CHAPTER TWO

2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

With the passage of our time, today’s generation is growing up with the dreams of high-speed

vehicles. In the last 20 years, the number of vehicles has been increased and therefore the

technology has tremendous changes which drives increment in speed. The speed plays a vital

part to maintain time for longer distances. But, this speed also major problem for causes of road

accidents. The problem is that because the birth ratio is increasing, the accidents are becoming in

number which is one among the major problems faced during this era and it might be rapidly

increasing within the coming period. So, everyone tries to avoid accidents while travelling but

sometimes it's unavoidable. Accidents are happening at each nook of the streets round the world.

Lakhs of life end in death as a facet of those accidents. Because the population is increasing, the

number of vehicles is increasing within the same proportion. Which suggests there needs an

active hood of the brakes giving out. The condition of brakes is often monitored by the

breakdown indicator circuit. The breakdown condition is sensed by the sensors attached to the

circuit through monitoring the brake switch. So, when the brake is applied it shows the condition

of brake whenever. [Avirat Kshar, 2018]

Studies from road safety surveys have asserted that even the skilled drivers fail to apply brakes

completely during emergency situations. The main reason is that the stopping distance of the

vehicle depends on the deceleration when the driver applies brakes. Due to insufficient braking

force applied, the stopping distance is more and hence this leads the vehicle to crash or collide

with an obstacle. The work for modelling the system began with the method to detect the issue

by considering the reaction time; hence detect the driver intention and capability to apply full
brake during emergencies, detection of failure of primary brakes. The shortest and achievable

time to interact the secondary braking system after failure detection through the sensing elements

were taken under consideration considering the above reasons observed within the surveys. The

trails are made to eliminate any shortcoming in achieving of successful and efficient braking.

[ G.Venkata siva, Dr. B. Chandra Mohan Reddy, 2018].

According to results, the deterioration of the brakes can be led back to thermal cyclic strain

(related with the heating–cooling cycles developed during the brake action) superimposed to the

mechanical strain caused by braking torque. The work analyses the aforesaid disc brakes

investigating both the most causes and therefore the evolution of its deterioration so as to seek

out possible solutions. The short lifespan of such discs has got to be ascribed to the rapid decay

of the mechanical properties of the manufacturing material. Material decay is liable for starting

cracks. Several actions might be chosen to face this problem. The choice of a specific chemical

composition, which can be demonstrated to be unfit for the aim, produced an extreme tempering

of the steel as an immediate result of its protracted exposure to high temperatures (a situation

which can be considered usual referring to disc brakes).

Several projects and studies have explored advancements in brake system technologies. These

include research on anti-lock braking systems (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC), and

brake-by-wire systems etc. To compliment these advancements in brake system technology,

technology has been developed to monitor failures in the system. The literature highlights the

improvements in braking performance, control, and safety achieved through these innovations.

However, most projects specifically delve into brake failure detection systems, completely

overlooking the aspect of "Brake Light Failure Indicator". This research work aims to tackle this

oversight. The systems we aim to develop encompasses various sensing technologies and alert
mechanisms. Such systems will provide real-time data to drivers and mechanics, aiding in

maintenance and potentially preventing brake and brake light malfunction related accidents due

to worn-out or faulty components. Research has been conducted which emphasizes the

integration of braking systems with broader vehicle safety systems (Integrated Safety Systems),

such as collision avoidance, pedestrian detection, electrical system failure etc. This project aims

to create holistic approaches to vehicle safety by creating a means of combining braking

technology with other sensors and algorithms (a somewhat smarter system).

There are several limits that must be keep in mind while driving a vehicle. The brake failure

indicator circuit contains many electrical as well as electronic equipment such as LED, sensors,

piezo buzzers, ICs, transistors, etc. The brake failure indicator are used to avoid major damage. It

is a main advantage of brake failure indicator, and it operate in automatic mode that make it easy

to use. At present many other instrument or system can be used to warn before any accident

condition but it is only use to monitor the braking system or any disturbances in electrical circuit

of the braking system when the brake is applied to stop or slow down the vehicle. But this

project i.e., Automatic Brake Failure Indicator uses sensors for constant monitoring of the

braking switch and gives the whole condition of braking system of the vehicle. Many problems

occur while using automatic braking system like some says hydraulic pipes are not connected

tightly and temperature of braking system increases, it can give adverse effect on brake pad and

the rotor.

2.1. TYPES OF BRAKES

modern passenger cars use an antilock braking system, whereas semi-trucks and trailers may

require an air braking system.

1. Mechanical Braking System: One of the foremost widely used braking systems, under the

mechanical braking technique the energy is absorbed and is converted to heat. Here, the first

aim is to get enough force to carry up the shaft and eventually make the vehicle stop. And

disperse or take in the warmth produced during the braking process. All the mechanical

brakes have two surfaces rub against one another and generate frictional forces. Owing to the

frequent friction, the mechanical brakes tend to wear and their durability relies on the usage

of fabric at the shoe or pad. The mechanical braking system is employed within the

emergency and therefore the hand brake of the many vehicles. To bring a vehicle to halt, its

braking aspect involves many components like cylindrical rods, fulcrums, springs, etc. There

are two sorts of brakes found under mechanical braking – Disc and Drum.

Disc Brakes: Disc brake, alongside the drum brakes are the 2 hottest sorts of brake within the

automotive market. the foremost distinguishing features of the disc brake system from the

drum brakes is that it uses a rotor (or the brake disc). The wheel is going to be attached to the

rotor. If the rotor is stopped then the wheels won't roll also. to prevent the wheels from

running, the disc brake system will transfer the stopping power through the hydraulic wires

to the brake pad which can squeeze against the rotor. The friction created between the pad

and therefore the rotor will slow the wheel movement down.
 Fig 1: Disc Brakes

Drum Brakes: On the disc brake system, the wheels are attached to the disc or the rotor, while for

the drum brakes system, the wheels are going to be attached to a drum. The drum rotation will

cause the wheel running. to prevent the wheel the drum must be stopped, which is sort of almost

like how things work on the disc brake. However, what makes the disk brake and drum brakes

different is that every system will have a special thanks to stop the disc/drum. On the drum

brakes system, there's no restraint or calliper. Instead, there'll be brake shoes which will stop the

drum brakes from the side. When the pedal is pressed, the hydraulic pressure will push the brake

shoes against the drum brakes from inside outwards. The friction between the drum brakes and

therefore the brake shoes will make the car stop.

Fig 2: Drum Brake

2. Hydraulic Braking System:

Invented within the early 1900s, the hydraulic braking mechanism functions on brake fluid,

cylinders, and friction. By internal pressure application, the glycol ethers or diethylene glycol
 forces the vehicle’s resistance brake pads to halt the wheels from advancing. Quick facts

about the hydraulic braking system.

 Compared to another types and forms of braking, the force produced in the hydraulic braking

is larger.

 Being a crucial braking system, hydraulic braking has very fewer chances of breakdown

because it features a direct reference to the actuator and therefore the brake drum/disc.

Fig 3: Hydraulic Brake

2.2. SETUP AND WORKING OF CURRENT PROJECT

The performance of a brake system is assessed by the rate at which this system absorbs the

kinetic energy of a vehicle moving under the effects of its inertia and any mechanical energy

provided by its prime mover. As pointed out, the parameters which govern the brake

performance can be divided into enabling parameters and resisting parameters. The enabling

parameters are those parameters that control the value of brake torque needed to dissipate the

vehicle's kinetic energy. These are mainly the effectiveness of the pads, and the efficiency of the

hydraulic system used to push the pads against the brake discs. While the effectiveness of a pad

generally deteriorates with time. The parameters which resist the action of the brake torque are

those parameters that constitute the kinetic energy of the vehicle, namely the vehicle mass and
speed at the start of (and during) the braking process. The novel system to monitor brake

performance, presented in this paper, collects real-time data on the braking system. The proposed

system features highly sophisticated electronics and software designs which render the system

suitable for remote monitoring applications if needed. These signals from the various sensors are

sent to the microcontroller amtega8. The microcontroller will display the value on the liquid

crystal display. The next section offers an insight into the hardware design of the novel brake-

monitoring system proposed in this paper.

BRAKE LCD SCREEN

ELECTRICAL
SENSOR/PROBE

MICROCONTROLLER
RPM COUNTER

LUMINOSITY
SENSOR

FIGURE 1: DEVICE BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.3. COMPONENTS OF BRAKE/BRAKE LIGHT FAILURE INDICATION SYSTEM

A. BRAKE:

Nowadays most of the bikes are coming in drum brakes as well as disc brakes. Inexpensive

bikes, where the front and rear tires are fitted with disc brakes, the same low-budget bikes

only have disc brakes in the front tires. Now the disc brake is applied to give better and
 effective braking. Let us know how the disc brake works and also know which bikes are

available on a low budget that come with disc brakes. It is a new braking technology that

includes a disc in the wheel. With the help of this disc, the braking of the bike is tremendous.

The system stops the bike completely. The disc brake in the next tire is about 70 percent

more effective in controlling the speed of the bike, while the rear tire only brakes 30 percent.

Because drum brakes are not very effective in case of sudden braking.

B. BATTERY:

Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy under the chemical process in the battery.

Wherever we can take power, it is called a cell. Depending on how much power we need, a

cell is connected in series or parallel. We call it battery. Where we get D.C supply. The most

important thing about the battery is that we can store power. And we can use it according to

our requirements.

C. MICROCONTROLLER:

The AVR microcontroller was manufactured by "Atmel Corporation". The microcontroller

includes a Harvard architecture that works rapidly with the RISC. Features of this

microcontroller include different features than others such as sleep mode-6, inbuilt ADC

(Analog to digital converter), internal oscillator and serial data communication, executes

instructions in a single execution cycle. AVR microcontrollers are available in three different

categories such as Tiny AVR, Mega AVR, and Xmega AVR

1. The tiny AVR is used in simple applications and it is small in size and easy for lower

spaces.
 2. Mega AVR microcontroller has good components memory and is used in modern

multiple applications and it is very famous due to a large number of integrated

components.

3. The x mega AVR microcontroller requires high speed and use program memory and it is

applied for difficult applications.

D. LCD DISPLAY:

An LCD is a flat panel display that optically shows the properties of liquid crystals. It doesn't

emit the light directly to the display. It needs a reflector or backlight to show the value in

monochrome or color or low information content. With certain images are available to

display, which can be displayed or hidden like a digital clock, such as pre-set words, digits,

and 7-section displays. They use the same basic technique, except that arbitrary images are

composed of a large number of small pixels, while other displays contain larger elements.

LCDs are used in many applications, including computer monitors, televisions, instrument

panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor stages. Small LCD screens are

common in portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and

mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer

electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices, and watches. LCD screens

have replaced heavy, heavy cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in almost all applications. LCD

screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with

LCD screens ranging from small digital clocks to giant, large-screen television sets. Since

LCD screens do not use phosphors, they do not suffer the image to burn - when a static

image is displayed on the screen for a long period of time (e.g., table frame for an aircraft

schedule on an indoor signal). However, LCDs are susceptible to image persistence. LCD
 screens are more energy-efficient and can be dealt with more safely than CRTs. Its low

power consumption enables it to be used more efficiently in battery-powered electronic

devices than CRTs. By 2008, annual sales of TVs with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT

units worldwide, and CRT became obsolete for more purposes.

E. RPM SENSOR:

The RPM sensor serves to measure the various fluctuations in the Revolutions per minute of

the wheel of the vehicle thus giving us a direct approximation of the vehicles speed. Using

the data, we can use it to monitor the changes in the acceleration of the vehicles before,

during and after braking.

F. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SENSOR:

This senor serves to probe the electrical supply to the brake lights and the various lighting

fixture associated with the braking system. This provides us with real-time date about the

electrical system of the vehicle (as related to the braking system).

G. POWER SUPPLY:

A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic circuit that converts power using

switching devices that are turned on and off at high frequencies, and storage components

such as inductors or capacitors to supply power when the switching device is in its non-

conduction state. Switching power supplies have high efficiency and are widely used in a

variety of electronic equipment, including computers and other sensitive equipment requiring

stable and efficient power supply.

A switched-mode power supply is also known as a switch-mode power supply or switching-

mode power supply.

broad spectrum of projects and developments. These encompass advanced braking technologies,

wear monitoring, integration with safety systems, regenerative systems, materials, user

interfaces, failure detection, testing, and compliance with industry standards. The "Design and

Construction of a Brake Light Failure Indicator" project fits within this landscape by addressing

the specific aspect of brake light failure detection and its significance in improving road safety.