Schneider Electric University Fundamentals of Cooling | Transcript Slide 1: The Fundamentals of Cooling | Welcome to The Fundamentals of Cooling | Slide 2: Welcome For best viewing results, we recommend that you meximize your browser window now. The screen controls allow you to navigate through the eLeaming experience. Using your browser controls may disrupt the normal play ofthe course. Ciick the Notes tab to read a transcript ofthe narration Slide 3: Objectives At the completion ofthis course, you will be able to Explain why cooling in the data center is so critical to high availabilty Distinguish between Precision and Comfort Cooling Recognize how heat is generated and transferred Define basic terms like Pressure, Volume and Temperature as well as their units of measurement Describe how these terms are related to the Refrigeration Cycle Describe the Refrigeration Cycle and its comoonents Slide 4: Introduction Every Information Technology professional who is involved with the operation of computing equipment needs to understand the function of air conditioning in the data center or network room, This course explains the function of basic components of an air conditioning system for a computer room. Slide 5: Introduction Whenever electrical power is being consumed in an Information Technology (iT) room or data center, heat s being generated. We will tak more about how heat is generated a lite later inthis course. In the Data Conter Environment, heat has the potential to create significant downtime, and therefore must be removed from the space. Data Center and IT room heat removal is one of the most essential yet least understood of all critical IT environment processes. Improper or inadequate cooling significantly detracts from the lifespan and availabiity of IT equipment. A general understanding of the fundamental principle of air conditioning and the basic arrangement of pracision cooling systems faciitates more precise communication among IT and cooling professionals when specifying, operating, or maintaining ‘a cooling solution. The purpose of precision air-conditioning equipment is the precise control of both temperature and humidity Slide 6: Evolution Despite revolutionary changes in IT technology and products over the past decades, the design of cooling infrastructure for data centers had changed very tle since 1265. Although IT equipment has always required cooling, the requirements of today's IT systems, combined with the way that those IT systems are deployed, has created the need for new cooling-related systems and strategies which were not foreseen ‘when the cooling principles for the modem data center were developed in early days, Slide 7: Comfort vs, Precision Cooling Today's technology rooms require precise, stable environments in order for sensitive electronics to operate for longer lifetime and uninterruptible. IT hardware produces an unusual, concentrated heat © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University load, and atthe same time, is very sensitive to changes in temperature or humidity. Most buildings are equipped with Comfort Air Conditioning units, which are designed for the comfort of people. When compared to computer room air conditioning systems, comfort systems typically remove an unacceptable amount of moisture from the space and generally do not have the capability to maintain the temperature and humidity parameters specified for IT rooms and data centers. Precision air systems are designed for close temperature and humidity control. They provide year-round operation, with the ease of service, system flexibility, and redundancy necessary to keep the technology room up and running ‘As damaging as the wrong ambient conditions can be, rapid temperature swings can also have a negative effect on hardware operation. This is one of the reasons hardware is left powered up, even when not processing data, According to ASHRAE, the recommended upper limit temperature for data contor environments is 81°F (27 22°C). Precision air conditioning is designed to constantly maintain temperature within 1°F (0.56°C). In contrast, comfort systems are unable to provide such precise temperature and humidity controls. Slide 8: The Case for Data Center Cooling A poorly maintained technology room environment will have a negative impact on data processing and storage operations. A high or low ambient temperature or rapid temperature swings can corrupt data processing and shut down an entire systom. Temperature variations can alter the electrical and physical characteristics of electronic chips and other board components, causing faulty operation or failure, These problems may be transient or may last for days. Transient problems can be very hard to diagnose. Slide 9: The Case for Data Center Cooling High Humiity High humidity can result in tape and surface deterioration, condensation, corrosion, paper handling problems, and gold and silver migration leading to component and board failure. Low Humidity ~ Low humidity increases the possibilty of static electric discharges. Such static discharges can corupt data end damage hardware Slide 10: The Physics of Cooling Now that we know that heat threatens availabilty ofIT equipment, it's important to understand the physics of cooling, and define some basic terminology. First of all, what is Heat? Heat is simply a form of energy thatis transferred by a difference in temperature. It exists in all matter on earth, in varied quantities and intensities, Heat energy can be measured relative to any reference temperature, body or environment What is Temperature? Temperature is most commonly thought of as how hot or cold something is. Itis @ measure of heat intensity based on three different scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin What is Pressure? Pressure is a basic physical property of a gas. Its measured as the force exerted by the gas per unit area on surroundings. © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University What is Volume? Volume is the amount of space taken up by matter. The example of a balloon ilustrates the relationship between pressure and volume. As the pressure inside the balloon gets greater than the pressure outside of the balloon, the balloon will get larger. Therefore, as the pressure increases, the volume increases. ‘We will talk more about the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature a litle later in this course, Slide 11: Three Properties of Heat Energy Now that we know the key terms related to the physics of cooling, we can now explore the 3 properties of heat energy. A unique property of heat energy is that it can only flow in one direction, from hot to cold. For example if an ice cube is placed on a hot surface, it cannot drop in temperature; it can only gain heat energy and rise in temperature, thereby causing it to melt. Assecond property of heat transfer is that Heat energy cannot be destroyed. The third property is that heat energy can be transferred from one object to another object. In considering the ice cube placed on a hot surface again, the heat from the surface is not destroyed, rather itis transferred tothe ice cube which causes it to melt. Slide 12: Heat Transfer Methods There are three methods of heat transfer: conduction convection and radiation. Conduction is the process of transferring heat through a solid material. Some substances conduct heat more easily then others. Solids are better conductors than liquids and liquids are better conductors than gases. Metals are very good conductors of heat, while air is very poor conductor of heat. Slide 13: Heat Transfer Methods Convection is the result of transfering heat through the movement of aliquid or gas. Radiation related to heat transfer is the process of transferring heat by means of electromagnetic waves, emitted due to the temperature differance between two objects. Slide 14: Heat Transfer Methods For example, blacktop pavement gets hot from radiation heat by the sun’s rays. The light that warms the blacktop from the Sun is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is a method of heat trensfer that does not rely on any contact between the heat source and the heated object. f you step barefoot on the pavement, the pavement feels hot. This feeling is due to the warmth of the pavement being transferred to your cold fest by means of conduction. The conduction occurs when two objects at different temperatures are in contact with each other. Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object unti they are both the same temperature. Finaly if you look down a road of paved blacktop, in the distance, you may see wavy lines emanating up ftom the road, much lke a mirage. This visible form of convection is caused by the transfer of heat from the surface ofthe blacktop to the cooler air above. Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas inthe liquid or gas. As this happens, cooler liquid or gas takes the place of the warmer areas which have risen higher. This cycle results in a continuous circulation pattern and heat is transferred to cooler areas. "Hot air rises and cool air falls to take is place” - this is a description of © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University convection in our atmosphere. Slide 15: Air Flow in IT Spaces ‘As mentioned earlier, heat energy can only flow from hot to cold. For this reason, we have air conditioners and refrigerators. They use electrical or mechanical energy to pump heat energy from one place to another, and are even capable of pumping heat from a cooler space to a warmer space. The abilty to pump heat to the outdoors, even when itis hotter outside than itis in the data center, is a critical function that allows high-power computing equipment to operate in an enclosed space. Understanding how this is possible is a foundation to understanding the design and operation of cooling systems for IT installations. Slide 16: Heat Generation Whenever electrical power is being consumed in an Information Technology (IT) room or data center, heat is being generated that needs to be removed from the space. This heat generation occurs at various levels throughout the data center, including the chip level, server level, rack level and room level. With fow exceptions, over 99% of the electricity used to power IT equipment is converted into heat. Unless the excess heat energy is removed, the room temperature will ise until IT equipment shuts down or potentially even fails. © 2021 Schneider Electr. Allrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective owners.Schneider Electric University Chip Rack Server Room Slide 17: Heat Generation Let's take a closer look at heat generation at the server level. Approximately 50% of the heat energy released by servers originates in the microprocessor. A fan moves a stream of cold air across the chip assembly. The server of rack-mounted blade assembly containing the microprocessors usually draws cold air into the front ofthe chassis and exhausts itout ofthe rear. The amount of heat generated by servers is on a rising trend. A single blade server chassis can release 4 Kilowatts (KW) or more of heat energy into the IT room or data center. Such a heat output is equivalent to the heat released by forty 100-Watt light bulbs and is actually more heat energy than the capacity ofthe heating element in many residential cooking ovens. Now that we have leamed about the physics and properties of heat, we will alk next about the Ideal Gas Law, Slide 18: The Ideal Gas Law Previously, we defined pressure, temperature, and volume. Further, itis imperative to the understanding of data center cooling to recognize how these terms relate to each other. The relation between pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature (T) is known as the Ideal Gas Law, which states PV/T= constant. In this equation, P = prossure of gas, V = volume occupied, and T = temperature. In simpler terms, if pressure is constant, an increase in temperature results in a proportional increase in volume. If volume is constant, an increase in temperature results in a proportional increase in pressure. Inversely, i volume is decreased and pressure remains constant, the temperature must decrease. Basically, pressure and volume are directly proportional to. © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University temperature and inversely proportional to each other. Slide 19: The Ideal Gas Law Pressure and temperature are both controled by the ideal gas law. However, because the volume is not held constant (that is, the atmosphere can expand and contract), the relationships between pressure and temperature are complex. Temperature decreases linearly with increasing altitude, ‘whereas pressure decreases exponentially. For example, you may have experienced the outside of an aerosol can becoming colder as you spray it. Ths is because the can isa fixed volume, and as the pressure within the can decreases as it is sprayed, the temperature also decreases causing the can to feel cold Slide 20: The Refrigeration Cycle The refrigeration cycle is a closed cycle of evaporation, compression, condensation and expansion, that has the net effect of moving heat energy away from en environment and into another environment, in this case, from inside the data center, to the outdoors The working fuid used in the retigeration cycle is known as the retigerant. Modem systems primarily use fluorinated hydrocarbons that are nonflammable, non-corrosive, nontoxic, and non-expiosive. Reftigerants are commonly referred to by their ASHRAE numerical designation. Environmental concems of ozone depletion may lead to legislation increasing or requiring the use of alternate refrigerants like R-134a, Additional legislation related to the use of alternate refrigerants is under consideration uonesuapuo9g Compression Evaporation Slide 21: The Refrigeration Cycle Refrigerant changes its physical state from liquid to gas and back to liquid again each time it traverses the various components of the refrigeration cycle, As the refrigerant changes state from liquid to gas, heat energy flows into the refrigerant from the area to be cooled (the IT environment for example). Conversely, as the refigerant changes state from gas to liquid, heat energy flows away from the refrigerant to a © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University different environment (outdoors or to a water source), Liquid Slide 22: Evaporation Evaporation isthe first step in removing heat energy from a computer room, and is the frst step inthe Refrigeration Cycle. The evaporator col acts as an automobile radiator operating in reverse. © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University Sige Outdoors Dutseanver Evaporator Coil Slide 23: Evaporation ‘Warm air from the computer room is blown across the evaporator col by a fan, while the tubes comprising the coil are supplied with the refrigerant exiting the expansion valve. When the warm computer room air passes through the cold evaporator colitis cooled and this cool aris delivered back to the computer room Even though the evaporator col is cold, at approximately 46°F (7.8°C), the refrigerant inside is evaporating, or boiling, changing from liquid to a gaseous state, Itis the heat from the computer room that is boiling the refrigerant, passing heat energy tothe refrigerant in the process. The refrigerant at this point is a cool gas in a small pipe that is carrying the heat energy away from the computer room, Slide 24: Compression Compression isthe next step in removing heat energy from a computer room. The vaporized but cool refrigerant carying the heat from the data center is drawn into a compressor. © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University # Outdoors Compressor Data Center Slide 25: Compression This compressor has two important functions: it pushes the refrigerant carrying the heat energy around the refrigeration loop. It compresses the gaseous refrigerant from the evaporator coil, over 200 psi. is a fundamental property of gases that the compression of a gas causes its measured temperature to rise. Therefore, the moving gaseous refrigerant exiting the compressor is hot, over 125°F (52°C), as well as compressed. This temperature rise due to compression isthe key tothe ability ofthe refrigeration cyclo to ejact heat into the outdoor environment. Slide 26: Condensation The next stage of the refrigeration cycle is Condensation. In this stage, the hot compressed refrigerant carries the computer room heat energy from the compressor to the Condenser Coil © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University Condenser Coil Outdoors Al Data Center Slide 27: Condensation The coil is made of small tubes “coiled” up ino a block of metal fins and resembles an automobile radiator. This coil transfers heat tothe air and operates at a tomperature HIGHER than the air. This means that the air flowing across the coil is heated by the coil, and thatthe hot gaseous refrigerant lowing through the coil is conversely cooled. Heatis flowing from the refrigerant tothe air. The air is typically blown across the hot coil by @ fan which exhausts the hot air to the outdoors. In this way the heat energy from the computer room has been transferred to the outdoors. The Condenser col acts similarly to tho radiator in car, in that it carries heat from the engine tothe air ouside the car. Slide 28: Expansion Inthe next stage, the expansion stage, the refrigerant exits the Condenser Coil as a high-pressure liquid, athough at a lower temperature. © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University Outdoors a Expansion Valve Data Center Slide 28: Expansion The refrigerant then passes through an expansion valve which has two key functions that re critical to the refrigeration cycle: ‘© Itprecisely regulates the flow of high-pressure refrigerant at arate that maintains an optimal difference in pressure to ensure efficent cooling. ‘© Secondly the refrigerant escapes the expansion valve as a cooled refrigerant. Slide 30: Expansion Once this cooled refrigerant has passed through the evaporator colitis changed to a gas. Ths is because the boiling point of the quid refrigerant is extremely low. Therefore as the warm air from the computer room blows across the coils of the evaporator, the refrigerant that enters the coil gets heated and starts boiling Thus it changes to a gas. In this way, the cold refrigerant absorbs the heat energy from the air and carries it away from the data center. At this stage, the refrigeration cycle is repeated, and the net result of the process is that heat is continuously flowing into the Evaporator Coil and continuously flowing out of the Condenser Coil Slide 31: Summary To summarize, let’s review some of the information that we have covered throughout this course. ‘+ When IT equipment is operating, heat is generated, and the removal ofthis heat is critical to the proper functioning of data center environments ‘© Pracision Cooling systems are required to provide adequate cooling conditions for IT spaces © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective ownersSchneider Electric University Heal, Pressure, Temperature and Volume are interrelated for gasses Heat is transferred via Conduction, Convection and Radiation, and it only moves naturally from areas of high heat to areas of low heat ‘© Refrigeration Cycle is a closed cycle of evaporation, compression, condensation and expansion that serves to remove heat from the data center Slide 32: Thank You! Thank you for participating inthis course. © 2021 Schneider Electric. Alrights reserved, Al trademarks proved are the property oftheir respective owners