LIE REVIEWER (BSA)

I. HISTORY OF ICT

• What is ICT

According to Pratt (2019), “ICT, or information and communications technology (or

technologies), is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing.”

On the other hand, as stated by Rouse (2023), “Information and Communications

Technology (ICT) is the use of computing and telecommunication technologies, systems and tools
to facilitate the way information is created, collected, processed, transmitted and stored. It
includes computing technologies like servers, laptop computers and software applications, as well
as the wired and wireless communication technologies that support telephones, the Internet, the
Internet of Things (IoT) and the metaverse. The goal of ICT is to improve access to information
and make human-to-human, human-to-machine and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication
easier and more efficient.”

• Timeline

THE PREMECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

1. The Wheel (circa 3500 BC): The invention of the wheel revolutionized
transportation and made it significantly easier to move heavy objects and goods.
It was a fundamental development in the history of engineering and
transportation.
2. Writing Systems (circa 3200 BC): The emergence of writing systems, such as
cuneiform in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt, marked a critical turning
point in human history. Writing allowed for the recording and preservation of
knowledge, history, and communication over time.
3. The Plow (circa 3000 BC): The plow, a significant agricultural innovation, made it
much more efficient to cultivate and farm land. This invention contributed to the
growth of settled agricultural communities and surplus food production.

MECHANICAL PERIOD
1450: The First Information Explosion.Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany)Invented the movable
metal-type printing process. The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page
numbers.
1672: The stepped reckoner or Leibniz calculator was a mechanical calculator invented by the
German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694
1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to
automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.

ELECTROMECHANICAL PERIOD
While Italian innovator Antonio Meucci (pictured at left) is credited with inventing the first basic
phone in 1849, and Frenchman Charles Bourseul devised a phone in 1854, Alexander Graham
Bell won the first U.S. patent for the device in 1876.
Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect
far from the point at which they originated.These two events led to the invention of:
1888: The first successful roll-film hand camera, the Kodak, was launched publicly in the summer
of 1888. Inventor George Eastman received a patent (number 388,850) for the camera's shutter
and the trademark (number 15,825) for the Kodak name on September 4, 1888.
1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing
the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that
would ultimately become IBM.

ELECTRONIC PERIOD
1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29
equations simultaneously namely The ABC computer. This marks the first time a computer is able
to store information on its main memory.
1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the
grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.
1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the
transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a
vacuum.

“Information technology” refers to automated systems for storing, processing, and distributing
information.

● MEMORY is a PC component that stores data

● BIT is the smallest unit of memory
● BYTE - unit of data that is eight binary digits long
● KB is the smallest unit of memory measurement but greater than a byte. A kilobyte is 1,000
bytes abbreviated as ‘K’ or ‘KB’ 1KB = 1024 bytes
● MB is equal to 1024 KB or 1 million bytes
● GB is equal to 1024 MB or 1 million KB
● TB is equal to 1024 GB or 1 million MB
● PB is equal to 1024 TB or 1 million GB
● EB is equal to 1024 PB or 1 million TB
● ZB is equal to 1024 EB or 1 million PB
● YB is equal to 1024 ZB or 1 million EB

WEB BROWSER – application software designed to access websites over the internet

SEARCH ENGINE – programs that allow users to find information online

INTERNET - is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet, people
can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection

Cookies are small pieces of data that web sites store on the user’s computer, in order to enable
personalization of the site
SOCIAL MEDIA - is a digital technology that allows the sharing of ideas and information, including text
and visuals, through virtual networks and communities

ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE - It is the act of recording, observing or listening to individuals in real-time

with or without their knowledge

1. WEB 1.0, 2.0, AND 3.0

Web 1.0

The term "Web 1.0" describes the early development of the World Wide Web. In Web 1.0,
the vast majority of users were content consumers and there were very few content creators.
Personal websites were widespread and mostly included static pages maintained on free web
hosts or web servers controlled by ISP (Jain, 2023).

According to Terra (2023), the basic structure of the early Web was that a small number of
individuals produced web pages, content, and web pages for a large audience of readers,
enabling them to acquire facts, information, and material from the sources. The initial version of
the Internet is referred to as "Web 1.0" by people. Users witnessed the first instance of a global
network that hinted at potential for future digital communication and information sharing.

Four Design Essentials of a Web 1.0 Site Include:

1. Static Pages: Web 1.0 websites primarily consisted of static web pages. These pages
were fixed and didn't change frequently. Any updates or changes to the content had to be
manually made by web developers.

2. Content Served from the Server's File System: The content of Web 1.0 sites was typically
stored as files on the web server's file system. When a user requested a page, the server
would simply retrieve and serve the pre-existing HTML file.

3. Pages Built Using Server Side Includes or Common Gateway Interface (CGI): Server Side
Includes and CGI were technologies used to add dynamic elements to otherwise static
web pages. CGI, in particular, allowed for some interaction with the server, but it was
limited compared to modern web technologies.

4. Frames and Tables Used for Layout: Frames and tables were commonly used in the layout
of Web 1.0 pages. Frames allowed for the division of a web page into multiple sections
with separate scrollable areas, while tables were used to position and align elements on
a page.

Web 2.0

According to Jain (2023), the term "Web 2.0" was created by Darcy DiNucci in 1999, but it
wasn't until Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty hosted the First Web 2.0 conference (later known
as the Web 2.0 summit) in 2004 that it gained widespread recognition. Worldwide websites that
emphasize user-generated content, usability, and interoperability for end users are referred to as
 "Web 2.0." Web 2.0 is also known as the social participatory web. It does not mean to change
any technical requirements, but rather to alter the layout and functionality of Web pages. Although
the shift is advantageous, it does not seem that way when the changes take place. Web 2.0
enables interaction and cooperation between individuals in a social media discussion as the
producer of user-generated content in an online community. Web 2.0 is an enhanced version of
Web 1.0.

What is Web 3.0?

The term refers to the development of online interaction and usage, which involves
transforming the online into a database with the incorporation of DLT and that data can assist in
the creation of Smart Contracts tailored to the needs of the individual. After a long period of
concentrating on the frontend, it permits the upgrading of the backend of the web. The phrase
"Web 3.0" is used to denote a number of web usage and interaction evolutions. In this, services
provide many perspectives of the same site or the same data; the data is not owned but rather
shared but is still present (Jain, 2023).

II. TYPES OF WEBSITES

• eCommerce Website

is a website where people can directly buy products from you’ve probably used a number of
eCommerce websites before, most big brands and plenty of smaller ones have one. Any website
that includes a shopping cart and a way for you to provide credit card information to make a
purchase falls into this category.

• Business Website

is any website that’s devoted to representing a specific business. It should be branded like the
business (the same logo and positioning) and communicate the types of products and/or services
the business offers.

• Entertainment Website

If you think about your internet browsing habits, you can probably think of a few websites that you
visit purely for entertainment purposes.

• Portfolio Website

are sites devoted to showing examples of past work. Service providers who want to show potential
clients the quality of the work they provide can use a portfolio website to collect some of the best
samples of past work they’ve done. This type of website is simpler to build than a business website
and more focused on a particular task: collecting work samples.
• Media Website

collect news stories or other reporting. There’s some overlap here with entertainment
websites, but media websites are more likely to include reported pieces in addition to or instead
of content meant purely for entertainment.

• Brochure Website

are a simplified form of business websites. For businesses that know they need an online
presence, but don’t want to invest a lot into it (maybe you’re confident you’ll continue to get most
of your business from other sources), a simple brochure site that includes just a few pages that
lay out the basics of what you do and provide contact information may be enough for you.

• Nonprofit Website

In the same way that businesses need websites to be their online presence, nonprofits do as well.
A nonprofit website is the easiest way for many potential donors to make donations and will be
the first place many people look to learn more about a nonprofit and determine if they want to
support it.

• Educational Website

The websites of educational institutions and those offering online courses fall into the category of
educational websites. These websites have the primary goal of
either providing educational materials to visitors or providing information on an educational
institution to them.

• Infopreneur Website

websites overlap a bit with business and eCommerce websites, but they represent a unique
type of online business. Infopreneurs create and sell information products. That could be in the
form of courses, tutorials, videos or eBooks.

• Personal Website

Not all websites exist to make money in some way or another. Many people find value in creating
personal websites to put their own thoughts out into the world. This category includes personal
blogs, vlogs, and photo diaries people share with the world.

• Web Portal

are often websites designed for internal purposes at a business, organization, or institution. They
collect information in different formats from different sources into one place to make all relevant
information accessible to the people who need to see it. They often involve a login and
personalized views for different users that ensure the information that’s accessible is most useful
to their particular needs.
 • Wiki or Community Forum Website

Most people are familiar with wikis through the most famous example of one out there: Wikipedia.
But wikis can be created on pretty much any subject you can imagine. A wiki is any website where
various users are able to collaborate on content and all make their own tweaks and changes as
they see fit. There are wikis for fan communities, for business resources, and for collecting
valuable information sources.

III. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET (DAVID)

The Internet or “net” (network of network) is the largest computer network in the world that
connects billions of computer users. The word internet comes from the combination between
“interconnection” and “network”. Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via
communication channels and transmission media that allow sharing resources (hardware,
software, data, information). Generally, nobody owns the internet.

1. Servers – is a computer program that provides service to another computer

program and its users.

• Types of Servers

• Application Server – a program in computer that provides the business logic for an
application program.
• Web Server – a computer program that serves requested HTML pages or files.
• Proxy Server – is a software that acts as an intermediary between an endpoint
device, such as a computer and another server from which a user is requesting.
• Mail Server – is an application that receives incoming e-mail from local users and
remote senders and forward outgoing email for delivery
• File Server – is a computer responsible for central storage and management of
data files so that other computers on the same network can access them.
• Policy Server – is a security component of a policy – based network that provides
authorization services and facilities tracking and control of files.

2. IP Address (Internet Protocol) – is a numerical label assigned to each device.

This provides identity to a network device.

3. 3. Browser – is an application program that provides a way to look at information on the

web. ( basically sya yung search engine where u can access information that u need )

4. Domain Name System (DNS) – is the phonebook of the internet. We access information
online through domain names. Example of DNS: www.facebook.com,
www.pup.edu.ph,www.academia.edu

5. Internet Service Provide (ISP) – is an organization that provides services for

accessing, using or participating in the internet.
• Internet -
A global network of thousands of computer networks linked by data lines and
wireless systems.
• Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser
• Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online
• Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and
videos
•
• Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other o
ver the Internet
• Software updates – operating system and application updates can typically downloaded
from the Internet
• HTML - Hypertext Markup Language is a coding language used to tell a browser how to
place pictures, text, multimedia and links to create a web page. When a user clicks on a
link within a web page, that link, which is coded with HTML, links the user to a specific
linked web page.
• URL - Uniform Resource Locator is a web address used to connect to a remote resource
on the world wide web.
• Bit - is a single digit in the binary numbering system (base 2). For example: 1 is a bit or 0
is a bit.
• Byte - generally consists of eight bits.
• Upload - To upload is to transfer data from your computer to another computer.
• Download - To download is to transfer data from another computer to your computer.
• HTTP - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the data communication standard
of
web pages. When a web page has this prefix, the links, text, and pictures shoul
d work correctly in a web browser.
• HTTPS - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. This indicates that the
web
page has a special layer of encryption added to hide your personal information a
nd passwords from others.
• Router or router-modem combination is the hardware device that acts as the traffic cop
for network signals arriving at your home or business from your ISP. A router can be wired
or wireless or both.
• Encryption - is the mathematical scrambling of data so that it is hidden from
eavesdroppers. Encryption uses complex math formulas to turn private data into
meaningless gobbledygook that only trusted readers can unscramble.
• Web Bot - A term that applies to programs/applets (macros and intelligent agents) used
on the Internet. Such bots perform a repetitive function, such as posting messages to
multiple newsgroups or doing searches for information.
• Search Engine - specialized software, such as Google and Yahoo, that lets www browser
users search for information on the web by using keywords, phrases. Online Resources
/ Videos
I.Introduction to the Digital Age

What does it mean when we say Digital Age?

It is a period in human history that started when computers were

introduced in the 1970s. This is evident in the rapid shift from mechanical
industrialization to technological innovation. The Digital Age is also termed
the Information Age, Computer Age, or New Media Age. An important thing
to note is that the meaning of the Digital Age will continue to change over
time as new technologies or devices will be developed through research
and development that will ultimately impact how we as humans will interact.

Technological Change

What is technological change?

Technological change refers to the idea of improving existing technologies and
developing new ones to improve the existing products and to create new products in the
market. This whole process helps in creating new markets and new market structures,
and destroying obsolete markets.

Social Evolution

Social evolution refers to the long-term development and change in human societies,
cultures, and social structures over time. It is a concept rooted in the fields of sociology
and anthropology and is often used to understand how societies transform, adapt, and
progress.

Data Privacy Act of 2012

The Republic Act 10173, also known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, is a Philippine law that
protects the fundamental human right to privacy and regulates the processing of personal
information. It governs how personal data is collected, stored, processed, and used by both the
government and private entities. The law aims to ensure the security and confidentiality of
personal information and to promote transparency and accountability in handling such data.

Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012

The Republic Act 10175, known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, is another Philippine
law that focuses on addressing cybercrime and promoting cybersecurity. This law defines various
cybercrimes and penalties for offenses such as hacking, identity theft, and online libel. It also
provides law enforcement agencies with the authority to investigate and prosecute
cybercriminal activities.
Privacy is a state of affairs where information regarding individual’s life and conditions that are private in
nature is beyond the reach and knowledge of others. Privacy means that people have the ability to
control over what information needs to be there in the public domain.

Layers are similar to layered sheets of transparent glass on which you can paint images. The transparent
portions of a layer allow you to see through to the levels below. You can try to achieve the desired effect
by working on each layer separately.

Palettes - A palette is a set of discrete colors.