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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Learning Module
in
EARTH SCIENCE
Student

(Week 4)
 Learning Module in Earth Science

Name:_______________________________________ Grade Level: _____

(Week No. 2)
LESSON 2.B
TYPES OF ROCKS
Learning competency/ies:
• Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic

Objectives
This lesson aims to:

• Organize the words related to types of rocks and processes in a concept map
• Classify different rock samples into types of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks.
• Reflect on events in life that lead to significant changes like a rock transforms
from one form to another.

Review
Activity 2.B.1
FOUR PICS ONE WORD

Direction: Identify the different processes and terms involved in rock

formation and write your answer on the line provided after each pictures.

1. 2.

___________________ ___________________

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3. 4.

___________________ ___________________

5. 6.

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7. 8.

___________________ ___________________

9.

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Pre-assessment
Multiple Choice: Read and comprehend well the questions. Encircle the
correct option that best answers the questions.

1. What type of rock our national for Sculpture Napoleon Abeuva

used in his work of art “Kaganapan” ?
A. granite C. limestone
B. gneiss D. marble
2. What will it tell you about the rate of its cooling if a rock formed is
an obsidian as shown by the picture?

A. slow cooling
B. fast cooling
C. rapid cooling
D. two stages of cooling

For number 3 - 5, refer to the illustration

3. What type of rock is X?

A. metamorphic B. plutonic C. sedimentary D. volcanic
4. Which of the following processes would transform X into Y?
A. chemical weathering C. crystallization of magma
B. contact metamorphism D. deposition
5. What type of rock is Y?
A. metamorphic B. plutonic C. sedimentary D. volcanic
6. What type of rock will form from a solidified lava?
A. fossilized C. metamorphic
B. igneous D. sedimentary
7. Which pair of rocks is an igneous and sedimentary rock?
A. limestone and marble
B. Sandstone and quartzite
C. granite and gneiss
D. basalt and conglomerate

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8. Which of the following is an igneous rock?

A. coal C. limestone
B. pumice D. marble
9. Which is a chemically precipitated sedimentary rock?
A. breccia C. limestone
B. conglomerate D. sandstone
10. What type of igneous rock formed from the solidification of magma
beneath the earth?
A. clastic rock C. intrusive rock
B. extrusive rock D. non-clastic rock

Introduction
What are the solid materials that make up Earth? Much of the land
surface is covered by a very thin layer of soil and below the soil is rock.
Rocks are the very base of the earth crust. Over many thousands of years
rocks exposed to forces of water, wind and temperature are broken into
small fragments and eventually become soil. This soil in turn may, by
water action, be deposited in layers, forms into other types of rocks and
so cycle continues. But how are rocks classified? Scientists found out
that most useful way of grouping rocks is according to origin. Based on
the origin, rocks are classified into igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks.

In this lesson, the focus is more on the types of rocks and its different
classifications which will be aided by the different activities based on the
objectives of this lesson;

• organize the words related to types of rocks and processes in

a concept map
• classify different rock samples into types of igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
• reflect on events in life that lead to significant changes like a
rock transforms from one form to another.

Content
Rocks are aggregate of minerals. It can be composed of single mineral or
more.
TYPES OF ROCKS
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
• rocks that are formed from the solidification of molten rock material
(magma or lava).
Type of Igneous Rock based on formation
a. Plutonic or Intrusive Igneous rocks - molten rock material can solidify
below the surface of the earth

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b. Volcanic or Extrusive Igneous rock - solidify at the surface of the Earth

Types of Igneous Rock based on Texture
Minerals are formed during the crystallization of the magma. Note that
the rate of cooling is one of the most important factors that control
crystal size and the texture of the rock in general.
a. Phaneritic or Coarsed-grained - slow cooling forms large interlocking
crystals, a texture
b. Aphanitic texture or fine-grained texture - minerals not visible to
the naked eye; relatively fast rates of cooling/solidification prevented the
formation of large crystals.
c. Porphyritic texture - formed through two stages of crystallization:
magma partly cooled below the surface of the Earth, giving time for the
large crystals to grow (phenocrysts) before it is extruded to the surface
forming the fine-grained groundmass.
d. Vesicular texture - voids created by rapid cooling which causes air
bubbles to be trapped inside leaving holes.
e. Glassy – rapid cooling during volcanic eruptions where molten rocks
are ejected into the atmosphere

Types of Igneous rocks according to silica content

a. felsic: also called granitic; >65% silica, generally light-colored
b. intermediate: also called andesitic; 55-65% silica; generally medium
colored (medium gray)
c. mafic: also called basaltic; 45-55% silica; generally dark colored
d. ultramafic: <45% silica; generally very dark colored; composed mainly
of olivine and pyroxene which are the major constituents of the upper
mantle

2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• These are rocks that formed through the accumulation, compaction,

and cementation of sediments and are generally form at surface or
near surface conditions.

Sedimentary processes at or near the surface of the Earth

• weathering of rocks
• sediment transport and deposition(Deposition occurs when an
agent of erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy and
drops sediments)
• compaction(Compaction is a process that squeezes, or compacts,
sediments) and cementation(Cementation takes place when
dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the
sediments.)

Factors in sedimentary processes

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• weathering and
• transport agents (water, wind ice)
Common sedimentary features :strata and fossils
• Strata: >1cm is called bedding and anything less is called lamination;
layering is the result of a change in grain size and composition; each
layer represents a distinct period of deposition.
• Fossils: remains and traces of plants and animals that are preserved
in rocks

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Non-clastic / Chemical/Biochemical – derived from sediments that
precipitated from concentrated solutions (e.g. seawater) or from the
accumulation of biologic or organic material (e.g. shells, plant material).
Clastic/terrigenous - form from the accumulation and lithification of
sediments derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks.

3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS

• rocks that form from the transformation of pre-existing rocks

(igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks) through the process of
metamorphism.
• Metamorphism can involve changes in the physical and chemical
properties of rocks in response to heat, pressure, and chemically
active fluids.
• They are commonly formed underneath the earth through
metamorphism

Types of Metamorphism
a. Contact metamorphism
• Heat as the main factor: occurs when a pre-existing rocks get in
contact with a heat source (magma)
• Occurs on a relatively small scale: around the vicinity of intruding
magma
• Creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks (e.g. hornfels)
b. Regional metamorphism

• Pressure as main factor: occurs in areas that have undergone

deformation during orogenic event resulting in mountain belts
• Occurs in a regional/large scale
• Creates foliated metamorphic rocks such as schist and gneiss
• Non-foliated rocks like marble also form thru regional metamorphism,
where pressure is not intense, far from the main geologic event

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

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a. Non-foliated rocks - a finegrained rock that forms through contact

metamorphism of non-carbonate rocks. Does not have a banded
texture
b. Foliated rocks - has a banded or layered appearance
Self-Check Activities
Activity 2.B.2
CONCEPT MAP CHALLENGE
Direction: Fill up the each boxes with the words/phrases related to the
types of rocks and processes from the table below.

biological matter Extrusive evaporates

maybe vesicular compacted sediments metamorphic
lava cools quickly contains air bubbles rocks
Pressure classified by size heat
Clastic Contact large crystals
small or no crystals Intrusive classified on how they
are formed
magma calls slowly Minerals sedimentary
non-clastic building blocks of precipitates
Igneous Regional rocks change due to
forms from cooling and generally forms from temperature and/or
solidification of lava or the compaction and pressure change
magma cementation of
sediments

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Activity 2.B.3
CLASSIFY SOME ROCKS
Direction: Examine the types of rocks in the pictures. Classify the rocks
by completing the table provided at the right side of each rock photo
collage.

A. IGNEOUS ROCK B. SEDIMENTARY ROCK

EXTRUSIVE INTRUSIVE CLASTIC NON-CLASTIC

Phaneritic
Porphyritic
Aphanetic
Vesicular
Glassy

[Link] ROCKS

FOLIATED NON FOLIATED

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Evaluation
Multiple Choice: Read and comprehend well the questions. Give the
correct option that best answers the questions.

1. What type of rock is shown by the picture?

A. Intrusive
B. Clastic
C. Extrusive
D. Chemical

There are various processes are involved in the formation of different

types of rocks and the diagram below illustrates such change in rock as
igneous rock forms metamorphic rock.

2. What is the other factor besides heat that changes igneous rock to a
metamorphic rock
A. erosion B. pressure C. rain D. water
3. What type of rock is sample A described as tan in color, fine-grained,
and contains well defined fossils A?
A. igneous rocks C. mineral rocks
B. metamorphic rocks D. sedimentary rocks
4. What type of rock is sample B described as multi-colored, coarse-
grained, shiny, and has layers ?
A. igneous rocks C. mineral rocks
B. metamorphic rocks D. sedimentary rocks
5. Rasheed a Grade 11 STEM student observes four rock samples. Which
of the following rock samples is most likely a sedimentary rock based
on Rasheed’s observation?
A. has many very small grains of sand in different layers
B. has rough surface full of the holes and is light in weight
C. has large crystal shape that is almost clear, has smooth
sides
D. has solid black color, looks like smooth glass with sharp
edges
6. Which process igneous rocks are formed?

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A. erosion C. solidification of magma

B. lithification D. weathering
7. Which statement best describes how rocks are classified as igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic?
A. Rocks are classified by how old they are.
B. Rocks are classified by based on the color.
C. Rocks are classified by how they were formed.
D. Rocks are classified by where they are found.
8. Why do some igneous rocks have holes?
A. Fossils were trapped in the magma when the rock cooled,
and then eroded away.
B. The holes are the result of the extreme pressure that
igneous rocks undergo.
C. The holes are the result of the extreme heat that igneous
rocks undergo.
D. Bubbles of air were trapped in the rock when it cooled
quickly.
9. Metamorphic rocks are transformed pre-existing rocks when they are
involved in tectonic processes. What conditions lead to this
transformation?
A. Lower pressure and lower temperatures
B. Lower pressure and higher temperature
C. Higher pressure and lower temperature
D. Higher pressure and higher temperature
10. Which statement describes the types of igneous rock according to
silica content?
A. felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic is the order of the
types of igneous rock from light to dark color caused by the
silica content.
B. ultramafic, mafic, intermediate and felsic, is the order of
the types of igneous rock from light to dark color caused by
the silica content.
C. The more silica the rock the darker the color of the rock.
D. The lesser the silica of the rock the lighter the color of the
rock.

Enrichment Activities
Activity 2.B.4
REFLECT
Direction: There are three types of rocks of different origin but connected as
one in the cycle, all forms from each other with the aid of external forces and
energy and creating a cycle. In this reflection, create your own life cycle
identify events in your life when you become igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic and how they connects and changes from one form to another.
After identify this events in your life, explain why you compare that event in
your life as such type of rock.

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Bibliography
For photos
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For contents
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