29| Besset’s FUNCTIONS 29.1 BESSEL'S EQUATION The differential equation a Bes Bae myao is called the Bessel’s differential equation, and particular solutions of this equation are called Bessel's functions of order n. ‘We find the Bessel’s equation while solving Laplace equation in polar coordinates by the method of separation of variables, This equation has a number of applications in engineering. Bessel’s functions are involved in (A The Oscillatory motion of a hanging chain q (i) Euler's theory of a circular membrane J (il) The studies of planetary motion aL Gus Bal. (iv) The propagation of waves Mi 04 (%) The Elasticity (vi) The fluid motion (vii) The potential theory (vill) Cylindrical and spherical waves (@) Theory of plane waves BBessel’s functions are also known as cylindrical and spherical function, es 29.2 SOLUTION OF BESSEL’S EQUATION a Fhe Z eet a yn0. (I) Let ye Za or y= ax" ax" 4a,x"? 4 ww Q) So that Sa imenan & r=0 #y _$ mira and Fy = La (m+r)(m+r-1)x mer 7 Pd Substituting these values in (I), we get PYG, (me yiner-t m4 Sa (mena? oe ee 759% Cea760 Higher Mathematical Physica x wa x20 2 dee => Da (mt ry(m+r—Dx" +a, (m+n ae = => So [(mtr) (m+ r-1 + (m+ n-wp" +yaer =0 mo = Lalntry -n yr + Dax"? =0. 8) = ~ Equating the coefficient of lowest degree term of x" in the identity (3) to zero, by putting r= O in the first summation we get the indicial equation. dof(m+0)? -n?]=0. (r=0) > m= ie.m=nm=-n ay #0 Equating the coefficient of the next lowest degree term x" in the identity (3), we put r=1 in the first summation a, {(m + 1-1] = 0 ke. a, =0, since (m + 1-1? #0 Equating the coefficient of **°"*? in (3) to zero, to find relation in successive coefficient, we get G,43{(m+r+2)'-n?]+a, =0 Garten Therefore, a; =a, =a, =....=0, since a, = 0 1 => O42 = Ifr=0, a= ay “nt ayn? 1 Wr=2, a dg and so on. 1 (neon? [(m42y—n yma) —n) On substituting the values of the coefficients a,, ay dy... in (2), we have = ax" -——™ nit CA mit eee G2 dt on lan) * y= age ta a (m+2) =| [@n+2)? -n? Yom 4y? 0} Form=n y= ayy yey, 1 _s = Anti) 4? 2(n41)(n+2) where a, is an arbitrary constant. Form=-n eee eee A-n+1) © 4?21(-n+1)(-n +2) 29.3 BESSEL'S FUNCTIONS, J, (x) 2 “The Bessel’s equation is 2 aZacd ayo (I) Solution of (1) is a ‘ rr = x" | 1-4 a WS y 22+ 24.2? (n+ 1)(n+2) OI +N n+ 2).Bessel’s Functions 761 4 2 = ax" ¥ (-1)/ ——___>—______ + LCV Teepe where a isan arbitrary constant. 1 It © * heb The above solution is called Bessel’s function denoted by J, (x, yr £(-1)’ = = _ my 2 rin + 1)(n42).An+ Pr) (rvi= ny = ol) faa aes aes 2 4e-gp[ aaa tmecee] -O : , a0 ~ ay ()"™ 2 dE GES (J = 40-8 2G (9 Hf n=0, 40-22) o,0--8 a Ifn=1, Jee de # We draw the graph of these two fi period and a decreasing amplitude. -ner a es ay fe Replacing n by ~ n in (2), we get 40 Fe) Case I. If m is not integer or zero, then the complete solution of (1) is Y= ASg(x)+ BS, (2) . Case II. Ifn = 0, then y, =, and complete solution of (1) is the Bessel's function of order Cue IIL If mis positive integer, then y, is not the solution of (1), And », fails to give a solution for negative values of n, Let us find out the general solution when n is an integer.762 Higher Mathematical Physics Example 1. Show that Bessels function J, (x) is an even function when n is even and is odd ‘function when n is odd. (UP, I Semester, 2009) ‘Solution. We know that a _ey_ (ay J, = La ner] (3) . Replacing x by - x in (1), we get I) 2) i Case I. If mis even, then n + 2r is even => Thus (2), becomes Sex For even faci . £EH=f@) Hence, J, (2) is even funetion. . ; Case II. If is odd, then n + 2r is odd => 3 = -() ‘Thus (2), becomes Looe i : For odd function f(-%) Hence, J, () is odd function. Proved. Example 2. Prove that: tim 22 = 1 n> Pynei mo x + Solution.From the equation (2) of Article 29.3 on page 760, we know that " 2 4 x x x =} 1--—* + * Yn)" seeei| | 2Qn4 2)” 24. Qn+2)Qn+4) On taking limit on both sides when x —> 0, we get 2 m2) tim be |) — Jim == = Ni seTrai |! 2.@n42) 24. Qn+2) QnA) 1 = Proved. 2 |n+1 29.4, BESSEL’S FUNCTION OF THE SECOND KIND OF ORDER n. ay BB ebae y= ~@ Let y= u(x) Jy(2) be the second solution ofthe Bessel’s equation when 7 is integer. 4 Pevs,+u, & eae ae Peat SP ews, Qu Std" an(Besset's Functions 763 ‘Substituting these values of y, y’, y" in (1), we get FMS, + WS bud") +x WS, + Wl) + G2 mu, =0 > uP tS +e mI) +eu + wee Stew J,=0 (2) > PI tS +) =0 [Since J, is a solution of (1)] (2) becomes x? u" J, + 2x? u'J,' + au’ J, = 0 3) Dividing (3) by 2? w J,, we have v ott ~@ (4) Can also be written as A flogu’}+ 20g J,}+£ logs) =0 & ee > togu +2104, +logx]=0 > Zpogw's22) =0 (5) Integrating (5), we get log w' Jy x= logG, > wPx=G > ™ (6) On integrating (6), we obtain px bee aan ae ae ee y=[ Gee ze a (x) = Ceol Ti > = Cu(2)+C, 9, (2) were, Y2)= Je(0) [—& ea The function y, (x) is known as Besse!'s function of second kind of order n. It is also called ‘Neumann function, ‘When m is not an integer. LU, (:)oosnm—J.,(x)] Mnl2)=— y sinnn When 1 is an integer =e Fama aC oom 1463) General solution of Bessel’s Equation is ia Y= Al, (x)+ BIg (x) Example 3. Prove that, J_,(x) =(-1)"J,(x) where n is a positive integer. . (A.MLE.TE,, Winter 2001) Solution, J-n()= Le "7 wo ma seen”Higher Mathematical Physics ont ont aw) orl Fp = 2 ilenere) Si rt[Cnt r+) we = 0+ > z rilcntr+)) On putting r= n + k, we get ee mn ak (2 ep 2. co(2) os! v() 140-2 pe 2 (n+ NH (since - ve integer = c) = D0) ree Example 4, Prove that 2 (@) Jiab)= (2) sinx (AMIETE, June 2010, U.P, Il Semester, 2009) © Jn@)= { 2 ew x (AMIETE, June 2009) Solution, We know that, 2 a Iya) = eel MOP Mnel| 2.241) 2.4.2?(n+1)(n+2) in (1), we obtain a(t) (a) Substituting n = Jin()= aa =(2)s= (see f-¥] Proved.Bessel's Functions 165 Example 5. Show that ? Solution. We know that In) = | (1) [ [n+ 3 Putting n= 5 in (1), we get "2 2 4 pe pt 22(341) 242 (3+1)(3+2) 1 sinx s(x) === —cosx Proved. mes u osx Example 6. Show that | ™ | 739) = sin x - > 2 ‘Solution. We know that ? 2 ! hostel apes AZ (nein?) | Multiplying numerator and denominator by (n+ 1), we get x"(n+))| x xt J,@= al 22(n+l) * 242 (n+I(n¥2) ! 1 x Hence, ff) s ,()=—Leosx—sinx Proved. 2 3 x188 Huge) mawrrnamar 1 yoo 29.5 RECURRENCE FORMULAE ‘These formulae are very useful in solving the questions. So, they are to be committed to memory. 1 xJi = dy 2Iust 2 xSe = —mS tty 3. 2Sq = Ins Ieet 4 Ind, = * prt Inst) (AMIETE, June 2010) din - 5B IR In) = "Spe 6. for T= S et (AMIETE, June 2010) Formula. xJ, =nJ,-xJ,,, Proof. We know that ie wy (a Larlenera) \2 Differentiating with respect to x, we get re ay ea yer u La laerei) we ttn yn, (yar gr aa u Fe acres) Lia [ners \2 . cy pyre! re Die a Cyst pga : Lala as) [Putting r- 1 =5] Oe ee - La Rasderl (3 2M = y= edna Proved. Formula I. xJ’ =-nJ,+xJ,, (U.P, II Semester, summer 2006) = oy ne2r Proof. We know that wots} ro) amar Differentiating wat. ‘x’, we get Jn = Lea 2 » 2 yy (ane 20) nf x)?" a= Dome. Pe) r=0Besse''s Functions 787 = (-1y @ne2r) (2) cy yn” * x rilatrsl) ) Los (ntr+l) @) Feu on fe oni oe © antlers) 2 “Grille +r at) " > xJn = 25, - 0d, Proved. Formula UL 27, =J,,-J.,, Proof, We know that xJ; =nJ,-xJy4, (I) (Recurrence formula J) Jf end, ttd,4 ~~ Q (Recurrence formula I) Adding (1) and (2), we get day = edu tI Mn = ~Jons bat Formula lV. 2J,=x(J,_,+J,,,) (U.P II Semester, June 2007) Proof. We know that’ 2g =0Iq—XIne (I) (Recurrence formula I) Dg = yt Edy w= Q) (Recurrence formula 11) ‘Subtracting (2) from (1), we get O-2nJ,-xJ,,,-2J,, > [2nd =xU,_,+J,,,)]-@) Proved. 1 nas * Ines The following examples are solved by using Recurrence formula IV. Example 7, Find the value of J , (x) + J, (x). (Delhi University, April 2010) Solution. By using Recurrence relation IV for J, (x) is md=20, thy Jaen (8) 4Jy i02)=22 5,0 Putn=0 Ja) +403) =0 Ans. Example 8. Prove that 3cosx I.) = Leake (AMIETE, June 2010, Q. Bank U.PT.U. 2002) Solution. From Recurrence relation (4), we have Ind, (=H, )*S, « $e @= By -J1) Putting n = 1/2 in (1), we get J, (x) = fain (Jan @® wa(2) 3 Again puting n= > in (1), we Bt J = $42 0)~ Jia @) 0) Putting the value of A (x) from (2) in (3), we get Jen @) = +{t Jin @)-Jan wa]- Sua (2) on (4) 3 e (3 - Jan @)- 2 Joua (@)768 Higher Mathematical Physics Putting the values of J, (x)and J (2) in (4), we get ov (fa 2 me BS fae 9. Express J,(x) in terms of J, (x) and J, (x). Solution. We know that Suan = *y, w Sut Putting n = 5 in (1), we get 0 Jez Is x Putting n = 4 in (1), we get 8 Ja qunds Putting the value of J, in (2), we get 10[8 = tens, Sal glend On putting the value of J, in (3), we get 4-(90- (0K 4a “(GE WoW eee x 7 ‘s),, 5) exo] (UP, I Semester, 2009) From Recurren : 0 “relation (3) -| Q) (Qf 3) be If n= 2in (1), then jetn-s x pare (-OO-EBessel's Functions 769 St -S-5+ wo [2-122 M0, 1), fia i]s > een aerate 3840 768 18 1920 144 ee peas ore Example 10. Express J, in terms of J, and J, (AMIETE, Dec. 2009) Solution. Putting n = 4 in recurrence formula (4), we get 8 n= 4, B= xy 445) 2 bb any den oa, Formula V, OS) =-a, Proof. We know that xJ/ = nJ, -xJyq, (Recurrence formula 1) Multiplying by.x-*!, we obtain x-* J Proved. Example 11, ifn > —I, show that: Joe" Sues ee PR ‘Solution.From relation (5), we know that digs Zl") ==, @) Integrating it between 0 and x, we get [ix Sede = [or s, cof =-8"J, (+ 0) If n=3 in (1), then 6 | Narn hs =-x", = Pa) In+1 1 5 =e", vent @) Proved. qd . Formula VI. gel Se (U.P, II Semester, 2004, 2005) Proof. We know that xJ)=—Sy +25 y3 (Recurrence formula 1/) Multiplying by 2*-', we haveHigher Mathematical Physics Tenet Igy bey tn, =x" Iu a F = ects )=24,_| Proved. Example 12. Prove that Sten =A) d Sottion, We know that [x7 (2) ] = YauC2) (Recurrence relation 72) On putting 1 = 0 in the formula VI, we get Staton PAG) d FVolal= AiG) Proved. Example 13° Prove that Jeb ode = £2 UG G+ JF (oi 1+e UP, Semester 2003 2000 Solution. LHS = fxs (ar On integrating by parts, we get a = SEA, ~ fd (0) Jo! ate Putting the value of J,’ (x) =-J, (x), we get = a @)- JP LO EAM) dete 2 = LR 0+ fx @).xh @dere Putting the value of xJ, (x) from recurrence relation VI, we get d = FH O- fxr Z bh Oldere 2 2 2 goose [foward = Zul @+ @)te Proved. 2 Example 14 Show that (a) J,,,+J,,57 7 +49 I,., (8) Express Jq(x) in terms of Jo(x) and J,(x) (A-MLLE.TE., Summer, 2007, 2002) . 2n Solution. (a) Recurrence relation IV is 2nJ, =x (patna) => Jna tan = In An+4) x Putting n+ 4 form, we have Jni3+Jnes = Sys Proved. 2 (6) We know that Jys1= = InSnet [From recurrence formula} If n=, y= 2nd, x If n=2, If n=3,™ ‘Bessel's Functions Example 15. Prove that J3(x) = A} 2 Jy(x) where J (x) isthe Bessel’ function x z of frst kind. (AMIETE, Dec. 2010, UP, Il Semester, June 2008, Winter 2001) Solution. J 2-nd, tJ yy (Recurrence formula 12)... (1) On putting m= 2 in (1), we have xJ3 =-2J, +xJ, 2 => usShth Q) 3S, = bya (Recurrence formula 1)... (3) From (1) and (3), we have -nJ,+xJ,_,=nJ,-xJ.,, On putting n= 1,-J,+xJ,=J5,-xF, (4) = litheth-h = x x Putting the value of J, from (4) in (2), we get 2a -an)s= Aa yt = (-S) +2. Proved. x wy eye Example 16. Using the recurrence relation, show that ASR) = Jy. 2) 2 6) + Inu 205) Solution. 2J! =Jy_1—Jpst (Recurrence formula 1/1) ... (1) On differentiating (1), we have DW = Ss Sns =) Replacing n by n— 1 and n by n+ 1 in (1), we have 1 Wha =Ina-In > »Q) 1 1 and Sis = Jn Jns Saat = In ZI wn) Putting the values of J, and J;,, from (3) and (4) in (2), we get 2 j= ona Jal 41a—Ynea] > 4In = In-2- In Int Ineo > 4Tn = Jn-2-2In + Inv Proved. Example 17. Show that d qe tlan) (U.P II Semester Summer 2005) Solution. xJ" =nJ, —xJyy, (Recurrence formula!) ... (1) and Ji, =~nJytxJ,.4 (Recurrence formula 11) ... (2) Putting (m + 1) for m in (2), we get772 Higher Mathematical Physios Sig (0+ DJ gu Dy Q) Now sa 4+ F281) = 2S g Sh +2 Jya Sha 1 1 = Bq On HI) # Ber L-+ Ds + Fa) From (1) & 3) =2(272 a] Proved. x" Example 18. Prove that following relation: PSG) =(0? -n-22)Sg(2)+ tJ ya) (A.MLELTE., Summer 2001, U.P. Il Semester Summer, 2007, 2006) a Solution, PD Dace a yyed (Bessel’s equation) (1) J.(a) is the solution of (1) So Pex +(e) J, =0 w= (2) We know that xJh end, —xSqa1 (Recurrence relation J) ... (3) Putting the value of x J; from (3) in (2), we get Sgt 41S, Dy) HM )dq =O Sy = Sy + xS gg HP =) Jy A et Proved. Example 19. Show that J,"(x) =—J, () + th ® (UP. Il Semester 2010) Solution. From example 18, we know that: By @)=(P-n-2) I, @) td, on (l) Putting m = 1, we get BY'@)=(P-1-2), 424,40 > Py @)=-2S, 0) +24,0) 1 > Hand th Proved. Example 20, Prove that g(x) + 3Up (2) + 4G'(2) = 0 (UP Ill Semester, Winter 2001, A.MLE.T.E., Summer 2000) Solution. We know that 2J;, =Jy.1—Jner (Recurrence relation 1) Differentiating and multiplying by 2, we get PI = Sherrer = Opa I~ Jy Sys) “Ine” Ua * Inn Differentiating again and multiplying by 2, we get DS = Wig -4Ih + Wper Hye 2 Oy Ing Dp Sno) 14-3438 +35" St n-3 a1 SinesBesset’s Functions Putting n= 0, we get D. Spt 3-3S.443I,— Jy = CWP y= 3, +3, =-24,464, 4Je'=-Is +3. Js+3(-J6) [From example 11, J, =~ Jj] Jy +3 +40'=0 > Jg(x) +35 (3) +403"(0) =0 Proved. Example 2. Prove hat 2¢Jy Jy) = x02 = 22) 40 1 4 Sb Ges Solution. Br etn) = IuInes +2 edna) _ = Sedat lin +Sidnnr) Lelyat +I) Iu # Iq Sigt) () Recurrence formula /, xJ; =1Jy-1Jqqi wQ) Recurrence formula Hl, xJ',=-nJ,+ Jy. Putting n+ 1 fornxJi=nt Jy t2Jy ~Q) Putting the values of xJ; and xJ;,, from (2) and (3) in (1), we obtain Setelen) Fp Imus HIS g 2S pei net t+ Salt) Ings + FI q] = (ltn-n-IJy -Jyay t 203 -F2) = Gea) Proved. Example 22. Prove shat 2 Js de+ J,(0)+ FAG)=0 (A.MLE.TE,, Summer 2000) Solution. We know that d ge neOl= He Iga (2) (Recurrence Relation V) Integrating above relation, we get #Ig2)=~ fx "Sy ee ~() On taking m= 2 in (1), we have Jr? h)de= 274,00) (2) Again [Jy(x)dr= fr?) ()ae = 8 for ydy yar | (2 fe (2)ds) de 3) Putting the value of fx"*J,(x)dr from (2) in (3), we get Josde = 2x (a)- fax 2s, (aya = Sy(2)+ afrMy (x)de= Jy (x) 42-2 (ay On using (1), again, when n = 1 Hence, fistaides 12(9+2J,0)=0 Proved. ee74 Higher Mathematical Physics Example 23. Show that [onto YC) (n>-1) Solution. Recurrence relation 7 is Ley 2Syi(2) 4 jy nl Putting n +1 form, we get le Yui (2))=2"Jy (3) Integrating both sides wrt. x between 0 and x, we get 2 Iya la) = Px) de Proved. Example 24. Prove that FI Sern EB presto AM Ir Solution. We know that 2S, = Iya —Inat (Recurrence formula 11) Differentiating, we get 2S Sin > 4IT= I y-2WJiy > PIf = Ina In) -Ira) 2S = Iyg- Dy tne Again differentiating and multiplying by 2, we get D SiS, g-P Ip + Spor = pa ~Jril-20 nt Ina 3a + 3p Snot) + Suet Joes) ee) And so on rs Example 25. Show that Spy = My O42) art (04 Dass Solution, We know that 2nd =p + Int (Recurrence Relation I) PD ycrag tt (W Inar dy =F [nar oct] Inet (I) x - 2 2 Replacing m by n #2, we get Ju = (#2) Sua“ n3 ~@) (nm putting the value of 5 Jser from (2) in (1), we get Fetes [+2404] = Sy (042) Jaa + Syn On putting the value of 3 nes» We get ny A+ DU ygg #04) Iyea~2Jyus. and 80 on 2 2 = Jy —(0+2)Jqug (N44) Igug (2) SyngeBessel's Functions Example 26. Prove that df= 2 Ed, tata HM = "x Solution, From Recurrence formula (2), we have 2st des ny From example 25, Page 774, putting value of J, we get = 2, (04 Dyer te] rey x Using definition of J, and J,, (5) becomes dene aa - Pens) 2-C2n+2)" 2-4-(-2n+2) (ney 75 - 2B dae oo] Proved. Example 27, Prove that 4 [J.,(0)]_ =2sin nx | J) | nxd? 2 @ Solution. PDB y=o (Bessel’s Equation) n $,[1-5)y=0 (Dividing by x2) As J and J_, are the solutions of the above equation, so 1 wy => Tis Set [IG] Jano () wid, a) > Font Tat I don on 2) On multiplying (1) by J and (2) by J., we get wy adn (oY Widen * Seda (1-5 [ded ..Q) 1 n° e Windy tS gd HIF |Segedy =O (n->=n) A) x x ‘On subtracting (4) from (3), we get Spd. Syd atu, Bisa x > On integrating, we get G Therefore, J., J;-Jy J! =< (5)76 Higher Mathematical Physica L_[ grt ta") (nay at 2" (n+) 2-(2m+2) 2-4-(2n+2)(2m4 4) i ot 4 . a a a aol 2-(Qn+2) * D4-(n+ Dn 4) | peeell cme) cata (ata) sie ole 2"|En+)) (-2n+2) © 2-4(-2n+24-2n+4) | ox ‘Now comparing the coefficients of i/x on both sides, we get -n n Inet Fret Inst Cnet 1 ° © sin nn. Substituting the value of Cin (5), we get Se Sg — Sg Jy = PSOE > > Proved. 29.6 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO BESSEL’S EQUATION ‘There are some differential equations which can be reduced to Bessel’s equation and therefore, can be solved. (a) We shall reduce the following differential equation to Bessel’s equation. 2 ite Zewee a yyn0 a) Thus (1) becomes (adr) (4 i ES DUB ere = eSaeeiyno Its solution is y= cJ,(1)+¢yJ_,(1), yh Hence solution of (1) is y = oJ, (kx) +c J_, (kx) . Ans, (b) Let us reduce the following differential equation to Bessel's ‘equation. 2 Grek ey=0 »-@) wy 1 payer's, Ser tenetse Shea Sone Sanna ts 7 aa Sang nrtz, ‘Then (2) becomes Br att sng yy? [*¢ 4] Paws x[eSpeane “em 1x72] +a) wae '2 [+h x.x"2 =0 > Sayama ets ant tetas -0 QB) Dividing (3) by x", wo Senate en +(a-1)njz=0 Let us put 2n + a= 1, then x eee )z=0 e Its solution is 2 =cJ,(kx)+¢,J_,(kx) Hence, the solution of (2) is y= x" [eJ,(kx)+cyJ-q(b2)], nel ‘Ans, lea en ee Put ®. D1 nw en a $y ) ' fy 4 (Led) 4 (Lad) ae ae See 4). she $e \ © eR iret Now, (4) becomes. eengegentiy fern a pa dy Im - > a * caret end Beery =0 On multiplying by Z we get PLetmeemt tmternty =0 wn (5) 1 Le 7 mrt¢m-l= + 1-0 ‘Thus (5) becomes 2rd rnitya0778 Higher Mathematcal ‘hysics Its solution is_y =" [cjJ (lent) +.c,J-,(kmt)] Solution of (4) is y=x"™[e\J,(kmzx"") + cpJ_,(lmx""™)] Ans. 29.7 ORTHOGONALITY OF BESSEL FUNCTION (D.U, Apri! 2010, AMIETE, June 2009) f x4,(ens,yde=0 where cand B are the roots of J,(x)=0. Proof. We know that 2 PDaSe(att myy-o (1) > eit, +(B2x? -n?)z=0 (2) Solution of (1) and (2) are y = J, (ax), z= J, (Bx) respectively Multiplying (1) by = = and (2) by ae and adding, we get alr (44-143) (to0# 2) 6@ -B)ayz=0. = 4[(-2-» 2) -B)nz=0 .Q) Integrating (3) wert. ‘x’ between the limits 0 and 1, we get [Heo ce BY) f xyzdz=0 = @ af ryat-[ 2) e [-3-»¢] ld) Putingthe values ofy= Jy(as),Z=aJyan), 2 J (G0) ==, Je Bx) in, weset s a2) ff xJq (x) Jq(Bx)ae =a, (02)J,(B2) BJ (B2)Jq(@2)], = aS, (Vy B)-B; B40) (5) Since a, B are the roots of J,(x) = 0,80 J, (a)=J, (B)=0. Putting the values of J, (a) =J,(B) = 0 in (5), we get (@-0°) f) J,(a3)-1,(Bx)ds =0 = ff (09s,004=4 Proved. Example 28. Prove that ff Went e= jue? Solution. From (5) of article 29.7, we know that (G?-a2) I xJ,(ax)-J, (Bx) de = oJ, (a) J, (B)- BU, (B)-J, (0) when BeaBesset's Functions ™ ‘Wealso know that J,(a) =0. Let B be a neighbouring value of a, which tends to a. ‘Then 1 0+ J}, (a)J,(8) lim h J, (0X) J_ (Bx) de = lim ee aa As the limit is of the form ‘ we apply L’ Hopital’s rule 0+, (@)Jn B) _ Ie p gye = { whtaapde= jn SE os @ [+ a=B) Proved. 298 AGENERATING FUNCTION FOR J, (x) af, Prove that J,(x) eet 2, 2 f e Proof. We know that e! =1+1+774574.. e -14(2)4(2) 4(2) + W (axa 3) - “® On multiplying (1) and (2), we get A) (2) 96) 5G) [ea ae) ~~ ‘The coefficient of 2* in the Product of (3), we get a “ad ae) tage ~~ 7 ‘Similarly, coefficient of z™ in the product of (3)= J_,(x) ae Fe BIg t2dy $2, 2g tt Vy HZ gts ten =¥ ey0) 72 For this reason a is known as the generating function of Bessel’s functions, Proved. Cor, In the expansion of (3), coefficient of ® xox x x slatgg wba 29.9 TRIGONOMETRIC EXPANSION INVOLVING BESSEL FUNCTIONS We know that +f, a SJ tzdyt27Jy +P IytitZ Sy $27 t2 I gt. Putting z= e/® in (1), we get () Pees yeaa t Leh Igoe. tei 780 Higher Mathematical Physics et08 = Jy 4 he + ye + he +... he? + he -Sye™ -... (since JL, =(-1)"J,) > cos(srsin@) + isin (xrsin®) = Jo + J, (€” ~e°®)+J(e*® +e) + Jy( 2) +. > cos (xsin6) + isin (xsin®) = Jy + J, (isin) + J,(2c0s26)+ J, (2isin36) +... Now equating real and imaginary parts, we get cos(xsin 8) = Jp +2; cos20+2/, cos 40+... wn (2) sin(xsin®) = 2/, sin® +2/, sin30 + 2J, sin 50+... ~Q) On putting @= ve in (2) and (3), we get cos(x¢0s a) = Jy ~2/, cos2a +2, cosda~ sin(xcos a) = 2/, cosa+2J, cos3a +2, cosSa-,.. Example 29. Prove that cos x= Jy~2J,+,~.. sinx = 2J, ~2y +2Jy+. e Solution. We know that cos(xsin®)= Jy +2J, c0828+ 2, cos 48+... ) sin(xsin®) = 2J, sin0 +2/, sin30 +2J, sin 50+... = (2) Putting o-5 in (1) and (2), we get 08 x= Jy -2J, +2, - and sinx = 2J, 2 +2Jg-.. Proved, Example 30. Prove that xsinx=2[27J,—47J,+6°J-...] xe0sx = 2I7J,-3Jy +57Jy +...) Solution, We know that cos(xsin) = Jp +2J, 00828 +2, c0s40-+.. a ©@ and sin(xsin@) = 2/; sin® +2, sin30 + 2J, sinS0+... .Q) Differentiating (1) wrt. "9", we get [-sin(xsin )}rcos@ = 0-4; sin 20-8/, sin 40+... G) Again differentiating (3) wart, "9", we get {-sin(xsin0)|(-xsin 0) +{-cos(xsin®)(:xe0s6)}xcos = -8/, 00820 - 32, cos 46+. (4) ‘Now putting o=F in (4), we get 22, - PS, +67. xsinx = BJ) -32/44. ] Similarly differentiating (2) twice and putting @ = ewe have xeosx = 2[I7J, -3°J; +5°s-...] Proved.Bessel's Functions 781 Example 31. Prove that J? +2J? +2J}+.. =1 £ ‘2sin? nb dd=" Solution. (J,+ 2J, c08 20+ 2 J, cos 40+ =cos(xsin 9) [From (29.9)) (1) | 200s? n8d0= x 2s, in0-+2/ysin38+ 2/ sn 50+.. = sin(xsin®) — 2) | asin sind =0 Now squaring (1) and integrating wit. @” between the limits Oand x, we get [F208 nBcasmod8 = 0 Sins 2 n+ 253 nt... = FP cos*(xsind)d® ~G) ‘Also squaring (2) and integrating w.r.1. "9" between the limits 0 and x, we get Dat 2sin+ Wa+..= [° sin? (xsin6)d8 (4) ‘Adding (3) and (4), we get n[Jj +24} +24} +24} +..]= [° cos? (xsin6)d0+ [° sin?(xsin0)d0 = f a=" e Sh +27 +25} +25} Proved. 29.10 BESSEL'S INTEGRAL To prove that (@ 4ala)=4 [ costesinay dd (6) J,(2)=— [cos (nd—ssin)d® — (GB.TU. 2011] Proof. We know that c08(xsin ) = Jp +2/; 0820+ 2/,, cos 46+... () sin(xsin 9) = 2J, sin® +2J, sin30+2J, sin 50+... Q) (a) Integrating (1) between the limits 0 and 1, we have § cos(zsineya0 = GF 0 +244 00520 +2, 00548 +..)a0 = Sof 0+24,[ c0s20d0+2, [* cos40d0+... = Jon +040 * cos(xsin®)d0 Proved. (6) Multiplying (1) by cos 0 and integrating between the limits 0 and x, we have i cos(xsin®) eos) d0= [* [Jp cosri +2, c0820.cos + 2, cos 48.08 n+ JB af cos dO +2, [* c0s20.cosnd d0 +. =0, — if'mis odd ) = J, ifmiseven (4) ‘Again multiplying (2) by sin n@ and integrating between the limits 0 and n, we have Kg sin(xsin0)sinnOd0= [* (2/,sinOsinn8 + 2/, sin38sin 8 +..)d0 = 24, JF sin@sinnOd0+2J; [° sin30sinn0d0+... 0 ifn is even (5) =a, ifnis odd (6) 0782 Higher Mathematical Physics Adding (3) and (6) or (4) and (5), we get Jf {008(xsin)cosn0 + sin(xsin)sin n0]d0 =n, Jf c08(0®-sin0)d0=nJ, or J,=4* cos(nd—zsin0)d9 Proved. x EXERCISE 29.1 2. (a) Jg(2)=0224 '@ 4Q)= Badge G 4. Lpajinr=x40 s Zimtays Bate =2(2 2)" a) 6 Dry ede ra, n>-l 1. PP) =(0? ng (40) AMET, Seer 2001) 8. Jedobide= 335 +e 9. Jyya(x)sinx-J_s9(x)e08(x) A 2 1 a ee) oe) M. ha2F Bee.) #1 12, IfJ,Q)=a,J, (2)= b find J, (2), J,’ 2), J" ‘",@ in terms of a and b where J, () is the Bessel function of first kind. 6 Ams J,Q)= 6-09", @)= 2-5, Ji Q)=a 13. Prove that J,(x) = 0 has no repeated root except x = 0. 14, Integrate fx° Jo), where J, (1) isthe Besse's function of it kind, in terms of J, (2), J (2) and 4,0). 29.11 FOURIER-BESSEL EXPANSION Ifa function f (x) is continuous and has a finite number of oscillations in the interval 05 x5a,then f(x) can be expanded in a series, LC) = GIy 3) + Cyd g(a) + Cyd (032) +t Cyd gg) + re > L0)=Y Gia), ia where 0}, 02, 03 are the roots of the equation J,(x) = 0. [The orthogonal property of Bessel’s functions enables us to expand a function in terms of Bessel's function]. Let £0)=¥ Gala) a (l) ia ‘Multiplying both sides of (1) by *J, (a), we getBessel's Functions 783 XSI (a2) =F CxS, (0 2)S,(0,2) @ Integrating both sides of (2) from x= 0 to.x= a, we have ff xe s,ande= 3 Gf xJj(apJ, (0,200 6 By orthogonal property of Bessel’s functions, we know that 0 if tej J, \ae = f= loas,(a,x 7 eet On applying this property on the right-hand side of (3), it reduces to 2 D seus toande=G.FB(ai0) 20 x/@)J,(aa)de it @ Jn4i (0a) By putting the values of the coefficient C's in (1), we get the Fourier-Bessel Expansions. £20 S05 Cosley => = Example 32. Show that y ara = 1, where a4,03,05 ... are the roots of J, (x). Solution. Let fx)= 3° C.J,(a), wl) a ri thea a-ak J, ax) fla) Q) Putting J (x)= 1 and n= 0 in (1), we get = x CJo(a,x) 3) a 2 2 2 and a Fey “er aha) ‘Substituting the values of C, ie and n in (3), we obtain e ° s ea aay 2Jo(ajx) _ > h(a) Example 33. ae 2 in the interval 0< x < 2 interms of J, (a) where a, are the roots of J(2a,) = Proved. ‘Solution. f(x) =x? ® > CJ,(a,x) (I) Multiplying both ‘ides of (1) by xJ2(a,;2), we get Pha,=3 Cxh(ax)J(a,x) we Q)Higher Mathematical Physics Integrating (2) wrt. x from x =0 to x= 2, we get f Pn, na=S G ff ren-na,0ae fa [Puee 2 7 [-of xJ}(a,x)de (j= {) (other integrals are zero) i 8J;(20, ay Ged 6 F 00) 82a) _2 4 "a; 453Q2a,)" a45(20,) On putting the values of coefficients C, in (1), we get 2S Ma(aus) PoP a ta,) y ans SG Ghddy, po Yn Cl - ey) p> puck on ae Li can & Cbd Bessel Mf eenlisp Soph Bessel ef ccc Fo Pte Bossap beset an FP Se bag. opr ecci Line q Ma Gees effete : Poti £5. cardial Ses! Furerion : Ramus f; : of fee Germ functions {tn} anc’ fale lung ehrie Setbring Beisd yyy os chee okei. Bit Sa lekicrr P Basel? agers [liny 2 afin) PbS ry a Mee uenchion Stare bP) at ih CO [On ) (7 tha. Re BELA C YALA) sein Be heal a Oty, ) : ELT Crptel) ; eatn) = Wt \ Met yy poe: i eo (4) ped Bane Sop Ee, Cyt (Are) y" HOA eet = (%) a Made] : = = Ja OU+t Ee Ng (n¢a) (%, ] (Ah) i 71 (Maran) fpr eRe (1) “ - a > LDK, eae oy oe EEO OO joe Pe tna dlnre)) | So tne. { = 0 for x SHE : Inia) + S2! Wl Garp! (4)ia & yet wad ea D. Preset Me — —nfity $x & by oY | Heivuail a Jo tx) +x! Fob Alenia | e = oe oe TA Ca) x Jens +AS ny co] In 1 = To CA) = Tap 20 a : Otnee We have eo Shaves rePay. HY iy CH gs O fed KI ninge 72D 9034 Jn C43 3 @ adliing ey catiin O and I We hare’ @ OXTy (x) = Gr (2) - Aor (0) Jey 2 Troy ®) LS Sri 6) % x So (ay aah = KC Sni0y 4Tr 10) . ae Pa [> Qn OO = Sn Capt Srattis- Soe ey) 4 Eh NOD = Nh Qy A Diva, (X) \A pam prac! ‘ AJninj= K =, Ct r3ad_ by) (\w) i a 417 +44) 2 m4) : ‘ deo =~ One: 41 Pra+) : oe : a= C1) (nra4rcD a tat i i f=0 0 SS OK 48 soos ELC ntAary YD a tae CE ex). Avia: Bin, : tes es z!/ (Grae) ae == ey nen) my Gites! ‘ ay “Erbe D) 2) # ee ene t phat a /y, On) -é- oe yt bag thin} 5 m Sel + Me & by eee _~ EW lie 2 ”) ee Ge % Le 7>0 3 £ Wa PLd+)) |ie . ep ea es pierce z @) = C4) bur E-[Canes 1) a ‘ = & Od £ Crpr2D | Po “all lop dey) @) i oP a rents t=). ST Ben ssuy 7 ? pee A tans as byt bipre? A mlay J BT EOD tan? (4) “SPs tay Hog : ee ; LH £ Gi wee 2s = Te 4 * 81 Boon 75487 Any Sy) (1) — A, ew) te *, Teo a ea = ie oy : PRL PCW). Sri OO + Ten xy / ‘ | 2 ay =p laa te oe . ERIN) S nTn by - A Boos Ob) \x S50 = nr Ingar 4 i a Sub hiactag @ grr G we st XT OW x Thin] 0 In 00 Jnr 2) + Jat) Af One. ADAH A Sana) Prt CV > Aanirnw = * Tri t4Tna Cy An Tree) = 1 (Troe Tren 00} rtp METH: we have ny = =, eye (use -— Me Crary anInix) = 25 yt ne b4)" aA é! a Tem 41 Prati) P = = Gy Bnede)- 2 yy y77re ee (4) “oo EL 77 hre+i) pie On (43 neat. tarry@ oe nat = EZ, ytdon 0 (%) au 17Q44H) a . nade-l Om Tse ae IG) NI BA. %) +E, enc - vrs bea KE cyt te mee ay Z/ z1 Chinen) BG | iF N-le Al) % oe bs) )) Toes M4) opt by naa a! ae EK z. _ oy /y DH AQDS S117 Grresty ) 4) ae ee tI fe Bones. 4) $a. S nar try EX, Oh 08 a eSnen (x): ! adn Oy. 7 Ary \ ; el : 20 Tyan) = EEE A TR oo ) ane Petiteqes DtaltsFG) tan le ee a Hy [x ony] ant ey) a es ane ani Tho, na Sn (x) Fh HA MID “ent > x —Sn (a) +m Tao) -n- - = . oe ° a7 =-% DIA a+t fA rw — Pn CVS) en ee [-ninpho Ripexr~ Soe oo x” Tae Cx) @ | Va ( €°Fnoo) oo | Wi8©.. -y-[ 22 Jv ce My, [x Areov)n XLT nen Nb To (2) OR apn Tory ayn [A paves nde ow) ai c = x "[ndrares PJ 000) +2 In4. ¢ oa) x(n fh (ae 4 Sr a) Xs x SIn4 (ay : Hern @ Shaw Hak 4 Fh w= G Shoe Ci Gi @)' Sehectizn ehh ee 2° bany | 2@nt2) Puttucy n=-ly a %) axe % Tn 069 Nan x” Sn coz I Soa oxy ina at Casx JE: Ox’ aca? FoR We kaa (Lat Deke a! Osre ) xf *S Y hae tnis =/ ——@ pte Byte GS ao a GE hy pare Pe Nal, te Cy Weyet a ai . } QU = 7 — + - Jone 2° 2 are, ey) =, f 2099 F4araies) J ae ab e ae af a- as 30g. AG aby Sen.@ Ek Syeavecg ard withing oy O8@ - (Se 4, oo}* afl wh, Ca)™ Pond [fz Th a) ep [ oh = O29 (5? ar as" a, wh = Sh. 4 Ax °? AX © To)? a= 2]: : i Fi Comgleles Me Jucthin Li ene Ve Sha fab Sy cee JE [Svercn een) : ; LR - a S-4, Cys -/2 (A SKF 3) a See Q : es Sokecttons. . We have Jecuttan eC) AD Th C= [Foren Tin) ) hi ~ Srwe 3 I Inatase Inve) > O Pub ons bbe E put gah A, aye: ane [Sig Cot Tig of 20%) ee |a j2 C STH - % VM AK x lence potevedl. { ce th Pak pe ly |tmy G , Men el i Tove 2 4) [% Cy + JI I, aw! , Sy, (x) = Fy, (4) = Ja, Oo oad “SK fS Sine 2 S26, bx, RL eoxskinn) - = Gy tr | Tua ~/2 (2 Sina tSina ts) 7KWhee 7 4. Show [hot Fn Cx) SEY Trex db Posileie prfeger Uy ace ED”? In Cx) i SO Lee hidins 5 We a 7 ee rope & cyt (yy I El Prat) So te / anda ] Jae & € CI (%) Eira} Since $P & an Mileeufle (Ep). a PE PDs, we twe gel" Aeios 2 En pet xe Jo we aie wake Jn OO = = cut oy paras & 2-800 Capaey (%) 4h oe 2 EV OS (%, je + (%,, * Gast Gi, < =€ iy = bi) Fas POs 5 St PY Largs (wyrrs = ESna) Pe Bet, a al rs tJrwe Jn ane Boy \ ea oS aoei Cd we knows Wee . — Iew= Zot! ay Veo VB i “el [beats = g a (~% - 41 rey YD = ! 44 = CNS Ones ae) - oa a! Toaiy! 4. = €1)?. Jrcx Casedh Yon isa negative ‘nreger Me nsem White nary bo Roe Cen Nano Feplactng x bY. =% Te OD) = EN” Tn (2) os GE" Tm Gx is CLP Tow CH = 6p Em 0 =O" In Hence i i t Fre C1) nea fee poshue ou ve. thesesOP 8 no. Showy... heal & Deo =Si (x) So kuktgin » Wwe ts. RTI 2 Tried HD nn iL - : - ft N=o 7 . NTs Wx OIG) % Jog, OO : BIE 3 = KF Oxy Je Y= ~ Fiow ee eg) Gi B= foo= x! 2x Sole Flow | feceerrence Jornmtey | X TAG) = 1 Tex ~ Tair xy fon on = KS = IT ay *® Few 238 but Sélo2-~ Ste So KD) 2S e@ Y : Pithig hee vabsts (220 pe hae i =x BOo= — Tn — xT (x) HTL Fits — Thex, [vr OO 2 Se C10 = a Fa e AE Se WAIL bs Vey ted vesuty, \ \ . Te = wt Jr W—%= NTJhoy — ADs CH)= Siem Seeertance Zrerulta T, we herve 8 Sr Ce Srraiixs ~ Fn Cay > @O => Ge = Saila- Foott x ® 25 VIS a) = AS roy Berio —»@. Tal 4y @-1) a Sephacivg nm &96 a Ser Oye Ina Cn) = Sn (xy & She tye TnQn- Jers, puttrisg Fase vader iv ty P, we i ITB 02 Ips O32 Ivin3~ Sploys Fuvrey = Te 2 OID Tags O10 putting Nao co abeve yn Ss Lat) - 2 bin + Se ty Pa” Jo De aD = Po (MD A219) ey fits ath (2) 8 fe & ¢ Pens = Afca- AL) 2 Ah@= Al Aw-=- #02)@ f | ea se 1W= 2% fates. De Srv) +204 Ing Cp) i Fence deatice [hat ~ | x Jn = (rr) Sneidxy- Pr3ySonzeny tS en) nes O x [ tu OOF Say (x BrTh (a) Be J : Snap Tnvi tay x a Sr CX 7 tepltac yp, YY MR ave haying SN9n bx iy We have ke have Kecect ance Getta — ~ Y¢ OD) ~ Ing OO) = 200 yr Feplee by 244 a @ nee >i; i Jorg (0) 4 ds ea a (045 ee AD = eS C744) Toy y SO ' Again rpltiy A oy Cg) pe G Ard chomegiin 5, j j Ines) — Tray, OO = % (148) Ines Se e I : | Aaliteing Oo Wadi sin ee ie huccue Frit Ths oxy Tuto Spb tx) Tits Ge Toho OO p05 ~Sifblay fo. Wy NT, Oe % (an F, ODLOU gery TOW) Tein + a c 3 ni) ey 4 | Jot) @ 2) Ingen) TOM) Fiay Oy : CG Tice (ayy = je S Tle s { VI nto atari Aholaa veplnes chips!” (03) Ins ee rynes & ~ (mp Jr -7 00 +- cones Tal = Yi [engin . y fo, a 7 : Jn =| tony Taw (1) OD For (x) oer Jong 8 i —OrDdn (Wt2 . i ce TT ae —_ | @ Be. Experts Sytn tal Bers of Selxy od IO Sokutin : - we have fin teaceraomer forrete Mee g Sar bho = 22 Ti 0- Inara O Put mar O fra i _ Ao = & Foo fia te - Pub nedie @ p we ge Tsim = (4%) Tale - FiO sth e A _ Puc nett dy we 9 Tine gin EO). a) \ : padats F ASCH Pullers Me aypel oe re ee : Juin = xf ty Trex) ~ Tren) -pyhor ~ Fiz) Le ah Sa) GH — 2 Ti rd + F8OD ( 2% 1% Si pe Fe G Hilo =f HI FOP : = Whe ROD) af — bfx 3a) =p HOH OY Thus (9 ps Juno@: Prove [lak (i, 8 Cx Sint) = Sota 42 Fa (2) Cosa t2F- (x) S46 4° di, Sin (Sina) = Wil) Sing 2B Sin Se 4-2 1K Cine) = LE COR Sina Seo Ca ; = Ip ; J -080 a Sant ty faye “Syeu a hae. £ Zoe tee at olay E* thw bo eh ome Bow é Mey ey SA --t Ty Oo (440 20g) Sy fer C é. a } j A380 ono) +2 (a26- §Singa) J, on Cxa-U Sing) 4 Se ex thin ¢ G64 2 na) + Sr OQ Gsr9 4 Sind) 4 Sy Cossay CGo38) tHe S48 1G, og o) fe pe PSR ge Jn Oy = af yt29, + Solx) 820 — Silay tSin1e — Try a+ TF. (xy 006 Tol Sit 6 pSr O20 0.4 S20) S26 +x) 97h 20 S30 SBE & +S 3 C2 sta BO - tty CX) gherTuxs (S/a.6 6 = Se (x) +2 E(x) G2204 2FY (x) Barons <2 tl CO 2S (2) Sto 0+ 2L8 (4) Sin Di po ech Ine los(X Sinb) + BSt0(xSi8) te =[Los+ 2B G0 626+ 2Te) YO 4-- > Pu #ECAST Cx) Sin a) + AT (x) Singede ~-- 7} Eyuating Teak anal Imoginecg Peds » we have, OSOxS1n 0) = Sob) + 2S2 (1) B20 2Sy On7 lb Go ~ SMACK Sin8) = AL COISGAG + 2B OO Stn FO Which ts Ye reyusred result. Om Prove the Fe (K) +2 Jan exp '= Lj= Z| Ios On ‘ f=. Tywor Z 09% Talay t By Gi 4 Se O04 Sitny PSA + Tex) 4 THAR b- @ 4 be Be [Siro ys (Fe O44): [0 ¢ Deus) Loy + (Kee + neg) we : “)! _ . [= Setup 2= Tn oa} i iT Fix} ee Q. Inleget fam f Lessee Jeune ton Q. Shes fat dé [Phu Onda = Hr te Sehabion, &y Fecectton ce Ports 10:5 e Loy (2 SuevJ = x Ins Cx Sateyeabig on belie fi. SMS wr. Xx, we have : i be [rood = if XI (a9 cy : |» 1al).. =f x San (09,Yih Show Lhat Setutisw we hove wrecde Wes 6 _ Ley [ x? Fo.) = -x" Jr i In fexcatiny both sides wile teepet lH, we get Eee for ol A } oN, | a f x Tinta [ey fx Tatas An a2 ° Tn O75 “| — Qy Sher To yf: waekes) a) = Te CO = Sotudiin: - . we have, ety [x "Tapa ® Sno wo e puthieg Az) fw above, we bea me «Kass Se Cx We bus = ena 5: Yemen but 10 Ina ods = | Ron (ya se - Tn O0-4¢ X Sh COt“(/@. Cbabuele | f UT 00 ax We hare x" Dny Cody = WLR we Mow Fier In karl [ite da Gam be will. as f Wo Sitar dy = we [Teo ay | 2a f fry oxo tn) on. aap c 2 . 2 [#2 Rinjre ~p ex [RRO] de = ANS #2 BL XI Cy clave Sk hey -2 [BL calbp ext payed 27 T3 C+ h Fp a fe STiodas Uo 228; sn e@ OO oe mee feEe Ax. ~ [Fede foo P ted. News ching [To 15 C oe "39. 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Sri Qa (2) Sn 0x2 -Sny Y — © Pe 22 iw above Pore, We hare, 402 (Phew Te; Ao = Y, P24) — Si (ny ve [Abbie Mey ph O, how ; - UWrOw = — = 2M W)- Teeny ——@ Pu ies Ce Yate 3 Te wn @ on ao : we Lav, : @ Bas YAlCr Tig Sola] Foexs =o, Sica», Yp Te(xy = Sia i oo (£-1) fics “YRO5 ‘i Ay Aleew - ee Oy Fay a I =~ C4 YG) 44 %*Re, e Wen) DE re f Pree KCB ATO 4 YO Pet: sf Moe oe ! at [Bex da= Silty 22 ity be + Sokhetion.. We Nave Six ds = [extn Dds 2 ee pcre : af fz FRaic fa lex troy da; dx : : ay : CIR en Tn oy ~ 3.ey . a ER “he )es aft WG Ca. ee = file 2 [oR Cw] re core ee Stay 2 HISOIHC. White. s [x Yeti eeree! pees. “Tes Crvg lls [hee ayer : — \ \9 _ emindlec yz Mas. fot rtes a Besser f, Unchias Bessel OrflernB? Equahat @-Be ti Pie Uae tly Se + Cl- Bg a0 : bi OQ. Besset® feomtion Shiny = os a pre O.. Bessel fomcliac. | Sox) = [1-2 = @ feecutseuce forncili Kecrateer QD. 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