Engineering Formula Sheet

Statistics Mode

Place data in ascending order.

Mean Mode = most frequently occurring value
∑x If two values occur at the maximum frequency the
data set is bimodal.
If three or more values occur at the maximum
µ = mean value frequency the data set is multi-modal.
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …
n = number of data values
Median
Place data in ascending order.
Standard Deviation If n is odd, median = central value
If n is even, median = mean of two central values
∑(x )
√ n = number of data values

σ = standard deviation Range

xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3, … Range = xmax - xmin
n = number of data values xmax = maximum data value
xmin = minimum data value

Probability
Independent Events
Frequency P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC

x P (A and B and C) = probability of independent

x events A and B and C occurring in sequence
PA = probability of event A
x
x
Mutually Exclusive Events
fx = relative frequency of outcome x
nx = number of events with outcome x P (A or B) = PA + PB
n = total number of events
Px = probability of outcome x P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive
fa = frequency of all events event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …
Binomial Probability (order doesn’t matter) n = number of data values

Conditional Probability
( ) ( | )
Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials ( | )
p = probability of a success ( ) ( | ) ( ) ( | )
q = 1 – p = probability of failure
P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D
k = number of successes P(A) = probability of event A occurring
n = number of trials P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 1

 Plane Geometry Ellipse Rectangle
2b
Circle Perimeter = 2a + 2b
2a
Area = ab

Triangle B
Parallelogram c
Area = ½ bh a h
h
a = b + c – 2bc·cos∠A
2 2 2
Area = bh A
b = a + c – 2ac·cos∠B
2 2 2
C b
c = a + b – 2ab·cos∠C
2 2 2
b

Right Triangle Regular Polygons s

f
2 2 2
c =a +b
c
a n = number of sides
θ
b Trapezoid a
h
Area = ½(a + b)h h
h
b
Solid Geometry h

Cube
Sphere
3
s
Volume = s r
2 3
Surface Area = 6s Volume = r
s s 2
Surface Area = 4 r

Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
h r
Volume = wdh
Volume = r h
2 h
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh) w d 2
Surface Area = 2 r h+2 r

Right Circular Cone

h
Irregular Prism

√ r h
Volume = Ah

A = area of base
Pyramid

h Constants
2 2
A = area of base g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s
-11 3 2
G = 6.67 x 10 m /kg·s
π = 3.14159

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 2

 Conversions

Mass Area Force Energy

2
1 kg = 2.205 lbm 1 acre = 4047 m 1N = 0.225 lbf 1J = 0.239 cal
2
1 slug = 32.2 lbm = 43,560 ft 1 kip = 1,000 lbf -4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
2
1 ton = 2000 lbm = 0.00156 mi = 0.7376 ft·lbf
Pressure 1kW h = 3,600,000 J
Length Volume 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
1m = 3.28 ft = 33.9 ft H2O
1L = 0.264 gal
1 km = 0.621 mi = 0.0353 ft
3 = 29.92 in. Hg Defined Units
1 in. = 2.54 cm = 760 mm Hg
= 33.8 fl oz
1 mi = 5280 ft 3 = 101,325 Pa
1mL = 1 cm = 1 cc 1J = 1 N·m
1 yd = 3 ft = 14.7 psi
1N = 1 kg·m / s2
1psi = 2.31 ft of H2O
1 Pa = 1 N / m2
Temperature Unit
Equivalents 1V =1W/A
Time
Power 1W =1J/s
1d = 24 h 1K = 1 ºC 1W =1V/A
= 1.8 ºF 1W = 3.412 Btu/h
1h = 60 min 1 Hz = 1 s-1
= 1.8 ºR = 0.00134 hp
1 min = 60 s See below for 1F = 1 A·s / V
= 14.34 cal/min
1 yr = 365 d temperature calculation 1H = 1 V·s / V
= 0.7376 ft·lbf/s

SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One Numbers Greater Than One
Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation
10-1 deci- d 101 deca- da
10-2 centi- c 102 hecto- h
10-3 milli- m 103 kilo- k
10-6 micro- µ 106 Mega- M
10-9 nano- n 109 Giga- G
10-12 pico- p 1012 Tera- T
10-15 femto- f 1015 Peta- P
10-18 atto- a 1018 Exa- E
10-21 zepto- z 1021 Zetta- Z
10-24 yocto- y 1024 Yotta- Y

Temperature Force
Equations
F = ma
TK = TC + 273
Mass and Weight F = force
TR = TF + 460 m = mass
M = VDm
a = acceleration
W = mg TF = Tc + 32

W = VDw Equations of Static Equilibrium

V = volume TK = temperature in Kelvin
ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣMP = 0
Dm = mass density TC = temperature in Celsius
m = mass TR = temperature in Rankin Fx = force in the x-direction
Dw = weight density TF = temperature in Fahrenheit Fy = force in the y-direction
g = acceleration due to gravity MP = moment about point P

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 3

 Equations (Continued) Electricity
Ohm’s Law
Energy: Work Fluid Mechanics V = IR

P = IV
W = work RT (series) = R1 + R2+ ··· + Rn
F = force parallel to direction of ’L
displacement
d = displacement
(Gay-L ’ L
Power Kirchhoff’s Current Law
p1V1 = p2V2 B y ’ L IT = I1 + I2 + ··· + In
Q = Av or ∑

A1v1 = A2v2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

VT = V1 + V2 + ··· + Vn
or ∑
P = power
E = energy absolute pressure = gauge pressure V = voltage
W = work + atmospheric pressure VT = total voltage
t = time
τ = torque p = absolute pressure I = current
rpm = revolutions per minute F = Force IT = total current
A = Area R = resistance
V = volume RT = total resistance
Efficiency T = absolute temperature P = power
Q = flow rate
y v = flow velocity
Thermodynamics
′ ∆T
Pout = useful power output Mechanics
Pin = total power input
̅ ∆
Energy: Potential
g ̅ L

U = potential energy
m =mass L
g = acceleration due to gravity A1v1 = A2v2
h = height
g

Energy: Kinetic v = v0 + at
P = rate of heat transfer
2
d = d0 + v0t + ½at Q = thermal energy
2 2
A = Area of thermal conductivity
v = v0 + 2a(d – d0) U = coefficient of heat conductivity
K = kinetic energy (U-factor)
m = mass τ = dFsinθ
∆T = change in temperature
v = velocity ̅ g
g
̅ g y R = resistance to heat flow ( R-value)
Energy: Thermal v = velocity k = thermal conductivity
a = acceleration v = velocity
X = range Pnet = net power radiated
t = time = 5.6696 x 10
-8
Q = thermal energy ∆d = change in displacement
m = mass d = distance e = emissivity constant
c = specific heat g = acceleration due to gravity L = thickness
∆T = change in temperature θ = angle T1, T2 = temperature at time 1, time 2
τ = torque
F = force
PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 4 DE 4
v = flow velocity
 Section Properties

Moment of Inertia Rectangle Centroid

h
x x x̅ and y̅
xx
b Right Triangle Centroid

x̅ and y̅
Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section
about x-x axis
Semi-circle Centroid
Complex Shapes Centroid

∑x ∑y x̅ y̅
x̅ ∑
and y̅ ∑

x̅ x
x̅ x
y̅ y
y̅ y
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i
Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas

Stress (axial) Reaction B

L
Moment x (at point of load)
L
Deflection x (at point of load)
= stress L
F = axial force Reaction B
A = cross-sectional area L
Moment x (at center)
L
Strain (axial) Deflection x (at center)
Reaction B

L Moment x

= strain Deflection x ( L - ) (at center)

L0 = original length
δ = change in length Reaction and B
L L
Moment x (at Point of Load)
L
Modulus of Elasticity ( )√ ( )
Deflection
( )
(at √ )

( Deformation: Axial Truss Analysis

L 2J = M + R
E = modulus of elasticity δ
= stress J = number of joints
= strain δ = deformation M =number of members
A = cross-sectional area F = axial force R = number of reaction forces
F = axial force L0 = original length
δ = deformation A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4

 Simple Machines
Inclined Plane

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

L

y ( )
Wedge
IMA = Ideal Mechanical Advantage
AMA = Actual Mechanical Advantage
DE = Effort Distance DR = Resistance Distance L g
FE = Effort Force FR = Resistance Force

Lever
Screw
1st
Class IMA =

Pitch =
2nd C = Circumference
Class r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = Threads Per Inch
3rd
Class Compound Machines

MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .

Wheel and Axle Gears; Sprockets with Chains; and Pulleys with
Belts Ratios

Effort at Axle
( )

Compound Gears

B
Effort at Wheel GRTOTAL = ( ) ( )

GR = Gear Ratio
in = Angular Velocity - driver
Pulley Systems out = Angular Velocity - driven
Nin = Number of Teeth - driver
IMA = Total number of strands of a single string Nout = Number of Teeth - driven
supporting the resistance din = Diameter - driver
dout = Diameter - driven
g in = Torque - driver
IMA =
out = Torque - driven

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 6