Subject Code: 19EEC331

PREPARED BY:
Dr. Srinivasa Rao Vammi
Mr. Ramakrushna Panigrahi
Ms. Sri Devi K
Dept. of Electrical, Electronics and Communication
Engineering

Gandhi Nagar, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam,

Andhra Pradesh 530045
 Index

Sl. No. List of Experiments Page Number

1 Design and measure all the antenna parameters
and polarization of half wave dipole antenna 1 - 33
(Using HFSS)
2 Design and measure all the antenna parameters
and polarization of quarter wave monopole 34 - 64
antenna (Using HFSS)
3 Design and measure all the antenna parameters
and polarization of a horn antenna (Using HFSS) 65 - 105
4 Design an N-element linear array and plot its
antenna radiation pattern and measure the 106 - 109
antenna parameters (Using MATLAB)
5 Design an N-element broadside and end fire array
and plot their radiation pattern (Using MATLAB) 110 - 115

6 Design a linear array for given specifications using

schelkunoff polynomial method (Using MATLAB) 116 - 117

7 Design and measure all the antenna parameters

and polarization of microstrip patch antenna 118 - 136
(Using HFSS)
8 Design and measure all the antenna parameters of
microstrip patch antenna array? (Using HFSS) 137 - 152

9 Case Study --------

Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design
The Dipole Antenna – Introduction:
The Dipole and dipole antennas are commonly used for broadcasting, cellular phones, and
wireless communications due to their omni directive property. Thus, in this tutorial, a dipole
antenna will be constructed and analysed using the HFSS simulator. The example will
illustrate both the simplicity and power of HFSS through construction and simulation of this
antenna structure.
The following notes will provide a summary of goals.
1. General navigation of software menus, toolbars, and quick keys.
2. Variable assignment.
3. Overview of commands used to create structures.
4. Proper design and implementation of boundaries.
5. Analysis Setup. Report Creation and options.

1- Starting HFSS –
Select Programs, and select An soft, HFSS program group. Click HFSS –
Or double click on the HFSS icon on the Windows Desktop.
2- Creating the Project First launch the HFSS Simulator.

From the Project Manager window. Right-Click the project file and select Save As from the
sub menu.

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Name the file “dipole” and Click Save.

3- Working with geometries
To begin working with geometries. - you must insert an HFSS design. Right-Click the
project file and select Insert > Insert HFSS Design from the menu.

Or click on from the tool bars

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 2

Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Due to the nature of this design, we will use Driven Modal as the solution type. From the
HFSS menu select Solution Type and Driven Modal

The units are chosen as mm by choosing the heading 3D modeler and Units from the menu

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

HFSS relies on variables for any parameterization / optimization within the project.
Variables also hold many other benefits which will make them necessary for all projects.
• Fixed Ratios (length, width, height) are easily maintained using variables.
• Optimetrics use variables to optimize the design according to user-defined criteria.
• All dimensions can be quickly changed in one window as opposed to altering each object
individually.
Click the HFSS heading and select Design Properties at the bottom of the menu.

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

This will open the variable table. Add all variables shown below by selecting Add. Be sure
to include units as needed.

The final variable table should look like

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 5

Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

4- Drawing the Monopole

We will start to by creating the dipole element using the Draw Cylinder button from the
toolbar.

By default, the proprieties dialog will appear after you have finished drawing an object.
The position and size of objects can be modified from the dialog.

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 6

Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Follow the format above for structure size. Give the name Monopole to this object. Assign
the material PEC and click OK. PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) will create ideal conditions
for the element.
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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design
The next step is to build the symmetric of dip1. To do that, Right -Click the drawing area
and select Edit -> Duplicate -> Around Axis

The dipole structure is illustrated below:

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

5- Creating the port

In the section you will create a Lumped Gap Source. This will provide an excitation to the
dipole structure. Begin by selecting the YZ plane from the toolbar. Using the 3D toolbar,
click Draw Rectangle and place two arbitrary points within the model area.

Enter the following information.

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

With the source geometry in place, the user must provide an excitation. A lumped port will
be used for the monopole model. This excitation is commonly used when the far field region
is of primary interest. In the project explorer, right-click Excitation -> Assign -> Lumped
Port

Name the port source and leave the default values for impedance.

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Click Next and enter the following:

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Using the mouse, position the cursor to the bottom-centre of the port. Ansoft's snap feature
should place the pointer when the user approaches the centre of any object. Left-click to
define the origin of the E-field vector. Move the cursor to the top-centre of the port. Left-
click to terminate the E-field vector. Click finish to complete the port excitation.

Note: In case you find some difficulties for drawing the lumped port, you can redraw the
rectangular plane, affect the lumped port, then resize the rectangular plane.

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

6- Radiation Boundary:
In this section, a radiation boundary is created so that far field information may be
extracted from the structure. To obtain the best result, a cylindrical air boundary is
defined with a distance of λ/4. From the toolbar, select Draw Cylinder.

Enter the following information:

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

With all faces selected, right-click the Boundary icon in the object explorer and select
Boundary -> Assign -> Radiation

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Leave the default name Rad1 and click OK

7- Solution Setup:
In this section a solution must be defined to display the desired data. We are primarily
interested in the frequency response of the structure. We will also explore HFSS's ability to
calculate general antenna parameters such as directivity, radiation resistance, radiation
efficiency, etc...,
From the project explorer, select Analysis -> Add Solution Setup.

Enter the following. Click ok when complete.

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

To view the frequency response of the structure, a frequency sweep must be defined. From
the project explorer select Setup1 -> Add Sweep

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

8- Structure Analysis:
At this point, the user should be ready to analyse the structure. Before running the
analysis, always verify the project by selecting from the 3D toolbar. If everything is
correct the
user should
see:

Analyse the structure by clicking

9- Create Reports:
After completion of the analysis, we will create a report to display both the resonant
frequency and the radiation pattern. Click on the heading HFSS and select Results -> Create
Reports

Choose the following in the Create Report window:

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Select the following highlighted parameters and click Add Trace to load the options into the
Trace window.

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Click Done when complete. The graph is displayed below:

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

HFSS can compute antenna parameters automatically. To produce the calculations, the user
must define an infinite sphere for far field calculations. Right-click the Radiation icon in the
project manager window and select Insert Far Field Setup -> Infinite Sphere

Accept all default parameters and click Done. Right-click Infinite Sphere1 -> Compute
Antenna Parameters... from the project explorer as shown:

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Select all defaults and results are displayed as follows:

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

Next, the far field will be plotted. Create Reports as previously shown. Modify the following:

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

To plot Co polarization chart in the E-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain Theta>dB, go to families>select phi 90 deg.

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

To plot Cross polarization chart in the E-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain Theta>dB, go to families>select phi 0deg

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

To plot Co polarization chart in the H-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain phi>dB, go to families>select phi 0deg

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 31

Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

To plot Cross polarization chart in the H-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain phi>dB, go to families>select phi 90deg

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna
The Monopole Antenna – Introduction:
The monopole and dipole antennas are commonly used for broadcasting, cellular phones, and
wireless communications due to their omni directive property. Thus, in this tutorial, a dipole
antenna will be constructed and analysed using the HFSS simulator. The example will
illustrate both the simplicity and power of HFSS through construction and simulation of this
antenna structure.
The following notes will provide a summary of goals.
1. General navigation of software menus, toolbars, and quick keys.
2. Variable assignment.
3. Overview of commands used to create structures.
4. Proper design and implementation of boundaries.
5. Analysis Setup. Report Creation and options.

1- Starting HFSS –
Select Programs, and select An soft, HFSS program group. Click HFSS –
Or double click on the HFSS icon on the Windows Desktop.
2- Creating the Project First launch the HFSS Simulator.

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna
From the Project Manager window. Right-Click the project file and select Save As from the
sub menu.

Name the file “monopole” and Click Save.

3- Working with geometries
To begin working with geometries. - you must insert an HFSS design. Right-Click the
project file and select Insert > Insert HFSS Design from the menu.

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

Or click on from the tool bars

Due to the nature of this design, we will use Driven Modal as the solution type. From the
HFSS menu select Solution Type and Driven Modal

The units are chosen as mm by choosing the heading 3D modeler and Units from the menu

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

HFSS relies on variables for any parameterization / optimization within the project.
Variables also hold many other benefits which will make them necessary for all projects.
• Fixed Ratios (length, width, height) are easily maintained using variables.
• Optimetrics use variables to optimize the design according to user-defined criteria.
• All dimensions can be quickly changed in one window as opposed to altering each object
individually.
Click the HFSS heading and select Design Properties at the bottom of the menu.

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

This will open the variable table. Add all variables shown below by selecting Add. Be sure
to include units as needed.

The final variable table should look like

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

4- Drawing the Monopole

We will start to by creating the dipole element using the Draw Cylinder button from the
toolbar.

By default, the proprieties dialog will appear after you have finished drawing an object.
The position and size of objects can be modified from the dialog.

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna
Follow the format above for structure size. Give the name Monopole to this object. Assign
the material PEC and click OK. PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) will create ideal conditions
for the element.
Create the circle with the dimensions shown in below figure and name it as infinite ground
and assign the material PEC and click OK.

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

5- Creating the port

In the section you will create a Lumped Gap Source. This will provide an excitation to the
dipole structure. Begin by selecting the YZ plane from the toolbar. Using the 3D toolbar,
click Draw Rectangle and place two arbitrary points within the model area.

Enter the following information

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 42

Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

With the source geometry in place, the user must provide an excitation. A lumped port will
be used for the monopole model. This excitation is commonly used when the far field region
is of primary interest. In the project explorer, right-click Excitation -> Assign -> Lumped
Port

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

Name the port source and leave the default values for impedance.

Click Next and enter the following:

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

Using the mouse, position the cursor to the bottom-centre of the port. Ansoft's snap feature
should place the pointer when the user approaches the centre of any object. Left-click to
define the origin of the E-field vector. Move the cursor to the top-centre of the port. Left-
click to terminate the E-field vector. Click finish to complete the port excitation.

Note: In case you find some difficulties for drawing the lumped port, you can redraw the
rectangular plane, affect the lumped port, then resize the rectangular plane.

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 45

Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

6- Radiation Boundary:
In this section, a radiation boundary is created so that far field information may be
extracted from the structure. To obtain the best result, a cylindrical air boundary is
defined with a distance of λ/4. From the toolbar, select Draw Cylinder.

Enter the following information:

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

With all faces selected, right-click the Boundary icon in the object explorer and select
Boundary -> Assign -> Radiation

Leave the default name Rad1 and click OK

7- Solution Setup:
In this section a solution must be defined to display the desired data. We are primarily
interested in the frequency response of the structure. We will also explore HFSS's ability to
calculate general antenna parameters such as directivity, radiation resistance, radiation
efficiency, etc...,
From the project explorer, select Analysis -> Add Solution Setup.

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna
Enter the following. Click ok when complete.

To view the frequency response of the structure, a frequency sweep must be defined. From
the project explorer select Setup1 -> Add Sweep

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

8- Structure Analysis:
At this point, the user should be ready to analyse the structure. Before running the
analysis, always verify the project by selecting from the 3D toolbar. If everything is
correct the user should see:

Analyse the structure by clicking

9- Create Reports:
After completion of the analysis, we will create a report to display both the resonant
frequency and the radiation pattern. Click on the heading HFSS and select Results -> Create
Reports

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

Choose the following in the Create Report window:

Select the following highlighted parameters and click Add Trace to load the options into the
Trace window.

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

Click Done when complete. The graph is displayed below:

HFSS can compute antenna parameters automatically. To produce the calculations, the user
must define an infinite sphere for far field calculations. Right-click the Radiation icon in the
project manager window and select Insert Far Field Setup -> Infinite Sphere

Accept all default parameters and click Done. Right-click Infinite Sphere1 -> Compute
Antenna Parameters... from the project explorer as shown:

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

Select all defaults and results are displayed as follows:

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna
Next, the far field will be plotted. Create Reports as previously shown. Modify the following:

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

To plot Co polarization chart in the E-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain Theta>dB, go to families>select phi 90deg

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 59

Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

To plot Cross polarization chart in the E-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain Theta>dB, go to families>select phi 0deg

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 60

Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

To plot Co polarization chart in the H-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain phi>dB, go to families>select phi 0deg

Dept., of EECE, GIT, Visakhapatnam 61

Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

To plot Cross polarization chart in the H-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain phi>dB, go to families>select phi 90deg

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

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Experiment No. 2: Design of Monopole Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna
AIM: Measurement of radiation pattern and gain of horn antenna

Tool Used: ANSYS Electronics Desktop

Application Areas:

▪ Used as a feed element for large radio astronomy, satellite tracking and
communication dishes.
▪ A common element of phased arrays.
▪ Used in the calibration, other high gain antennas.
▪ Used for making electromagnetic interference measurements.

Theory: (Horn Antenna Types):

1. Pyramidal Horn Antenna

2. E – Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

3. H – Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna

4. Conical Horn Antenna

Other horn antenna types:

▪ Hog Horns
▪ Biconical Horns
▪ Corrugated Horns
▪ Multimode Horns
▪ Dielectric Loaded Horns

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna
Horn advantages:

▪ High gain
▪ Low weight
▪ Wide bandwidth
▪ Easy to construct.
▪ Frequency above 1GHz

Horn Antenna Design

A. Design Steps for Pyramidal Horn Antenna:

Step – 1: Choose your Horn antenna dimensions. One standard dimension is given below.

Waveguide (unit: inch) Face (unit: inch) Radiation Box (unit: inch)

Position(X,Y,Z) (-0.795, -0.3975, 0) (-3.975, -1.9875, 5) (-4.4, -2.2, 0)

X Size 1.59 7.95 8.8

Y Size 0.795 3.975 4.4

Z Size 1 Axis: Z 15

Step – 2: Open Ansys Electronics Desktop. Go to File > new file > insert HFSS design.
Step – 3: Select menu item Modeler > units > inches.
Step – 4: Waveguide Construction

I. Select menu item Draw > 3D Rectangular Box, and rename it to Waveguide.
II. Go to the properties of the Waveguide and set the dimensions.

Step – 5: Face Construction

I. Select menu item Draw > Rectangular Sheet and rename it Face.
II. Go to the properties of the Face and set the dimensions.

Step – 6: Connect Face and Waveguide to form the Antenna.

I. Select menu item edit > select faces (along the z – direction face of box and the rectangle)
II. Select menu item Modeler > surface > click create object from Face.
III. Select menu item Modeler > surface > connect.

Step – 7: Uncover the Face of Horn Antenna

I. Right click on Face, then Select menu item edit > surface > uncover the faces (1st time)
II. Right click on Face, then Select menu item edit > surface > uncover the faces (2nd time)

Step – 8: Uncover the Face of Waveguide along z-axis (which is inside horn)

I. Rotate the structure in such a way, inside the horn is visible.

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna
II. Right click on Face, then Select menu item edit > surface > uncover the faces (1st time)
III. Right click on Face, then Select menu item edit > surface > uncover the faces (2nd time)

Step – 9: Now unite the Horn and Waveguide.

I. Select the box and surface using control and click from the keyboard and mouse.
II. Select menu item Modeler > Boolean > unite.

Step – 10: Giving Excitation to the Horn Antenna

I. Rotate the antenna so that back side of antenna is visible (waveguide surface along -ve Z-axis)
II. Click on the back surface, Select menu item HFSS > Excitation > Assign > wave port.
III. Define the integration line, select new line, and drag it from one side to other side of the back surface so
that integration line will be defined, then click next and press finish.

Step – 11: Defining the boundary condition for the Horn Antenna.

I. Select all surfaces except the excitation surface of the horn antenna using control key from keyboard and
mouse.
II. Select menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Perfect E.

Step – 12: Radiation Box Creation

I. Select menu item Draw > 3D Rectangular Box and rename it Radiation.
II. Go to the properties of the Waveguide and set the dimensions as mentioned in the above data table.
III. Double click on Radiation Box, then set the Transparency from 0 to 1.
IV. Click on Radiation, Select menu item HFSS > Boundary > Assign >Radiation and click ok.

Step – 13: Analysis Setup

I. Select menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup.
II. Set maximum number of passes 25 and click ok.
III. Select menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep.
IV. Select Sweep Type Fast
V. Choose the Distribution Linear Step
VI. Set the start frequency 4 GHz and Stop Frequency 8 GHz and click ok

Step – 14: Radiation Setup

I. Go to HFSS, then Radiation, then Insert Far Field Setup, and then Infinite Sphere.
II. Set the Phi value Start = 0 deg, stop = 360 deg, and step size = 1
III. Set the Theta value Start = -180 deg, stop = 180 deg, and step size = 1

Step – 15: Validation Check, and Analysis

I. Select menu item HFSS > Validation Check.

II. Select menu item HFSS > Analyze All.

Step – 16: S Parameter Result Analysis

I. Select menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data Report > Rectangular Plot > New Report on
the window appeared on the screen.
II. Analyze the S-Parameter characteristic from the plot.

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna
Step – 17: Radiation Pattern Measurement

I. Select menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Field Report > 3D Polar Plot.
II. Choose Category as Gain, Quantity as Total Gain, Function as dB, and create New Report.
III. Analyze the Radiation Gain.

Step – 18: Transfer the Radiation Pattern onto the Horn Antenna.

I. Select menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Field > Radiation Field, and make the visibility ON, and then click
Apply.
II. Close all the plot and Observe the Radiation from the Horn Antenna.

Step – 19: Study of Antenna Parameters

I. Select menu item HFSS > Radiation > Compute Antenna/Max Parameters.
II. Analyze the Antenna Parameters.

Step – 20: Create Animation of Electric and Magnetic Field

I. Select menu item Modeler > Grip Plane > YZ.

II. Select menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Mag E.
III. Create field plot window comes. Select default and click OK.
IV. Go to Field Overlays > E-fields > Mag_E1. Click animate. Click Ok.
V. With the same process the animation of magnetic field can be done

Observation :

The horn antenna we design fit the following specification:

a. It is working fine in _______ band and its centre frequency is __________.

b. Gain of this designed antenna is _________.
c. It has a return loss of _________ dB.
d. SWR for the designed antenna is __________.
e. Radiation Efficiency of the designed antenna is _________.
f. Front to Back Ratio of this antenna is ________.
g. Directivity of this designed antenna is _____________.

We also observed that ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………. ….. write your observation here with your own words ……………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Conclusion:

Write the conclusion with your own words.

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna
Image Reference Section:

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 3: Design of Horn Antenna

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Experiment No. 4: N-Element Linear Array

Aim of the Experiment:

Obtain the radiation characteristics of an N-element linear array with the distance between
the elements d=0.25λ,0.5λ and 0.75λ, assume that the phase difference between the adjacent
elements is zero.
Software Required:
System software: Window XP
Application Software: MATLAB 7.1 software.

Theory

The array factor can be written as

(1)

Above equation (1) can be written as

(2)

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Experiment No. 4: N-Element Linear Array

(3)

(4)

Program
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Figure 4.4 2-D patterns for isotropic array of N elements
%
set(0,'defaultfigurecolor','w')
theta=-pi/2:.005:pi/2;
N=4;

%delta=-pi*sqrt(2); % phase shift for broadside delta=0;

% Array factor for d=.25;

d=.25;

delta = 0; % broadside
AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF))
view(90,-90)
% Array factor for d=.5;
d=.5;

AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF)/max(abs(AF)))
view(90,-90)

% Array factor for d=.75;

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Experiment No. 4: N-Element Linear Array
d=.75;

AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF))
view(90,-90)

Results

330 30

300 60

0.8 1
0.4 0.6
0.2
270 90

240 120

210 150

180

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Experiment No. 4: N-Element Linear Array
0

330 30

300 60

0.8 1
0.4 0.6
0.2
270 90

240 120

210 150

180

330 30

300 60

0.8 1
0.4 0.6
0.2
270 90

240 120

210 150

180

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Experiment No. 5: Broad-Side and End - Fire Array
Aim of the Experiment:

Obtain the radiation characteristics of an N-element linear array with the distance between
the elements d=0.25λ,0.5λ and 0.75λ, assume that the phase difference between the adjacent
elements is zero.
Software Required:
System software: Window XP
Application Software: MATLAB 7.1 software.

Theory

The array factor can be written as

(1)

Above equation (1) can be written as

(2)

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Experiment No. 5: Broad-Side and End - Fire Array

(3)

(4)

Program
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Figure 4.4 2-D patterns for isotropic array of N elements
%
set(0,'defaultfigurecolor','w')
theta=-pi/2:.005:pi/2;
N=4;

%delta=-pi*sqrt(2); % phase shift for broadside delta=0;

% Array factor for d=.25;

d=.25;

delta = 0; % broadside
AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF))
view(90,-90)
% Array factor for d=.5;
d=.5;

AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF)/max(abs(AF)))
view(90,-90)

% Array factor for d=.75;

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Experiment No. 5: Broad-Side and End - Fire Array
d=.75;

AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF))
view(90,-90)

Results

330 30

300 60

0.8 1
0.4 0.6
0.2
270 90

240 120

210 150

180

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Experiment No. 5: Broad-Side and End - Fire Array
0

330 30

300 60

0.8 1
0.4 0.6
0.2
270 90

240 120

210 150

180

330 30

300 60

0.8 1
0.4 0.6
0.2
270 90

240 120

210 150

180

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Experiment No. 5: Broad-Side and End - Fire Array

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Experiment No. 5: Broad-Side and End - Fire Array

Observation:

Write the conclusion with your own words.

Conclusion:

Write the conclusion with your own words.

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Experiment No. 6: Schelkunoff Polynomial Method
AIM: Design a linear array for given specifications using schelkunoff polynomial method.

Tool: MATLAB

Theory: Schelkunoff method Synthesis method of array whose patterns possess nulls in desired directions.
The array factor can be measured using the following formula

Code:

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Experiment No. 6: Schelkunoff Polynomial Method

Result Waveforms:

Conclusion: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------- Dear Students please write with your own ---------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

.
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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Experiment – 7: Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design

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Micro strip patch antenna design

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Micro strip patch antenna design

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Micro strip patch antenna design

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Micro strip patch antenna design

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Experiment No. 1: Dipole Antenna Design

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Aim of the Experiment:

Design a 2-element circular Microstrip patch antenna array at 2.4GHz applications.

Software Required:
System software: Window XP
Application Software: ANSYS HFSS 15
Go to HFSS- Solution type-driven terminal, go to Modular- select-units-mm
Draw circular patch with the following dimensions
Draw-circle

Inorder to draw second patch

Right click on patch1---> edit--→copy then
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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array
Edit-----→ paste
Patch 2 dimensions are as follows

creating the feed:

Draw rectangle 1 for the following dimensions

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array
Draw rectangle 2 for the following dimensions

Draw rectangle 3 for the following dimensions

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Draw rectangle 4 for the following dimensions

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Draw another rectangle for ground of the following dimensions

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Draw box for Substrate, select FR4 epoxy as dielectric material

Substrate dimensions:

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Draw another rectangle for source for the following dimensions

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Assigning boundaries and excitations:

Unite patch 1, patch 2 , rectangles 1,2,3,4.
Assign boundary-perfect E to them.
For the source assign excitation as Lumped port

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Create radiation box for the following dimensions

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Go to validation check-Analyse all

Go to results
Return loss plot:

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

Radiation pattern:

Gain plot:

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Experiment – 8 : Micro Strip Array

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