CIS11011

ESSENTIALS OF ICT AND PC APPLICATIONS

Lesson 3

MJ Ahamed Sabani
Department of ICT
Faculty of Technology
SEUSL

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Emerge of Computer System

■ 5000 years ago- Abacus device was invented

■ 1614- Logarithm concept by John Napier
■ 1642- Adding machine by Blaise Pascal
■ 1671/1673- Improved Pascal’s machine by Gottfried Von Leibnitz.
– Able to do multiplication and division
■ 1800s- Invention of punch card
■ 1804- Mechanical loom using Punch card by Joseph Jacquard
■ 1822- Difference Engine by Charles Babbage

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Emerge of Computer System (contd.)

■ 1837- Analytical Engine using punch card concept by Charles

Babbage including the concepts of input, store, process and output.
– Successor of Difference engine
– Father of Computer
■ 1840s- First programmer of Analytical engine was Madam Ada
Augusta Lovelace
■ 1944- Automatic Sequence Control calculator –MARK 1 by Howard
Aiken (Harvard university with IBM)
■ From 1940s we can categorize the history into different generations

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Revolution in Computer and Communication

■ 18th centaury- Great Mechanical system

■ 19th centaury- Steam Engine
■ 20th centaury- Computer and Communication
– For information gathering, processing and distributing
– Single old model computer replaced by separated multiple
computers, but interconnected
■ Worldwide Telephone Networks
■ Radio and Television
■ Computer Industry
■ Computer Network (The first network was ARPANET)
■ Satellite Technology

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Generations of Computers

■ From 1940s we can categorize the history of computers into

different generations
– 1st Generation (1946-1959)
– 2nd Generation (1959-1965)
– 3rd Generation (1965-1971)
– 4th Generation (1971-1980)
– 5th Generation (1980-Present)

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1st Generation Computers (1946-1959)

■ Vacuum tubes were used

■ Punch card was used to store data
■ Machine Languages were used
■ Very large in size
■ More in cost, but less performance
■ Needs a lot of energy and generates more heat
■ Skilled people needed
■ E.g.
– ENIAC
– EDVAC
– UNIVAC
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2nd Generation Computers (1959-1965)

■ Transistors were used

■ Floppy disk and tapes were used to store data
■ Machine and Assembly Languages were used (also FORTRAN, COBOL)
■ Smaller but faster than 1st Generation
■ Less electric power needed
■ E.g.
– IBM 1620
– CDC 1604
– UNIVAC LARC/ 1108

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3rd Generation Computers (1965-1971)

■ Integrated Circuits (IC) were used

– It has number of transistors, capacitors and resistors
■ High capacity disk, keyboard and mouse were used
■ Some High level Languages were used (BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, FORTRAN-
II to IV)
■ Smaller but faster than 2nd Generation
■ Less power needed and generates less heat
■ E.g.
– Honeywell-6000 series
– PDP(Personal Data Processor)
– IBM-360 series

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4th Generation Computers (1971-1980)

■ Large Scale Integrated (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits were
used
– It has compacted electronic parts
– Microprocessors were introduced
■ Optical disk were introduced
■ Many High level Languages were used (C, C++, DBASE )
■ Network and Internet concept were introduced
■ Cheaper than previous generations
■ Small, portable and fast
■ Used as personal computers
■ E.g.
– IBM PCs
– Apple II 9
5th Generation Computers (1980- Present)

■ Ultra Large Scale Integrated (ULSI) circuits were used

– Advanced in microprocessors development
■ Many High level Languages were used (Java, Python, .NET)
■ Artificial Intelligence were introduced
– Neural network, Expert systems, Natural languages and Robotics
■ Parallel processing and advanced GUI
■ Compact, portable and high performance
■ E.g.
– Desktop
– Laptop
– Notebook
– Ultrabook

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Generations of Computers (contd.)

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What Next ?????

Quantum computing ?

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Classification of Computer

■ Computers can be categorized based on different criteria

– Based on the Size of the computer

– Based on the Technology used in the computer

– Based on the Purpose

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Classification of Computer (contd.)

■ Based on the size

– Super computers
– Mainframe computers
– Mini computers
– Personal computers/ micro computers

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Super Computers

■ Large in size and expensive

■ Powerful computing performance
■ Used to solve complicated mathematical and scientific
problems
■ E.g.
– Research institutions
– Military
– Large scale business

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Mainframe Computers

■ Less performance and expensive than super computers

■ It has many terminals to connect number of users
■ Use in large scale commerce
■ E.g.
– e-Business

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Mini Computers

■ Less performance and expensive than mainframe

computers
■ Used for common purposes
■ Few number of terminals connected to centralized computer
■ E.g.
– Banking system

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Micro/ Personal Computers

■ Small in size and portable

■ Less capacity and performance when comparing with other
categories
■ Used for multi purposes
■ Designed for personal use
■ Work with less power
■ E.g.
– Desktop
– Laptop
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Classification of Computers (contd.)

■ Based on the Technology

– Analog computers
– Digital computers
– Hybrid computers

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Analog Computers

■ Use Analog technology or signal

■ Work with environmental phenomenon
■ Temperature, Pressure, velocity and Directions
■ E.g.
– Meteorological devices
– Speedometers

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Digital Computers

■ Use Digital technology or signal

■ Represent data in Digital format
■ E.g.
– PCs

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Hybrid Computers

■ Use both Analog and Digital technology/ signal

■ Generally acquire data in Analog format and convert it to
digital format to process and analyse
■ E.g.
– ECG Machine

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Classification of Computers (contd.)

■ Based on the Purpose

– General purpose computer

– Special purpose computers

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General Purpose Computers

■ General computers perform common tasks

– Word processing letter
– Recording
– Financial analysis
– Printing documents
– Calculations with accuracy, and consistency
■ Instructions required to perform task is not stored permanently
■ E.g.
– All microcomputers

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Special Purpose Computers

■ Designed to perform specialized tasks

■ It incorporates the instruction stored when designing the computer
■ Perform tasks with simple commands
■ Efficiently in specialized fields
– Weather forecasting
– Space research
– Agriculture
– Engineering
– Meteorology
– Satellite operation
■ E.g.
– Traffic Controller System
– ATM ( Auto teller machine)
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Special Characteristics of a Computer

■ Speed
– Can solve complex problems faster than a human
■ Accuracy
– Provide correct and more accurate result for given data and
instruction
■ Persistency
– Can work for long time continuously without creating error
■ Versatility
– Can do many different tasks simultaneously

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Special Characteristics of a Computer (contd.)

■ Storage
– Can store large number of data to retrieve later as needed
■ Memory power
– Has the ability to memorize and recall instruction and data even
after a long time
■ No Intelligence
– Does not have intelligence, works according to the instructions
■ No Feeling
– Does not have emotions or experience

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