Physics 203 Final Exam Formula Sheet Page |1
One-Dimensional Kinematics Relative Velocity
Δ𝑥⃗ 𝑉⃗ 𝑉⃗ 𝑉⃗
𝑣⃗
Δt
Dynamics of Newton’s Laws
Constant velocity
∑ 𝐹⃗ 𝑚𝑎⃗
𝑎⃗ 0
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑤 ⇒ 𝐹⃗ 𝐹⃗
𝑥 𝑥 𝑣𝑡
Gravitational Force
Constant acceleration
𝑊⃗ 𝑚𝑔⃗
𝑥 𝑥 𝑣 𝑡 𝑎𝑡
𝑀
𝑣 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝑔 𝐺
𝑟
𝑣 𝑣 2𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑀𝑚
𝐹 𝐺
𝑟
𝑥 𝑥 𝑣 𝑣 𝑡
.
𝐺 6.67 10
Free Fall
𝑚 Static Friction
𝑔 9.8
𝑠 𝑓 𝜇 𝐹
𝑦 𝑦 𝑣 𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 𝑓 𝜇 𝐹
𝑣 𝑣 𝑎 𝑡 Kinetic Friction
𝑣 𝑣 2𝑎 𝑦 𝑦 𝑓 𝜇 𝐹
𝑦 𝑦 𝑣 𝑣 𝑡 Circular Motion
𝑠 𝑟𝜃
𝑎 𝑔 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝜃
Projectile Motion 𝜔
𝑡
𝑥 𝑥 𝑣 𝑡 2𝜋
𝜔
𝑦 𝑦 𝑣 𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 𝑇
1
𝑣 𝑣 𝑎 𝑡 𝑇
𝑓
𝑣 𝑣 2𝑎 𝑦 𝑦 2𝜋𝑟
𝑣 2𝜋𝑟𝑓 𝜔𝑟
𝑇
𝑦 𝑦 𝑣 𝑣 𝑡
𝑣
𝑎 𝑔 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎 𝜔 𝑟
𝑟
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Work and Energy Rotational Dynamics
𝑊 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜏 𝑙𝐹 𝑟𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑃𝐸 𝑚𝑔ℎ ∑𝜏 𝐼𝛼
𝐾𝐸 𝑚𝑣 𝐼 𝑚𝑟 𝑚 𝑟 𝑚 𝑟 ⋯ 𝑚 𝑟
𝑊 ∆𝐾𝐸 𝐾𝐸 𝐾𝐸
𝑊 𝜏𝜃
𝑊 ∆𝑃𝐸 𝑚𝑔 ℎ ℎ
𝐾𝐸 𝐼𝜔
𝑊 ∆𝐾𝐸 ∆𝑃𝐸
𝐿 𝐼𝜔
𝑊 𝐾𝐸 𝐾𝐸 𝑃𝐸 𝑃𝐸
𝑖𝑓 𝜏⃗ 0⇒𝐼𝜔 𝐼𝜔
𝑖𝑓 𝑊 0 ⟹ 𝐾𝐸 𝑃𝐸 𝐾𝐸 𝑃𝐸
Elasticity and Simple Harmonic Motion
𝑊
𝑃 𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑘𝑥
𝑡
Linear Momentum 𝑃𝐸 𝑘𝑥
𝑝⃗ 𝑚𝑣⃗ 𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐼⃗ 𝐹⃗ ∆𝑡 𝑣 𝐴𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
∆𝑝⃗ 𝑝⃗ 𝑝⃗ 𝑣 𝐴𝜔
𝐹⃗
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑎 𝐴𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑚 𝑥
𝑥 𝑎 𝐴𝜔
𝑚 𝑚 ⋯ 𝑚
Rotational Kinematics 2𝜋
𝜔 2𝜋𝑓
𝑇
𝑠 𝑟𝜃
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
𝑣 𝑟𝜔
𝑎 𝑟𝛼 𝑘
𝜔
𝑚
Constant angular velocity
𝑚
𝛼 0 𝑇 2𝜋
𝑘
𝜃 𝜃 𝜔𝑡
Simple pendulum
Constant angular acceleration
𝑔
𝜔
𝜃 𝜃 𝜔 𝑡 𝛼𝑡 𝑙
𝜔 𝜔 𝛼𝑡 𝑙
𝑇 2𝜋
𝜔 𝜔 2𝛼 𝜃 𝜃 𝑔
𝜃 𝜃 𝜔 𝜔 𝑡
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Fluids Ideal Gas and Kinetic Theory of Gases
𝑃 1.013 10 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑉 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑚 𝑃𝑉 𝑁𝑘 𝑇
𝜌
𝑉
𝑃𝑉 𝑃𝑉
𝐹
𝑃 𝑇 𝑇
𝐴
Monoatomic ideal gases
𝑃 𝑃 𝜌𝑔ℎ
2
𝐹 𝑊 𝜌 𝑉 . 𝑔 𝑃𝑉 𝑁 𝑚𝑣
3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ⟹ 𝐴 𝑣 𝐴 𝑣 𝐾𝐸 𝑘 𝑇 𝑚𝑣
𝑃 𝜌𝑣 𝜌𝑔𝑦 𝑃 𝜌𝑣 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝑈 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑁𝑘 𝑇
𝜌 1000 .
𝑅 8.31 .
0.0821 .
Temperature and Heat
𝑛 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀 ≡ 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑇 𝑇 32
𝑁 6.022 10
𝑇 𝑇 273
𝑘 1.38 10
∆𝐿 𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇
Thermodynamics
∆𝑉 𝛽𝑉 ∆𝑇
∆𝑈 𝑄 𝑊
𝑄 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
𝑄 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇
𝑄 𝑚𝐿
𝑄 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇
𝑄 𝑚𝐿
𝐶 𝑅
𝑄 𝑄 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 ⇒
𝐶 𝑅
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑡
𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ⇒ 𝑊 𝑃∆𝑉
Constants for water and ice
𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ⇒ 𝑊 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛
𝑐 2000 .℃
𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ⇒ 𝑊 𝑛𝑅 𝑇 𝑇
𝑐 4186 .℃
𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ⇒ 𝑃 𝑉 𝑃𝑉
𝐿 33.5 10 .℃
𝐶
𝐿 22.6 10 𝛾
.℃ 𝐶
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Heat Engines Doppler Effect
𝑄 𝑊 𝑄 𝐿𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 –
𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ⇒ 𝑒
𝑄
𝑓 𝑓 1
𝑄
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 ⇒ 𝜂
𝑊 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝑄 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐿𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑠 ⇒ 𝜂
𝑊
1
Carnot Engine 𝑓 𝑓
1∓
𝑄 𝑄
𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑇 𝑇
𝑇 1
𝑒 1 𝑓 𝑓
𝑇 1∓
𝑄 The Principle of Linear Superposition
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 ⇒ 𝛥𝑆
𝑇 In phase speakers interference
Waves and Sound 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛 0,1,2,3, …
𝑣
𝜆 𝑣𝑇 |𝐿 𝐿 | 𝑛𝜆
𝑓
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛 1,3,5, …
𝑣
|𝐿 𝐿 | 𝑛
𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 ∓ Out of phase speakers interference
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 ⇒ 𝑣 331 0.6𝑇 ℃ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛 1,3,5, …
𝑃 |𝐿 𝐿 | 𝑛
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ⇒ 𝐼
𝐴
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛 0,1,2,3, …
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑃 |𝐿 𝐿 | 𝑛𝜆
⇒𝐼
4𝜋𝑟
Diffraction
𝐼
𝛽 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜆
𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑊
𝐼 1.0 10 𝜆
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1.22
𝐷
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Standing Waves Additional Formulas
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 ⇒ 𝑛 1,2,3, … 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴 𝜋𝑟
𝜆 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴 4𝜋𝑟
𝐿 𝑛
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ⇒ 𝑉 𝜋𝑟
𝑣
𝑓 𝑛
2𝐿 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 ⇒ 𝑉 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 ⇒ 𝑛 1,3,5, ..
𝜆
𝐿 𝑛
4
𝑣
𝑓 𝑛
4𝐿
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛/𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
⇒𝑛 1,2,3, …
𝜆
𝐿 𝑛
2
𝑣
𝑓 𝑛
2𝐿
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 ⇒ 𝑛 1,3,5, …
𝜆
𝐿 𝑛
4
𝑣
𝑓 𝑛
4𝐿
Beats
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 |𝑓 𝑓|
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