Numbers
u Real Numbers
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i ‘Rational numbers together with irrational
cota
p Whole = Real Number numbers are said to be Realnumbers.
That is, a Real number is either rational or
rational.
Real
Ritional Irra¥onal He auaawe Theorem of
Rational Numbers rithmetic :
If p and q are integers &q40 Integer Fra¢tion
The Rational Numbers are all —o oH > Every composite number can be
the numbers that can be Whole Negative Proper Improper expressed (factorised) as a product of
; P primes, and this factorisation is unique,
srpresoed 18 theform of o> nail ‘ apart from the order in which the
where p and q are integers &q prime factors occur.
40
Rational numbers includes:
Even Odd Prime Co-prime Composite Perfect
> For any two positive integers a and b,
1. Fractions CF (a,b) X LCM (a,b)=a x b
2. Terminating Decimal Numbers ‘All Non terminating & Non- (Product of two Numbers)
3. Non- terminating & Repeating repeating decimal numbers
Decimal Numbers roe domal'nambeeas > Letxbe a rational number whose
‘decimal expansion terminates. Then
‘we cam express x in the form p/q,
Bg ViniS, V7 where p and q are coprime, and the
‘Number, if it cannot be written prime factorisation of q is of the form
”
in the form ®, wherep & q are wt i
@ ee 0.12342678954253419 ...etc. ccaShe WHERE Rae ROR A egetive:
integers and q70. integers.
Irrational Number
A number is called an Irrational
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 dad POLYNOMIALS WS aral
Polynomials are algebraic expressions made ‘
up of one or more terms of a particular type. [ POLYNOMIALS
Standard form . | ax
+ Baretaken as roots of any quadratic |) ST,
‘The terms with highest degree first then at polynomial . Geeieiatey aa
‘the last constant term.
+ Incase of cubic polynomial, The roots
MG) = age ay xt age tt are taken as cB,
ata eta kt
ae tara Linear Polynomial
Coefficients PG)
Substitution Method ‘unique solution for the system of
(i coincident, then2t = Pt cquations.
ab > Elimination method it 0
(iidparatie, — then®t = Pt Case-2 abs abi=
lsh > Cross Multiplication ptt
A pair of linear equations in two variables (yi T= a Ge TA GeO) Inne
can be represented, and solved, bythe: Baty ~baey_ eats ~ ex no. of
(1) graphical method. ‘ayby — apby aibz—Azbi q) % _ Bs. &1 So system of equations
(2) algebraic method az bz ¢2_is inconsistent.
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 ete General Form of quadratic equation:
ax'+bx+e=0
Where a, b, care real numbers and
azo
Roots of the Quadratic Equation
Areal number ais said to be a
root of the quadratie equation
ax’+ bx + ¢=0,ifaa +ba+
= 0, The zeroes of the
quadratic polynomial ax’ + bx +
and the roots of the quadratic
‘equation ax? + bx + c=0 are
the same.
where, D = b?— dae, known as its
discriminant & is denoted by D or D.
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Nature of Roots:
1. Two distinet real roots,
> IfD>0 & is a perfeet square the
roots will be rational and unequal.
> IfD>0 & is not a perfect square The
roots will be irrational and occur in
4 pair of conjugate surds
D>0
Z B
“Two equal foots Roots
are Real and Distinct
2. Two equal roots (ie., coincident
Two ral roots
Roots are Real and
Equal
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10
3. no real roots, if b? —4ac <0.
D<9
No real roots
Solution of a Quadratic Equation by
Factorisation
If we can factorise ax? + bx +¢,a £0,
into a product of two linear factors,
then the roots of the quadratic
equation ax" + bx + ¢=0 can be found
by equating each factor to zero,
Solution of a Quadratic Equation by
completing the Square
A quadratic equation can also be solved
by the method of completing the
square.
Google Play Solution of a Quadratic Solution of a Quadratic Equation
Equation by Factorisation a
ue Aquadratic equation can also be
fe can factorise ax! + bx + Gone ty tne method of cauiplaliag
c, a £0, into a product of two ink
square.
linear factors, then the roots of
the quadratic equation ax" +
bx +e=0-can be found by
‘equating each factor to zero.
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 ee SEQUENCE Summation of o terms of an A.P.
a wSaral
according to a given rule is called a 7 S,- 7[2at (n— Dd]
sequence. The numbers in a sequence are rithmetic Progression
called its terms. We refer the fist term of Tien metie Progression (AP) S,
where, ¢ (last term)
eee at Gi ija
a sequence as T 1, second term as T2 If difference between two consecutive
EeitsentTictail tomfatanenseacin\ eeaivu vasicar cuveneectny Frequently used summations
denoted by T n , which may also be sequence, then it is known as Arithmetic (1)Sum of first ‘n’ natural nombers :
referred (o as the general term of the Progression and this constant difference 4 434 eae
sequence. is known as its Common Difference (d). 5 ea
ERUGRESSION (2) Sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers
Sequences of numbers which follow
specific patterns are called progressions
tis a special case of sequence in
‘which itis possible to express its n* 2
term in ferms of n, mathematically (3) Sum of first ‘n* even
4 13, 15,.00- ly OF natural numbers :
by T1,72,T3, 244464....42n= M2 + 2n)
‘Term at the n® z
Sees escal- b= TE
the expression a; + a2 + a3+.....+ay,
14345 +@n-1)
n(i+2n-1)
ze-b
at(n—ta
Google Play Congruent Shapes
‘Two figures are Congruent if they
have same shape and same size.
@ same shape
© same size
© Corresponaing angies are congruent
Similar Figures
‘Two figures are similar if they have same
shape but not size.
@ same shape
© Ditterent size
@ corresponding angles are congruent
Congruency & Similarity Symbol
S Congruency
‘Similarity
Criteria For Similarity of Triangles
¥ AAA or AA Similarity
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¥ SSS Similarity
Thales Theorem or BPT
s SAS Similarity
DE II BC
ae AAA Similarity
DB EC r
Theorem
c If in two triangles, the corresponding
angles are equal, then thelr
corresponding sides are in the same
ratio and hence the two triangles are
similar.
‘This criterion is referred to as the AAA.
(Angle-Angle-Angle) criterion of
‘Two triangles are similar if
Disc x Spee,
@ there corresponaing sides are in
‘same ratio(or proportion).
AABC and APQR are sitar it ———_Stmllarty of two triangles
ZA=2ZP ZB=2Q, 4C=2R
el (BEE Ae
PQ” QR” PR e A
L» : ae
B c @ RK
etary
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 SSS
nil'avity,
Theorem
If in two triangles, sides of one triangle
are proportional to (ie., in the same ratio
of) the sides of the other triangle, then
their corresponding angles are equal and
hence the two triangles are similar.
This criterion is referred (o as the SSS
(Slde-Side-Side) similarity eriterion for
two triangles,
P
B “ca R
SAS Similarity
Theorem
[fone angle of a triangle is equal to one
angle of the other triangle and the sides,
including these angles are proportional
then the two triangles are similar.
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‘This criterion is referred to as the SAS
(Side-Angle Side) similarity criterion
for two
2
L \ /\
B ¢ R
‘Theorem 6.7: 1a perpendleulars
= See ee
ofa right trangle tothe hypotenuse
then triangles on both sides ofthe
perpendicular are similar to the whole
triangle and to each other
Pythagoras Theorem
In a right angled triangle, the square of
‘the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
‘the squares of the other two sides.
In AABC
ZB= 90°
a= 2
AC = ABY+ BC / :
Converse of Pythagoras Theorem
Ima triangle if the square of one side is
equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides, then the triangle is
right angled,
Triangles:
Theorem : The areas of two similar
triangles are proportional to the
‘squares of their corresponding sides
AB?
DE?
Area of A ABC
‘Areaof A DEF
@© asc ~ aver
Google Play
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Coordinate system
A coordinatesystem is a system of
assigning addresses for positions in the
plane (2 D) or in space (3D).
Coordinate System
> ‘The horizontal line fs called the x -
‘They arecalled Cartesian because the axis, and the vertical line is called
idea was developedby the mathematician they - axis,
and philosopher Rene Descarteswhowas > Tye coordinate axes divide the plane
also known as Cartestus. into four parts called quadrants.
Rectangular Coordinate system Tabada} ober
‘The rectangular coordinatesystem for the ["
planeconsists of a rectangular grid where
each pointin the plane is addressed by an
ordered pair of numbers(x, ¥) L z
—__,
*
ig 1 coneinate
= 9) comedies of poi
FT Ty crane
wf bf all
ei
Abncien & Ordinate
The Origin
‘The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0).
> The point of intersection of the axes
is called the origin.
Abscissa
> ‘The distance of a point from the y -
axis is called its x coordinate, or
abscissa,
Ordinate
>
the distance of the point from the x
axis is called its y-coordinate, or
ordinate.
If the abscissa ofa point is x and the
ordinate is y, then (x,y) arecalled the
coordinates ofthe point.
‘The coordinates of a point on the x
axis are of the form (x, 0) and that of
the point on the y-axis are (0,3).
P,0)
Point on ats
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JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Distance Formula
“Vee
Gan On
Section Formula:
The coordinates of point P(x, y)
dividing the line joining the point A
(Si YD and B(x,yp) im the ratio m : a
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Coordinate Geometry
Taternal Division
moon
x PB Pr
—1
External Division
Internal Division
y
sate)
External Division
pera se
i maa
Mid point Formul
IER fs the midpoint, then
‘m, = my and the coordinates of Rare
R eo +2 Ya + ¥2 7")
my = ny,
mon a
Co-ordinates ua centroid of
triangle:
ate +x5 vty +38)
3° 3
Area of a Triangle
1/2 [x1 (2 — ya) + x2(¥3 — Yo)
+x3(¥1—¥2)
etary
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Trigonometry
A branch of mathematics in which
‘we study the relationships between
the sides and angles of a triangle,
Is called trigonometry.
In a right triangle ABC.
DN
‘ side opposite to amgle @
sind =
hypotenuse
ide adjacent to angle @
cos = SH adincent to angie
hypotenuse
id ite to angle @
tang — S!€ opposite to angle
‘ide adjacent to angle @
1
cosecA aaa
1 sind
tanA = qitanA = 7
Remarks :
1. sin A. eosee A
[Link]. sec A =1
[Link] A. cot A =1
\
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Introduction to Trigonometry
Trigonometry
|
‘Tri Gonos Metron
\Z
“Measuring Triangle
Important trigonometric identities:
sin?A = 1—cos*A
cos: ~ sin?a
2A
1+tan?A = sec?A
sec2A— tan?
tan?A = sec?A—1
cosec?A— cot?A=1
cot?A — cosec?A~1
Trigonometric Ratios of specific
angles
nam "| ot [30° | 45° |60" | 90°
1/218
sno | 0 |5 Io [> | 1
a [iyi
tan® 0 ia 1 |v3_|ND.
T
cota |ND.W3 | 1 [= | 0
v2
seco | 1 fe |v2|2 [ND
z
cosec 0 |n.v.[2 | va [@ | 1
Trigonometric ratios of
complementary angles.
@ sin(90"— @) =cos8
(i) cos(90° — 0) = sina
(iii) tan(90"— 6) = coro
(Gv) cox(90° — 0) = tan
() sec(90" ~ 8) = coseco
(xi) casec(90" —
ean
Google Play
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 SOME APPLICATIONS OF
TRIGONOMETRY oyjeei
02, Heriontal tine (1) The angle of elevation as well as
angle of depression are measured
(H The tine of sight is the line drawn from ‘with reference to horizontal line.
the eye of an observer to the point in
the object viewed by the observer,
(ti) The angle of elevation 0, :angle formed
Dy the line of sight with the horizontal
‘when it is above the horizontal level
(lit) The angle of depression Op:angle
Formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal when it ts below the
horizontal level
Note:
(a) The angle of elevation as well as,
angle of depression are measured
with reference toa horizontal line,
Q)Al objects such as towers, trees,
mountains etc. shall be considered as
linear for mathematical convenience.
(3) The height of the observer, is
neglected, ifit is not given in the
problem.
(4) Angle of depression of P as seen from
Ois equal to the angle of elevation of
0, asseen from P.
= Angle of Le, ZAOP= ZOPX
elevation
(S) The angle of clevation increases as
the object moves towards the right of
‘the line of sight,
(6) The angle of depression decreases as,
the object moves towards the left of
the line of sight.
Trigonometric Ratios of specific
angles
aoe 0° [30° | 45° |60" | 90°
oP EE
sin® Eig i
wo fi fF (St fo
tne | 0 2 Ja he Ino
T
coto [nos 1 [= | o
i
seco | 1 fe |v2 [2
cosec o|n.v]2 v2 [Sf 4
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10
Google Play 1. Circle: circleis a collection of
all points in a plane which are at
a constant distance (radius) from
a fixed point (centre).
. Tangent to a Circle:
It isa line that intersects the circle
at only one point. There is only one
tangent at a point of the circle. The
tangent to a elrcleis a special ease of
the secant, when the two end points
ofits corresponding chord coincide.
Op
3. Number of tangents from a point on
acircle.
No tangent ( when a point lying
inside the circle)
L
0
2
(i) One tangent (when
by Theorems:
contact.
Remarks :
. The line containing the radius through
(ii) The lengths of tangents drawn from
an external point to circle are equal.
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point lying on the
circle)
(i) Twwo tangent (when x 09=o0R (adil of the same circle)
point lying outside op=oP (Common)
‘the circle) "A 0QP=AORP (RHS)
PQ=PR (cecr,
- Remarks :
(®. The tangent at any
point of a circleis 1. The theorem can also be proved by
using the Pythagoras Theorem as
follow:
PQ?= OP?— 0g?
(As OQ=OR)
‘Which gives PQ=PR.
perpendicular to
‘the radius through |¥
the point of
OP?_ OR?= PR?
|. By theorem above, we can also
conclude that at any point on a circle
there can be one and only one tangent.
2. Note also that ZOPQ = ZOPR.
Therefore, OP is the angle bisector
of ZQPR, Le., the centre lies onthe
bisector of the abngle between the
tow tangents.
the point of contact s also sometimes
called the normal to the circle at the
point.
Google Play
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Extra Points YwS ar. al 5. An angle between the two tangents
[Link] two concentric circles, the chord of say fromign etieranl powstore
[ Circte | circleis supplementary to the angle
the larger circle, which touches the subtended by the line-segment
smaller circle,is bisected at the point 3. The tangents drawn at the euds of a courant
centre. 2AOB + ZAPB= 180"
ot contact. C,__AMlameterota cicleareparale .
AP= BP ‘AB ||CD. © o D e
X& ‘ .
B
2. Two tangents TPand TQ are drawn 6. Aparallelogram circumseribing a
cireleis a rhombus.
4.A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn, AP=AS [Tangents from an
external point are equal]
BP=BQCR=CQ DR=Ds
AB+CD=AD+BC - >AB=BC-CD=DA
Dy D = x SJ iC
T: s
Q
NA,
2
toa circle with centre O from an
external point T than 2 PTQ=2.2
org.
to circumscribe a circle, then
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Google Play 3. Locate the points Ay, Az,A3,(m =3) on
AX and By, Bz, (1 =2) on BY such that
AAs, =AiAz= AzA3= BBy
CONSTRUCTION
To divide a line segment in a given ratio.
Method —1
Given a line segment AB, we want to = ea 2a
divide it in the ratio m : a, where both
\ To construct a tangent to a Circle
Method — 2
4. Draw any ray AX, making an acute
‘angle with AB.
2. Locate S (= m +n) points X1,X2,X3,X4,
and X5,on AX such that
AX = XyXq-X2X3—XsXy
3. Join BXs.
1, Join PO and biseet it. Let M be the
midpoint of PO.
2. TakingM as centre and MO as radius,
4X5.
4. Through the point X(m=3),drawa 1+ Drawany ray AX makingamacute “gay s circle. Let it intersect the given
line parallelto XsB (by making an angle angle with AB. circle at the points Q and R.
‘equal to D AXsB) at X3 intersecting AB 2. Drawa ray BY parallel to AX by 3. Join PQ and PR.
at the point C. making Z ABY equal to 2 BAX. * *
PQand PR arethe required tangents.
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 dad Perimeter and Area of a Circle
Diameter d= 2r
Radius = [A
z
r —> Radius
© —> Circumference
A> Area
> Distance moved by a wheel in 1
rotation = circumference of the wheel
> Number of rotation in 1 min= Distance
moved in 1 min, ‘cireumference
Area of Sector and Segment of a Circle
Area of Sector
‘Thus area of the sector OAPB i.e,
R
crameneeo er ( De wSaral
anne we [ AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE | RELATED TO CIRCLE
Length of Are EMaiecare
Thus, P PQ
eof carseat
ba gyeX Ome
ecg we a
@
seat aS 1
Area of Segment = oo ie
‘Area of segment APB =
Area of sector OAPB — Area of AOAB fticg Q PAD | Eh)
e region)
Area of sector of angle @ = 35.50% m1" Seer
Sector of angle @ = 30
ke
0 ++ Area segment APB =
apne , Amat a,
Where, oye X 1? —area of AOAB seme 300"
1: radius of the circle A B ‘rae
0 : Sector Angle
IFE |NFFT I Clace 9 1N Google Play Cuboid ws ara l Hollow Cylinder
Length =¢units [Surface Areas and Volumes y
pBresotn—Dumts (sq. | 6a? | sq units
> Height = h units
e Cas. 4a? Sq. units
Yolume| _a3__| cubic units
TSA, | 2¢¢b + bh + eh) | sae umits | Dinan a omerraawe-n hte
Longest Bz ater Radius = uw
GSA.| 2hx(e+b) | sq. units pmaeet Diagonal x ree ween .
Volume] @xbxh [cubic units|/ Sum of engths ofall) 49,
edges CSA
Longest Diagonal | e245? 4h? =e = (External C.S. A.) + (internal C.8.A,)
Sum of lengths of all Rw aca) sa amies
edges a+b +h) Radlus: runts 3
hh Height: b units (C. S.A.) + (Area of 2 base rings)
Cube
= (2th + 2h) + (2K? — 2m?)
‘Length =a units 2nrh + 2nr? = 2m (Rh + rh +R? —r?) sq. units
Breadth ~ a units TSA. sq. units
2nr(h +r)
@ Height = a units ila) Volume = ™R?h—nr?h
CSA; 2nrh ‘sq. units
=n(R?—17)h cubic units
# Volume mth | cubie units nt y
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 eee Right Circular Cone
Radius : r units
Height
Slant Height: £ units
units
aa. | TA | og. units
PSA) rete) |
CSA. mre sq. units
1
Volume gah cubic units
Slant Height | fr? +h? | units
Sphere
Radius (Sphere)
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10
wSaral
T.S.A. | 4nr? | sq. units
C.S.A.| 4nr? | sq. units
4
Volume) nr?
Hemisphere
Total Surface Area= 2mr? + mr?
= 3nr? sq. units
Curved Surface Area= 2nr? + ar?
2. sq. units
Volume ~ 375% cuble units
(alr of that of a sphere)
Hollow Hemisphere
Thickness
(R=) units
Curved Surface Area =
(Extermal C. S.A.) + (Internal C.S. A.)
=(2nR?-+ 2ner®)sq, units
‘TotalSurface Area
=(C.S.A) + (Area of upper ring
= (2mR? + 2m?) + (WR? = mr?
=3nR? + mr? sq. units
2 2
Volume = =nR3 — rer?
folume= 5 5
2
=2n(R? 1) cubic units
Google Play Surface Area of Combination of Solid
I Volume =V, Volume = V2
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Surface Areas and Volumes = Sec? = (rH
Example -2:
Area (Orange)=C. 8. A. (Come)
(mré) + Base Area (Cone) (ar?)
~ Base Area (Cylinder) (n(r’)?)
T.S.A.= C.8.A. (Cylinder)
+C.S.A.(Cone)+Basearea Cone
(Cylinder)
T.S.A.= T.S.A. (Cube) + Yolume = Volume (Cone) +
€.8,A.(Cone) — Base Area Volume (Cylinder)
(Cone)
‘Volume = Volume (Cube) +
‘Volume (Cone)
T.S.A.= C.S.A. (Cone) Volume =V;
+C.S.A. Hemisphere)
‘Volume = Volume (Cone)
+ Volume (Hemisphere)
T.S.A.= T.S.A. (Cube) +
C. S.A. Hemisphere) —
Base Area (Hemisphere)
CONVERSION OF SOLID FROM
ONE SHAPE TO ANOTHER
Example -1:
‘Volume = Volume (Cube)
+ Volume (Hemisphere)
T.S.A.= T.S.A.(Cube)+ Sphere Cylinder
2 ‘Volume = Vz
T.S.A. (Cylinder) — Base r
Area (Cylinder) ' Y=
nat!
Volume =Volume (Cube) + } wAxaxexh = 2xnxR?
Volume (Cylinder) 3 3
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 dad Data
Facts, observations and information that
~wSaral
come from investigations are known as data,
Generally 2 types of data are used. « qrregularclassinterval: When the class
intervals are of varying sizes,
+£.g0-15,15-20, 20.30,
Ungrouped data is datain its original or.
raw form. The observations are not
1) Ungrouped Data
= upper class limit — lower
classified in groups. Sadie
2)Gromped (Data Statistics is a branch of mathematics
In grouped data, observations are that deals with the
organizedin groups. 1. Data Collection
Note: 2. Data Representation
oe 3. Data Analysis
~The number of times a particular instance* Iterpretation of data,
occursis called frequency in statistics. Data Collection
Class Interval
+The size of the class into which a
particular data is divided. Eriinary Data
When the information was
collected by the investigator
himself,
+ Regular class interval: When the class
intervals are equal or of the same sizes.
+ E.g0-10, 10-20,20.30.
stored,
———_
Secondary Data
When the information was
gathered from a source whi
already had the information
Tabular Representation
of Data
Frequency table
—A frequency table or
distribution shows the
occurrence of a particular
variable in a tabular form.
Ungrouped frequency table
Grouped frequeney table
Graphical Representation
of Data
(A) Bar graphs
(B) Histograms
(Uniform and varying
widths)
(©) Frequency poly
Sorting
Raw data Sorting >
ascending order or
descending order
Data Representation
Google Play
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Bar Graphs
+ Abar graph is a graphical
representation of data in which usually
bars of uniform width aredrawn with
equal spacing between them on one
axis.
* xaxissdepicts the variable
= yuaxis— depicts vatue of the variable
"The heights of the bars depend on
the values of the variable,
"= Discrete— bar graphs
Example
~wSaral
Frequency Polygon
These mid-points of the class-
Intervals are called class-marks.
Upper limit + Lower limit
Cass mark = Peer
Histogram
= This isa form of representation like
the bar graph, but itis used for
continuous class intervals.
Scale (x-axis) 1unit =Skg
Scale(y—axis) 1 unit
Number of Students —e
38s aS 8S OOS
‘Wei Gin) —>
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10
The three measures of central
tendency for ungrouped data are:
(). Mean: It is found by adding all the
values of the observations and dividing
it by the total number of observations.
It is denoted by &.
SEs Foran ungrouped
So,x
frequency distribution, it is
(i) Median: It is the value of the
middle-most observation (s).
Ifn is am odd number, the median =
ane
vate ofthe (2) "observation
fn is am even number,
‘median = Mean of the values of the
@"ana(g+1)”
observation.
(iil) Mode: The mode is the most
frequently occurring observation.
etary The three measures of central
tendency for Grouped data are:
@ The direct method method
Steps to be followed
1. Find the class mark (x,) or middle values
ofeach group (or class)
Lower limit + Upper
2
2, Changeit into Ungrouped Frequency
Distribution and calculate f,x; for
eachi,
3. Then use the same formula used for
Ungrouped Frequency Distribution.
Sm
Gi) Assumed mean method
41. Find the class mark (x)) of each elass
and Change into Ungrouped
Frequency Distribution
Lower limit + Upper limit
2
2. Find deviation (d,) of each variate
(x) from any central value (2). 4,
aoa
[Link]
x=
4, for eachi then Y
[Link] N= Df
5. Then use the formula
» fd
oa Ht
‘Where, ais assumed mean (any central
value of variate xi)
(iii) Step Deviation Method
In this method, we divide each value of
deviation (di) by any common number
say, (h)
‘When values of x and fare very large
dq
renee = w= =H
Then,X = a+ Eh xh
Mode
Step -1
Find the class which have max
frequency.
‘This is the Modal Class.
Step -2
f4,
mode = + Ff)
(=f -6)
(ff)
Mode =¢ +“ ') yy
(2f-f ~ 6)
etary
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Where,
£— lower limit of modal class.
£ — frequency of modal class.
f, — frequency of the class preceding
modal class.
{, — frequency of the class succeeding
modal class.
1h — class interval of modal class.
‘The cumulative frequency of a classis
the frequency obtained by adding the
frequencies ofall the classes preceding
the given class.
Median
Prepare the cummulative frequency
(c-£) column,
N
Obtain N= Y” fy then find the value of 5
Cumlative frequen
Ogive curveu
y
3. Find the class which contain the value
of ef. just greater than 5. This is
median class.
[Link] the formula:
No. of workers
Se Sys 8 so
Media
740 160 180 200
+ Representing a cumulative Mediai
38.5
frequency distribution graphically
‘asa cumulative frequency curve, or
‘cumulative frequeney is of two types
an ogive of the less than type and of
and corresponding to these, the ogive
‘the more than type.
is also of two types.
+ The median of grouped data can be
obtained graphically as the x- ‘Less than type
coordinate of the point of intersection
of the two ogives for this data. oMorethan type
etary
JEE | NEET | Class 9,10
