Course: Basics of ICT (5403) Semester: Autumn, 2023

2023
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
1
Q. 1 (a
(a) Why internet and call phones are being considered the best examples
) of ICT? Explain and exemplify it in detail. (20)
(b) Enlist ICT devices and right down the advantages and drawbacks of
each with
Ans. examples.

1 (a) Internet and Mobile Phones as Example of ICT:

Internet: Internet The Internet is a millions of computers and electronic

global network that connects
devices worldwide. It is a cornerstone of Information and
Communication Tech ology (ICT) due to several reasons:

1. Global Connectivity
- The internet provides a platform for glo al connectivity, allowing individuals
and businesses to communicate and share information across
geographical boundaries.
- Example: Video conferencing too s like Zoom have become indispensable for
virtual meetings, connecting people from different parts of the world.

2. Information Access:
- It serves as a vast repository of information, enabling users to access data on
virtually any topic.
- Example: Search engines like Google facilitate quick access to information,
enhancing research and knowledge acquisition.

3. Communication:
Email, social media, and messaging apps enable real time communication,
fostering collaboration and interaction.
Example: Platforms like WhatsApp and Slack facilitate instant communication
for personal and professional
purposes.
 4. E
3. E-commerce:
- The internet has revolutionized commerce, allowing businesses to operate
online and consumers to shop from anywhere.
- Example: Online marketplaces like Amazon and Alibaba have transformed the
retail landscape.
landscape.
5. Education:
4. Education
- Online learning platforms and educational resources on the internet make
education accessible globally.
- Example: Platforms like Coursera and Khan Academy offer a wide range of
courses to learners worldwide.

Mobile Phones:
Phones
Mobile phones, particularly smartphones, have become integral to ICT due to their
versatility and widespread adoption:

1. Communication:
- Mobile phones enable voice calls, text messaging, and various messaging apps,
facilitating constant communication.
- Example: Apps like WhatsApp and Messenger have replaced traditional SMS
for many users.

2. Internet Access:
- Smartphones provide on-the-go internet access, allowing users to stay
connected and access information anywhere.
- Example: Mobile browsers and ap s provide quick access to websites and
online services.

3. Applications and Productivity

- The availability of diverse applications enhances productivity, entertainment,
and utility.
- Example: Productivity apps like Microsoft Office and entertainment apps like
Netflix contribute to the multifunctionality of smartphones.
smartphones.
4. Photography and Multimedia:
Multimedia:
Built cameras and multimedia capabilities make smartphones powerful tools
- Built-in
for capturing and sharing moments.
moments.
- Example: generated visual
Social media platforms like Instagram thrive on user-generated
content.
content.

based Services:
5. Location-based Services
Location
- GPS technology in smartphones enables location-based services, enhancing
navigation and personalized recommendations.
- Example: Maps apps provide real-time navigation and location-specific
specific
information.
information

1 (b) Enlist ICT Devices with Advantages and Drawbacks:

Personal Computers (PCs):

Advantages:
Advantages:
- Versatility: PCs can be used for a wide range of tasks, from word processing to
graphic design.
- Processing Power: High computing power enables complex calculations and
multitasking.
- Storage Capacity: PCs offer substantial storage space for files and applications.

Drawbacks:
Drawbacks
- Immobility: Traditional PCs are not portable, limiting usage to specific locations.
- Power Consumption Desktop computers consume more power compared to
mobile devices.
- Complexity: Setting up and maintaining a PC may require technical knowledge.

Laptops:
Advantages:
- Portability: Laptops are portable, allowing users to work from various locations.
- Performance: Modern laptops offer performance comparable to many desktop
computers.
computers.
- Battery Life: Laptops have built in batteries, providing mobility without constant
built-in
power supply.
supply.
Drawbacks:
Drawbacks
- Limited Upgradeability: Upgrading components is often limited compared to
desktop PCs.
- Cost: High-performance
PCs. laptops can be expensive.
High
- Vulnerability to Theft: Portability increases the risk of theft or loss.

Tablets:
Tablets
Advantages:
- Portability: Tablets are lightweight and easy to carry.
- Touch Interface: Intuitive touchscreens enhance user interaction.
go use.
- Battery Life: Tablets often have long battery life for on-the-go use

Drawbacks
Drawbacks:
- Limited Processing Power: Tablets may no match the performance of laptops or
PCs.
PCs
- Software Limitations: Some professional software may not be available or
optimized for tablets.
- Limited Connectivity: Ports and connectivity options may be limited.

Smartphones:
Smartphones:
Advantages:
Advantages:
- Portability: Fi s in the pocket, all wing constant connectivity.
- Multifunctionality: Combines various features like camera, GPS, and apps.
- Always On: Instant access to information and communication

Drawbacks:
- Small Screen Size: Limited screen real estate for certain tasks.
- Limited Processing Power: Not as powerful as PCs or laptops for resource-
 intensive tasks.
- Battery Life: Heavy usage can drain the battery quickly.

Smartwatches:
Smartwatches
Advantages:
Advantages:
- Wearable Convenience: Always accessible on the wrist.

- Health Tracking: Many include features for fitness and health monitoring.
- monitoring.
Notifications: Receive alerts without checking a phone.

Drawbacks:
Drawbacks
- Limited Functionality: Cannot replace the broader capabilities of smartphones.
- Small Screen Size: Constraints for interactions and information display.
- Dependency on a Smartphone: Often needs a paired smartphone for full
functionality.
functionality.

In conclusion, Information and Communication Technology encompass a wide

range of devices, each with its advantages and drawbacks. The Internet
and mobile phones stand out as exemplary technologies that have
revolutionized communication, information access, and various aspects
of daily life. The ongoing evolution of ICT continues to shape how we
connect, work, and live in an increasingly digital world.

Q.
Q. 22 Differentiate the following: - (20
(20)
(a) Motherboard(a & Microproce sor )
)
(b) Plotters & Printer
(c) Docume ts Scanner & Image Scanner
(d) Graphic Adopter & Monitor
Ans.

While I'll provide comprehensive explanations for each differentiation, reaching

3000 words for these specific differentiations might be challenging.
However, I'll ensure that each point is thoroughly explained to provide a
detailed understanding of the differences.

2 (a) Motherboard & Microprocessor:

Motherboard:
- Definition: The motherboard is the primary circuit board of a computer, housing
essential components such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM
(Random Access Memory), and connectors for other peripherals.
- Functionality: It serves as a central hub, facilitating communication between
different hardware components.
components.
- Components: The motherboard includes slots for RAM, expansion cards,
connectors for peripherals (USB, HDMI), and chipset facilitating
communication between various components.
- Importance: It is crucial for system stability and performance.

Microprocessor:
Microprocessor:
- Definition: The microprocessor, or CPU, is the "brain" of the computer,
responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
- Functionality: It processes data and controls the operation of other compon nts.
- Components: It consists of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and cache
memory
.
- Importance: The performance of the microprocessor directly influences the speed
and efficiency of the computer.

Differentiation:
Differentiation
- Function: The motherboard is the main circuit board connecting all components,
while the microprocessor is the CPU responsible for executing
instructions.
- Components: The motherboard houses various components, whereas the
microprocessor is a specific component respon ible for processing data.
- Role: The motherboard facilitates communication, while the microprocessor
processes data and controls the system.

2 (b) Plotters & Printers:

Plotters:
- Functionality: Plotters are devices quality, large
that produce high-quality, format
large-format
graphics and designs.
- Usage: Commonly used in engineering, architecture, and design for precise precise
drawings and blueprints.
- Output: They use pens or other writing tools to draw continuous lines on paper.
- Speed: Slower than printers but provides detailed and accurate output.
output.
Printers:
Printers
- Functionality: Printers produce text or images on paper or other media.
- Usage: Used for general document printing, including text, images, and graphics.
- Output: They use inkjet or laser technology to create a printed image.
- Speed: Faster compared to plotters, suitable for everyday printing needs.

Differentiation:
Differentiation
- Purpose: Plotters are specialized for large-format, detail d graphics, while
printers are more versatile for gen ral printing tasks.
- Output Technique: Plotters use pens for con inuous lines, while printers use inkjet
or laser technology for discrete d ts forming text or images.
- Speed: Printers are generally faster than plotters, making them suitable for high-
volume tasks
tasks.
2 (c) Document Scanner & Image Scanner:

Document Scanner
-Scanner:
Functionality: Document scanners are designed for scanning text documents and
converting them into digital format.
- Usage: Commonly used in offices for digitizing paperwork and creating
electronic records.
- Features: Often equipped with automatic document feeders (ADFs) for efficient
scanning of multiple pages.
- Resolution: Focus on text clarity and detail.

Image Scanner:
- Functionality: Image scanners are more versatile, capable of scanning
photographs, artwork, and other images.
- Usage: Used in graphic design, photography, and art for capturing detailed visual
information.
- Features: Higher resolution for capturing fine details in images.
- Color Depth: Capable of capturing a wide range of colors for accurate image
reproduction.

Differentiation:
Differentiation
- Purpose: Document scanners are specialized for text documents, while image
scanners are versatile for various visual mate ials.
- Features: Document scanners may have ADFs for efficiency, while image
scanners prioritize higher resolution and color accuracy.
- Application: Document scanners are commonly used in offices, while image
scanners find applications in creative fields.

2 (d) Graphic Adapter & Monitor:

Monitor:
Graphic Adapter (or Graphics Card):
- Functionality: The graphics adapter processes and renders visual information to
be displayed on a monitor.
- Components: It includes a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) and video memory.
- Performance: Influences the quality and speed of graphics rendering, crucial for
gaming and graphic-intensive tasks.
- Outputs: Connects to the mon tor and may support multiple display outputs.

Monitor:
- Functionality: The monitor displays visual information generated by the graphics
adapter.
adapter.
- Features: Different monitors have varying resolutions, refresh rates, and color
capabilities.
- Types: Includes LCD, LED, and OLED monitors with different technologies.
- Inputs: Connects to the graphics adapter via ports like HDMI, DisplayPort, or
VGA

Differentiation:
- Function: The graphics adapter processes graphics, while the monitor displays the
rendered outp t.
- Components: Graphics adapters have a GPU and memory, while monitors focus
on display technologies.
- Variability: Graphics adap ers can vary in performance, affecting visual quality,
while monitors vary in display features like resolution and refresh rate.
 In conclusion, these differentiations highlight the distinct roles and functionalities
of each pair. Understanding these differences is crucial for making
informed decisions when selecting componen s or devices for specific
applications.
applications.

Q. 3 (a
(a) What do you mean by computer? Elaborate basic operations
) performed by
the computer with an example. (20)
(b) Discuss different generations of computer.
Ans.

3 (a) What is a Computer and Basic Operations:

Definition of a Computer:
AComputer:
computer is an electronic device that processes data to perform various tasks.
It can store, retrieve, and process data, making it a versatile tool for a
wide range of applications.

Basic Operations Performed by a Computer:

1. Input:
Input:
- Definition: Input refers to the data or commands entered into the computer.
- Example: Typing on a keyboard, clicking with a mouse, or scanning a
b rcode.

2. Pro essing:
- Definition: Processing involves the manipulation and transformation of
input data by the computer's central processing unit (CPU).
- Example: Performing calculations, executing software, or sorting a list of
items
items.

3. Storage:
Storage:
- Definition: Storage invo ves saving data or information for future use.
- Example: Saving a document on a hard drive, storing images in memory.
memory.
 4.
4. Output:
- Definition: Output is the result produced by the computer after processing
Output:
input data.
- Example: Displaying text on a monitor, printing a document, or playing
sound through speakers.
speakers.
5. Control
Control:
- Definition: Control involves coordinating and managing the operation of the
computer's components.
- Example: Managing the flow of data between different components,
ensuring proper execution of instructions.

3 (b) Different Generations of Computers:

First Generation (1940s-1950s):

- Technology: Vacuum tubes were used as the primary electronic component.
- Size: Enormous machines requiring a large space.
- Processing Speed: Relatively slow compared to modern standards.
- Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was a
notable first-generation computer used for calculations.

Second Generation (1950s-1960s):

- Technology: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, reducing the size and heat
produ tion.
- Size: Smaller and more efficient than first-generation computers.
- Processing Speed: Improved processing speed and reliability.
- Example: IBM 1401 and UNIVAC 11 8 were second-generationgeneration computers.

Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

- Technology: Integrated circuits (ICs) introduced, combining multiple
transistors on a single ch p
 - Size: Smaller, more powerful, and energy-efficient
efficient.
- Processing Speed: Further increase in processing speed and efficiency.
- Example: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-11 generation computers.
1 were third-generation
PDP third

-1980s):
Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):
(1970s
- Technology: Microprocessors were developed, placing the CPU on a single
chip.
- Size: Smaller, more affordable, and accessible to businesses and individuals.
- Processing Speed: Significant increase in processing speed and computing
power.
- Example: IBM PC, Apple II, and early personal computers belong to the
fourth generation.
generation.
Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):
-(1980s
Technology: VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology allowed the
integration of thousands of components on a single chip.
- Size: Continued miniaturization, leading to laptops, smartphones, and other
portable devices.
- Processing Speed: Exponential increase in processing speed and
computational capabilities.
- Example: Modern PCs, laptops, smartpho es, and supercomputers represent
the fifth generation.

Future Generations:
- Quantum Computing: Emerging as a potential sixth generation, quantum
computers utilize quantum bits (qubits) for processing, promising
unprecedented computational power.
- Neuromorphic Computing: In pired by the human brain, neuromorphic
computing aims to create machines that mimic biological neural
networks.

Differentiation and Evolution:

- Each generation marked significant advancements in technology, size
reduction, processing speed, and accessibility.
- The shift from vacuum tubes to transistors, integrated circuits, and
microprocessors revolutionized computing capabilities.
- Advances in storage technologies, software development, and networking
have been integral to the evolution of computers.
computers.
 In conclusion, the evolution of computers through different generations reflects
the remarkable progress in technology, enabling increasingly powerful,
compact, and versatile computing devices. Understanding the basic
operations of a computer and its historical development provides insights
into the transformative impact of computing on various aspects of human
life and industry.
industry.
Q. 4 (a
(a)Elaborate the function of the Control and Arithmetic & Logic
)unit. (20)
(b) Enlist Input and Output devices. Define each and differentiate them.
Ans.

(a) Function of the Control Unit and Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU):

Control Unit
-Unit:
Function:
Function:
- The control unit is a crucial component of the central processing unit (CPU).
- It manages and coordinates the operations of other hardware components.
- It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and controls the flow of
data within the CPU.

- Operation:
- Fetch: Retrieves instructions from memory.
- Decode: Interprets the instructions to determine the required operation.
- Execute: Initiates the execution of the instruction by coordinating with other
components.
- Store: Saves the results back in memory or registers.

- Example:
- When a user initiates a program, the control unit fetches the instructions from
memory, decodes them to understand the required operation, executes the
instructions using the ALU and other components, and stores the results back
in memory.
 Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU):
-(ALU):
Function:
Function:
- The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.
- Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Logical operations involve comparisons such as AND, OR, and NOT.

- Operation:
- Arithmetic Operations: Perform mathematical calculations on numerical data.
- Logical Operations: Make decisions b sed on comparisons.
- Bitwise Operations: Manipulate individual bits in data.

Example:
- Example:
- If a computer needs to add two numbers, the ALU takes the binary
representations of those numbers, performs the addition operation bit by bit,
and produces the sum.

(b) Input and Output Devices:

Input Devices:

1. Keyboard:
Keyboard:
- Definition A device with keys or buttons used for inputting text and
commands.
- Function: Converts key presses into electrical signals for the computer to
interpret.

2. Mouse:
- Definition: A pointing device with buttons used to interact with graphical
interfaces.
- Function: Translates movements and clicks into signals for cursor control and
interaction.
interaction

3. Scanner
Scanner:
- Definition: A device that converts physical documents or images into digital
format.
format
- Function: Captures images or text and converts them into electronic data.
data.
4. Microphone:
Microphone:
- Definition: A device that converts sound waves into electrical signals.
- Function: Allows users to input audio data into a computer.

5. Webcam:
Webcam
- Definition: A camera that captures video and sends it to a computer.
- Function: Enables video input for applications like video conferen in and
streaming.
 Output Devices:

1.. Monitor
Monitor:
- Definition: A display screen that presents visual information.
- Function: Converts electron c signals into visual output for users to interpret.

2. Printer:
Printer
- Definition: A device that produces a hard copy of d gital documents or images.
- Function: Converts electronic data into printed, tan ible output.

3. Speaker:
Speaker:
- Definition: A device that converts electrical signals into sound waves.
- Function: Produces audio output for users to hear.

4. Projector:
- Definition: A device that projects visual information onto a larger surface.
- Function: Converts electronic sign ls into a display visible on a screen or wall.

5. Plotter:
quality, large
- Definition: A device that produces high-quality, format graphics.
large-format
- Function: Converts digital data in o precise drawings or blueprints.

Differentiation:
Differentiation

- Input Devices:
- Definition: Devices that allow users to input data into a computer.
- Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone.
- Function: Convert user actions or external data into electronic signals for the
computer.

- Output Devices:
- Definition: Devices that present or produce output based on computer processes.
- Examples: Monitor, printer, speaker, projector.
- Function: Convert electronic signals generated by the computer into human-
readable or perceivable output.

Differentiation:
- Differentiation
- Input devices facilitate the entry of data into the computer, while output devices
present the results of processed data.
 - Input devices convert external actions into digital data, while output devices
convert digital data into human-readable or perceivable forms.
- Together, input and output devices enable communication between users and
computers, forming the human-computer interface.

In conclusion, understanding the functions of the control unit and ALU provides
insights into the core operations of the CPU, while recognizing the various
input and output devices highlights the diverse ways in which users interact
with computers and receive information.
 Q. 5 (a
(a) Discuss the function of Point of Sale Terminal and ATM machine.
) (20
(20)
(b) In what respect speech synthesizer is helpful for) user? Explain
with the help of a scenario.
scenario.
Ans.
While it may be challenging to reach 3000 words with these specific topics, I will
provide detailed explanations for each section to ensure a comprehensive
comprehensive
understanding.
understanding.

(a) Function of Point of Sale Terminal (POS) and ATM Machine:

Point of Sale Terminal (POS):

(POS):
- Function:
- Function:
A Point of Sale Terminal, or POS terminal, is a device used in retail
environments for completing transactions.
- It connects to a computer network and facilitates the processing of electronic
payments from credit cards, debit cards, or other payment methods.
- The POS system includes hardwa e like a card reader, cash register, and
 software for transaction processing and inventory management.

- Key Features:
- Card Reader: Reads and processes information from credit or debit cards.
- Cash Register: Manages and records cash transactions.
- Display Screen: Sho s transaction details to both the cashier and the customer.
- Receipt Printer: Prints receipts for customers.

- Example Scenario:
- A customer at a retail store selects it ms to purchase and brings them to the
checkout counter.
- The cashier scans the items, and the POS system calculates the total cost.
- The customer swipes their credit card through the card reader.
- The POS terminal communicates with the bank to verify the transaction.
- approved, the
Once approved, the system
system prints
prints aa receipt,
receipt, deducts
deducts the
the amount
amount from
from the
the
customer's account, and updates the store's inventory.
inventory.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM):

(ATM):
- Function:
Function:
- An ATM is a self-service banking terminal that allows users to perform various
financial transactions without the need for a human teller.
- Common transactions include cash withd awals, deposits, balance inquiries, and
funds transfers.
transfers
- ATMs are connected to a bank's network and provide 24/7 access to banking
services
services.

- Key Features:
-Features:
Card Reader: Reads information from the user's debit or credit card.
- Cash Dispenser: Dispenses cash to users making withdrawals.
- Deposit Slot: Allows users to deposit cash or checks into their accounts.
- Screen and Keypad: Enable users to interact with the ATM and input PINs or
transaction details.
details
 - Example Scenario:
- A user approaches an ATM and inserts their debit card into the card reader.
- The ATM prompts the user to enter their PIN for authentication.
- The user selects a transaction, such as a cash withdrawal.
- The ATM communicates with the user's bank to verify the transaction and
account balance.
- If app oved, the ATM dispenses the requested amount of cash, and the
transaction is recorded in the user's account.

(b) Speech Synthesizer and its Benefits:

Speech Synthesizer:

- Function:
- Function: to speech (TTS) system, converts
A speech synthesizer, also known as a text-to-speech
written text into spoken words.
words. like manner
- It uses synthetic voices to articulate the text in a human-like
human manner.
- Speech synthesizers can be integrated into various devices and applications to
provide auditory information to users.
users.
Benefits:
- Benefits
- Accessibility: Speech synthesizers enhance accessibility for individuals with
visual impairments, allowing them to access written content through auditory
means.
- Multimodal Interfaces: They contribute to the development of multimodal
interfaces, enabling users to interact with devices through both visual and auditory
channels.
channels.
- Language Learning: Speech synthesis aids language learners by providing
accurate pronunciation and intonation examples.
- Hands-
Hands-Free Interaction: In scenarios where ha ds-free interaction is crucial
(e.g., driving), speech synthesis allows users to receive information without
looking at a screen.
screen.
Scenario: How a Speech Synthesizer is Helpful for a User:

Imagine a scenario where a visually impaired indiv dual is using a smartphone

equipped with a speech synthesizer.

1. Navigation Assistance:
- The user activates the speech synthesizer on their smartphone
 - The device reads out directions from a nav gation app, guiding the user to their
destination.
- This enables the user to navigate independently, relying on auditory cues
instead of visual maps.

2. Reading Text Messages:

- The user receives a text message on their smartphone.
- The speech synthesizer reads aloud the content of the message, allowing the
to speech
user to stay connected with friends and family without relying on text-to-speech
software
software.

3. Browsing the Web:

 - The user wants to read an article on a news website.
website
- The speech synthesizer interprets the written content and vocalizes it, providing
the user with access to online information without needin to read the text visually

4. Language Learning:
Learning:
- The user is learning a new language and comes across a phrase in a language
learning app.
- The speech synthesizer accurately pronounces the phrase, helping the user
improve their language skills by hearing correct intonation and p onunciation.

5. Hands Free Interaction in the Car

Hands-Free
Car:
- The user is driving and receives a phone call.
- The speech synthesizer announces the caller's name and reads out the message,
allowing the user to decide whether to take the call without taking their eyes off the
road.

In this scenario, the speech synthesizer enhances the user's overall experience by
providing access to information, co munication, and navigation in a manner that
accommodates their visual impairment and p omotes independence in various daily
activities.
activities