental stresses is a change in growth patterns and development. This occurs in
childhood and typically results in anatomical and/or physiological changes that are
mostly irreversible in adulthood. lotus feet

Acclimatization and cultural practices. All

other forms of adjustment to environmental
stresses are usually reversible whether they
occur in childhood or adulthood.
obese/malnourished

Use of

technology
Humans do not only interact with their
environments biologically. People
invented technological aids that allowed us
to occupy new environments without
having to first evolve biological
adaptations to them. People wo have thicker layers of fat insulation under their skin
still usually survive better in cold climates, while people who are slender do better in
hot ones.

ADAPTATION TO GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Global warming is still unsolved issue. There are different programs implemented to
avoid global warming and climate change. These action seek to lessen the
vulnerability of all social and biological systems to the current and immediate issue of
climate change. But, in reality is, even if emissions are stabilized relatively soon,
global warming and its effects will definitely still last many years from now. And as
human population will increase in number and more people are living in highly
arranged societies, there is a greater impact of global warming, the more difficult
adaptation will be.

Mitigation is another term for adaptation to climate change which is defined as

technological change and substitution that reduces resource inputs and emissions per
unit of output. Several ways of mitigation include the following:

A) Using efficient energy generation technology.

B) Using more efficient energy end user technology.
C) Replacing fossil fuels with none or low carbon emitting energy generating
technology such as renewable energy sources or nuclear energy.
D) Adopting a more sustainable natural resource management.
E) Harvesting or extraction technologies and practice
 Luna Goco Colleges, Inc.
Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

ACTIVITY 1
Enrichment Activity 1: Diamond Picture Collage. Draw pictures that show the
effects of climate change. Give a simple one to two-lines descriptions for each
image. (Things Needed: Separate sheets of bond paper, Pencil, Crayons)

Understanding Culture, Society &

Politics SHS- Module 13:HUMAN
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
PRE-TEST
1.The cultural evolution of man has three remarkable era. Which of the following has
the correct order of these era?

A.Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period

B.Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal
C.Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, Neolithic Period
D.Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Age of Metal

2.In the early stage, human move from one place to another. As they transform and
adapt their environment, they learn to have permanent
settlement. Of what period does the permanent settlement of human occurs?

A.Age of Bronze
B.Age of Copper
C.Neolithic Period
D.Paleolithic Period

3.Each era has a significant cultural development such as the use of fire in
Paleolithic period, the domestication of plants and animals in the Neolithic Period,
and the use of metal in the age of Metal. Thus, the Age of Metal was known as:

A.Agricultural Revolution
B.Metal Civilization
C.Stone Revolution
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Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

Rise of Civilization

4.In the Neolithic period, the Cro Magnon disappeared and the new people which is
considered the modern man appeared, which of the following
were the accomplishment of human during this period?

A.Live in a cave
B.Used unpolished stone tools
C.Used metals to upgrade tools
D.Domesticate plants and animals

5.There were three metals distinguished in the Age of Metals. Which of the following
were the first known metal in this period?

A.Aluminum
B.Bronze
C.Copper
D.Iron

HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION

It is a saying that “human has nocontentment”. As the environment change,

we continuously grow and find ways to make less effort as we live. It is very evident
in the different stages of human cultural evolution: Palaeolithic Period, Neolithic
Period, and Age of Metal.
The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It
derives from Greek word, palaios, which means "old"; and, lithos, "stone", In short,
the Palaeolithic Period, which has happened 2.5million years ago, is also known as
"Old Stone Age".In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely cold and ocean
levels were much lower than they are now. Due to the cold climate, much of the Stone
Age is also called the Ice Age.

During
these years,
people were
nomads and able to
use simple
tools and weapons
made of unpolished
stone. The caves
serves as their
shelter.
Similarly, this was the time when people discovered to use the fire, through the use of
stone, for their protection against cold temperature and later on, to cook their food.
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Human being in this time were grouped together in small societies such as
bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild
animals.
Also in this era, according to study of Dr. Jesus T. Peralta of NCCA, respect is
given to age, and individual prowess and ability are recognized. There are no leaders
that could be said to be above everybody else and whose commands are obeyed
without question. In some cases, one who is known for good decisions is consulted
when a problem arises; or well-known hunter will be asked to lead a hunting group.
Likewise, the term “Neolithic” also comes from the same archaeologist and
from the Greek word “neo” which means new and “lithos” meaning stone or in short,
the “New Stone Age” which was happened for about 10,000 B.C.In this period, the
Cro Magnon disappeared and the new people which is considered the modern man
appeared. The Neolithic Revolution which is also called the First Agricultural

Revolution was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the
Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture
and settlement, which made them increases their population. They depend on
domesticated plants and animals. They learned to create such crafts as pottery and
weaving. They developed boat as means of transportation and also, for fishing.
From being nomads during the early stage, human began to developed a sedentary
type of society of which they built-up villages and towns.

Furthermore, they were never been

contented of their accomplishments. They keep
on discovering things for their own convenience.
So, they have discovered metals,
and they gradually abandoned stone as the basic
element for their instrument and tools.
This period was known as Age of Metals (4000
B.C – 1500 B.C). The used of metal such as
bronze, copper, and iron produced a new
historical development from the cradle
civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
including the India, and China which later on
spread throughout Asia.
There were three stages distinguished within this Age due to the different
types of metals that were used: The Copper Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age;
copper was the first known metal, it is of a low hardness and it was used to make
ornaments; bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is harder and stronger than
copper. Several eastern Mediterranean peoples discovered this metallurgy and
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Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

progressed rapidly. During this age, agricultural tools were developed with bronze,
such as plows and sickles, military weapons like swords, spears and shields, as well as
household utensils like jars, bowls and cups. Likewise, a more developed social,
cultural, political, and economic system were improved. Tribes, empires, and state
were recognized at this point.

UCSP MODULE 13: HUMAN MATERIAL REMAINS

AND ARTEFACTUAL EVIDENCE
(Paleolithic Period)
HUMAN MATERIAL REMAINS AND ARTEFACTUAL EVIDENCE IN
INTERPRETING CULTURAL AND SOCIAL, INCLUDING POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC PROCESSES FROM THE EARLIEST FORM OF SOCIETY

Society defined as a group of individuals living together, who share a common

economic, social structure and have developed organized patterns of Social
evolution or sociocultural evolution defines how cultures and societies change over
time. It is a process by which structural reorganization is affected and produces a new
form of structured society.

Early societies started to emerge as a result of man's interaction with his environment
and continue progressing from time to time.

In this lesson, we will be discussing the earliest types of societies and the material
remains and artefactual evidences occurring these times.

TYPE OF SOCIO POLITICAL AND SOCIO CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

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SOCIETY
Hunting and •The earliest form of human society was known as a foraging society.
Food Horticultural Societies
Gathering
People survived by foraging for food (vegetable foods, small game, fishing,
Societies hunting larger wild animals, and collecting
shellfish).
•Their group is called Bands which describes a small group, related by
family and marriage typically mobile hunter and gatherers.
•People used tools made of stones, woods and bones.
•Bow and arrows and spears were tools used in order to hunt for their
foods.
•Spear were used primarily as thrown weapons.
•Bow and arrows are important weapon for both hunting and warfare.
•Hand axes were used for chopping wood or bone.

Horticultura •People learned to use human muscle power and hand-held tools to
cultivate fields.
l Societies •Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, shamans
(religious leaders), and traders.

•Evidence for pottery, metal-working, cultivation and livestock are part of

their everyday lives.

•Started to form tribes in this type of society. Tribes, defined as a larger

group of settled farmers or pastoralists who believe they share descended
from a common ancestor. These tribes are without central control or a
strongly developed social hierarchy.
•Political organization is confined in the village.
Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the kinship
system.
Pastoral •It relied on herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing
to satisfy the greater need of the group.
Societies
•Peoples weaved clothes and learned dyeing it to add color.
•Most pastoralist were nomads who followed their herds in a never-ending
quest for pasture and water.
•Pastoral societies can support larger populations. Since there are food
surpluses, fewer people are needed to produce food.
•It was organized along male-centered kinship groups. It was usually united
under strong political figures. However, centralized political leadership did
not occur.
•Over time, hereditary chieftainships emerged. These became the typical
form of government in pastoral societies.
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SUMMARY OF HUMAN MATERIAL REMAINS AND

ARTEFACTUAL EVIDENCE DURING THE EARLIEST FORM OF SOCIETIES