Differential Length, Area, and Volume
This chapter deals with integration and differentiation of vectors
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Differential Length, Area, and Volume
A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:
Differential displacement from point
S(x,y,z) to point B(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz) is:
dl=dx ax+dy ay+dz az
2
Differential Length, Area, and Volume
A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area
(a) dS=dy dz ax (b) dS=dx dz ay (c) dS=dx dy
az
3
Differential Length, Area, and Volume
A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
3. Differential volume
dv=dx dy dz
Notes:
dl, dS → Vectors
dv → Scalar
4
Differential Length, Area, and Volume
B. Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:
dl=dρ aρ+ ρ dφ aφ +dz az
5
Differential Length, Area, and Volume
B. Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area
Note: dS
can be
derived
from dl
(a) dS=ρ dφ dz aρ (b) dS= dρ dz aφ (c) dS= ρ dρ dφ az
3. Differential volume dv=ρ dρ dφ dz 6
Differential Length, Area, and Volume
C. Spherical Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:
dl = dr ar
+ r dθ aθ
+ r sinθ dφ aφ
7
Differential Length, Area, and Volume
C. Spherical Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area
Note: dS can
be derived
from dl
(a) dS=r2 sinθ dθ dφ ar (b) dS=r sinθ dr dφ aθ (c) dS= r dr dθ aφ
dv =r 2 sinθ dr dθ dφ
3. Differential volume 8
Example 3.1
Consider the object shown. Calculate :
(a) The length BC
(b) The length CD
(c) The surface area ABCD
(d) The surface area ABO
(e) The surface area AOFD
(f) The volume ABCDFO
9
Example 3.1 - solution
Object has Cylindrical Symmetry Cylindrical Coordinates
Cartesian to Cylindrical:
A(5,0,0) A(5,0 ,0)
0
B(0,5,0) B(5, /2,0)
C(0,5,10) C(5, /2,10)
D(5,0,10) D(5,00 ,10)
(a) along BC, dl dz
10
BC dl dz 10
0
/2
/2
(b) Along CD, dl d CD d 5
0
0
2.5
10
Example 3.1 - solution
(c) for ABCD, dS d dz, =5
Area ABCD = dS
10 /2
d dz (5)( / 2)(10)
z 0 0
=25
(d) for ABO, dS = d d , z=0
5 /2
area ABO= d d
0 0
2 5
( / 2) 6.25
2
0 11
Example 3.1 - solution
(e) for AOFD , dS d dz, =0
5 10
area AOFD= d dz 50
0 z 0
(f) For volume ABCDFO,
dv d dz d
5 /2 10
v dv d dz d
0 0 z 0
62.5
12
Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
(Line=Curve=Contour) Integral:
The Line integral A dl
L
is integral of the tangential component
of vector A along L.
b
• A dl A cos dl
L a
Line integral of A around L.
• If the path of integration is
closed, such as abca, A dl
L
Circulation of A along L.
13
Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Surface Integral:
Given vector A continuous in a region containing the surface S→
The surface integral or the flux of A through S is:
A dS
S
= A cos dS , d S=dS a n
S
Flux across dS is: d = A cos dS A dS
Total Flux d A dS
S
14
Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Surface Integral:
For a closed surface (defining a volume) :
A dS
S
→ The net outward flux of A from S
Notes:
A closed path defines an open surface.
A closed surface defines a volume.
15
Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Volume Integral:
We define:
v
v dv
as the volume integral of the scalar ρv over the volume v.
16
Example 3.2
Given that F=x2 ax – xz ay – y2az. Calculate the circulation of F
around the (closed) path shown in the Figure.
17
Example 3.2 - solution
The circulation of F around L is:
L F dl= 1 2 3 4 F dl
For segment 1, y=0, z=0
F=x 2a x xz a y y 2a z x 2a x
dl dx a x (+ve direction)
0
1
1 F dl 1 x dx 3
2
Segment 2, x 0, z 0, dl dya y , F dl 0 F dl 0
18
2
Example 3.2 - solution
Segment 3: y 1, F=x 2a x xz a y y 2a z , dl dx a x dz a z
dx dz
2
F dl x
3
3 1
x 1 2
z 0 1
1
3 0 3 3
Segment 4: x 1, F=a x z a y y 2a z
dl dy a y dz a z
F dl z dy y dz, but on 4, z y, dz dy
2
5 1 2 5 1
4 F dl ( y y )dy 6 , L F dl= 3 0 3 6 19 6
2
