SURVEY CAMP DISSERTATION AeA RMS US LR OL OL LL BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (2022 - 2025) Ny CoN aC TCC NCCU Lo GICPEC TELE D) React EAE RLU SAURABH MAHATAHA (211901119) a CNT U UNL SEC FEC) See ENUM e LN) ne NUCL vet) CaCO po aeun pO MOVIN ited CHAUDHARY RANBIR SINGH STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SILANI KESO, JHAJJAR, HARYANA Vee eels ds eT ee RORY POR eT) (AN. 2024)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to acknowledge with appreciation to Civil Engineering Department, Campus for organizing this survey camp to enhance our knowledge of surveying and its application. We would like to thank our teachers Suvidha Yadav .Pankaj Dahiya, Sandeep Malik, Amarender Kadian and Varsha Bamniya all the working staffs and store keepers for their supports, suggestions, management of resources and co-operation throughout the camp. Without their guidance, the report would have been incomplete. This is a survey camp report prepared after the camp conducted for ten days by The Department of Civil Engineering, CRSSIET, The report contains such contents that symbolizes the significance of surveying in Civil Engineering. The report includes the tasks conducted, the methodologies used, observations and calculations with drawings. The report too includes observations and calculations on topographic surveying and road alignment. This report is mainly emphasized on providing the practical knowledge to the readers about the field work of surveying C.E SURVEY CAMP 2024 VIKASH KUMAR PODDAR (221901173) SAURABH MAHATAHA (211901119) RAJKISHAN KUMAR (211901120) ANKUR RAJBHAR (221901161) SALEEM (221901182)CHAPTER 1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY Place : Fomra Nagar The nature of terrain was noted — Plain terrain The coordinates of Fomra Nagar are 12°35°48” N and 79°52°30” E The nearest Bench mark available to the hill is +37.84m (Chengalpattu Junction) ‘The TBM taken for survey operation is +100.00m The buildings and natural structures were noted (college buildings). ‘The obstacles to the survey operation were also noted (electrical posts and towers).AIM: CHAPTER 2 PLANE TABLE SURVEYING To plot and calculate the area of school ground in the village using plane table surveying (intersection method). GENERAL: Plane table surveying is the graphical method of surveying in which the field observations and the plotting proceeds simultancously. INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED: > > ¥ Plane table with tripod Alidade Plumbing fork and plumb bob Sprit level ‘Trough Compass Drawing sheetTHEORY: Intersection Method: In this method two instrument stations are used but no chain or tape is required. Intersecting rays are drawn from these two stations whose location is already plotted (by measuring the distance between them), the point of intersection is the : Plane table tO, Plane table at O, location of the point. PROCEDURE: ‘© Consider a fairly level ground and mark the points A, B, C,D, E&F to form closed traverse. # Set the table at A and do initial adjustments. Use plumbing fork for traversing ‘A with the help of trough compass. * With the alidade pivoted about A, sight it to B and draw the ray. Measure AB and scale off to suitable scale. Similarly,draw a ray towards F, measure AF and plot ‘F’, ‘© Shift the table tothe B and do initialadjustment. Orientthe table accurately by back sighting [Link] the table, + Pivotingthealidade about ‘b’, sights to [Link] BC and plot it onthe drawn rayto the same scale. Similarly, the table can set at otherstationsand traverseis completed CALCULATION:Area AL Al Al SIMILARLY AQ AB TOTALAREA A RESULT: ‘The total area of the given closed traverse is 2446.4m ‘SUS-a(S-b)(S-c) atb+e 17418 +15 2 25.2m a] (252-17) 25.2- 18) (25.2-15) 606.15 2 837.43? 1002.83m2 AL+A2+A3 2446.4m? 2CHAPTER 3 SETTING OF THE PLANE TABLE AND PLOTTING BY RADIATION METHOD AIM Radiation method is used for running survey lines of a closed or open traverse. APPARATUS REQUIRED * Plane table © Tripod * Alidade * Trough compass + U—fiame or plumbing fork * Spirit level or level tube PROCEDURE © Select a point “O ” so that all points to be located are visible from it. + Set up the table at “O”, level it, and do centering. * SELECT A POINT “O” on the sheet so that it is exactly transfer over station “O” on the ground. © Mark the direction of the magnetic meridian. * Cenetring the alidade on “O”, BISECT the objects of traverse A, B,C ,D and E. + Measure the distances OA, OB, OC, OD and OE and plotted to convenient scale to locate a, b, ¢ d and e respectively. # Join the points a, b, c,d and e on the paper. FORMULA = Area ofa triangle = % X base X height = Area of a square = side X side * Area of a rectangl length X breadth "Area of a trapezium = 4X (a+b) Xh = A, bare the parallel sides .h is the distance between parallel sides.SKETCH CALCULATION Trianglel: =1373.68m* Triangle? 90.35)(90.35-68.3)(90.35-71)(90.35-41.4))!? ACE = ((85.38)(85.38-71)(85.38-59.1)(85.38-40.67))!2 =1201.507m* Triangle3: CED=((50.48)(50.48-40.67)(50.48-31.3)(50.48-29))! =451.93 m?Total Area =Triangle1+ Triangle? + Triangle3 =1373.68+1201.507+451.93 =3027.121m? RESULT: Thus the setting of the plane table and plotting is performed by radiation method and the area is 3027.12] m?AIM: CHAPTER 4 AREA CALCULATION BY COMPASS SURVEYING To traverse around the given ABCDE polygon using prismatic compass and plot a traverse with the suitable scale. INSTRUMENTS USED: ‘+ Prismatic compass © Tripod Ranging rod © Tape FORMULA USED: S=(atbtey2 A=V5S-a)S-b)S- Total Area = Sum of all areas of triangles PROCEDURE Ranging rods were set at favorable points say (A,B,C.D and E) around the pond. ‘The reference points was chosen for the station “O” and the distance between them was measured. Compass was set up at the station ‘O° and initial adjustments were done Then the ranging rod at point ‘A’ was viewed through the object vane in the compass and the reading was noted. Similarly the rods in the other points were viewed and the readings were tabulated. Then the instrument was moved to the next instrument station and theabove procedure was repeated and the readings were tabulated, The layout of the traverse was determined by plotting the reading obtained from the field on a chart with appropriate.TABULATION: SWING [DISTANCE Face Left RIGHT, INm Instrument | Sight a B MEAN | INCLUDE At to ANGLE P Q@ | 60 [00/00] 00 | 00] 60 | 00 | 00 | 124 | 00 | 00 32 P T_| 306 | 00| 00 | 00 | 00 | 306 | 00 | 00 Q R_| 10 [00] 00] 00 [00] 10 [00 [00/130 /00 [oo] 51.5 Q P_ | 240 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 240 | 00 | 00 R S__| 250 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 250 | 00 | 00 | 60 | 00 [00 a R Q_| 190 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 190 | 00 | 00 Ss T_| 225 | 00| 00 | 00 | 00 | 225 | 00 | 00 | 155 | 00 [00 33 s g | 75 [00 | 00] 00 [00 | 75 [00 [00 T P_ | 126 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 126 [00 | 00| 81 | 00/00 o © S_| 45 [00| 00| 00 | o0| 45 [00 | 00 CALCULATION: RESULT: Total area ~ sum of all area of triangles = AI+A2+A3 =1263+1899.83+1596.32 A= 4760.11 Sqm. The area of the given pond was calculated by compass traversing method and the total area of the pond was found to be A = 4760.11 Sq.mCHAPTER 5 PROFILE LEVELLING AIM: To plot the longitudinal section and cross section of the given hill road and hence calculate the volume of filling for the given width of road. APP. ARATUS REQUIRED Dumpy level or levelling instrument Tripod stand Levelling staff Tape Ranging rod Plumb bob PROCEDURE, The instrument was placed at suitable position and all preliminary adjustments were done. Note the position of bench mark on the field and the bench mark in the field book. Points on the longitudinal section (PLS) were measured at Sm interval, The cross-section levelling was done at 2m intervals to left and right of PLS starting from Om. Simultaneously fly levelling was done to plot the longitudinal section. If the distance between two points is too large change points were established and corresponding back sights and foresights were recorded. Both C\S. levelling and L.S. levelling were carried out up to 50m length of road and corresponding readings were recorded in the field book. Volume of earthwork involved is calculated by plotting cross-section and longitudinal section on a section10 BS 1S FS HC RL | DISTANCE | REMARKS 2.34 99.46 40m 12 1.88 99.92 40m RI a7 100.03 40m R2 2.21 99.59 30m, cL 2.32 99.48 50m. LI 2.45 99.35 50m 12 1.96 99.84 50m) RI 1.94 99.86 50m R2 231 99.49 60m, cL 2.43 99.37 60m, LI 2.53 99.27 60m 12 2.17 99.63 ‘60m RI 2.08 99.72 60m R2 2.20 99.60 70m, cL 2.28 99.52 70m, LI 2.36 99.44 70m 12 221 99.40 70m, RI 2.02 99.78 70m R2 2.39 99.41 80m, cL 2.46 99.34 80m. LI 2.51 9.39 80m, 12 2.34 99.46 80m RIuu BS 1S FS HC RL | DISTANCE | REMARKS. 2.26 99.54 80m RD 2.44 99.36 90m cL 2.50 99.30 90m i 2.52 99.28 90m 12 2.40 99.40 90m RI 2.34 99.46 90m R2 2.49 99.31 100m. cL 251 99.29 100m U1 2.59 99.21 100m 2 2.50 99.30 100m RI 2.44 9.36 100m, RD CHECK, SBS. =1.80 DFS. =2.44 DBS- EFS. ¥ Last RL - ¥ First RL 2.44-1.80 = 99.36 - 100 0.64 = 0.64 RESULT Thus the Profile levelling of the given road of width is 7m plotted.2 CHAPTER 6 GRID CONTOURING GENERAL: The value of plan or map is highly enhanced if the relative position of the point is represented both horizontally as well as vertically. Such maps are known as topographic maps. Thus, in a topographic survey, both the horizontal as well as vertical control is required. On a plan, the relative altitude of the points can be represented by shading, hachure, and form lines. Out of these, contour lines are most widely used because they indicate elevations directly. CONTOUR: A contour is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of equal elevation. It is a line which the surface of ground is intersected by a level surface. A contour line isa line on the map representing a contour. A topographic map presents a clear picture of the surface of the ground. If'a map is to a big scale, it shows where the ground is nearly level, where it is sloping, where the slopes are steep and where they are gradual, if'a map is to a small scale, it shows the flat country, the hills and valleys, and water course and other topographic features CONTOUR INTERVAL: The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is called contour interval. The contour interval is kept constant for a contour plan, otherwise the general appearance of the map will be misleading. The horizontal distance between to points on two consecutive contours is known as the horizontal equivalent and depends upon the steepness of the ground, The choices of proper contour interval depend up to the following considerations: The nature of the ground The scale of the map The purpose of the map The purpose and extent of the survey. Time and expense of field and office work. peese CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTOURS: The following characteristic feature may be used while plotting or reading a contour plan. Two contour lines of different elevation cannot cross each other. © Contour lines of different elevations can unite to form one line only in the case of vertical cliff.3 * Contour lines close together indicate steep slopes. They indicate a gentle slope if they are far apart, if they are equally spaced, uniform slope is indicated. A series of straight, parallel and equally spaced contours represents aplane surface. * A closed contour line with one or more higher ones inside represents a hill. Similarly, a closed contour line with one or more lower ones inside it indicates a depression without an outlet. * A contour line must close itself, though not necessarily within the limits of the map. # Contour lines cross a watershed or ridge line at right angles; they form curves of U-shape round it with the concave side of the curve towards the higher ground, * Contour line cross a valley Line at right angles. They form sharp curves of v- shape across it with convex side of the curve towards the higher ground. The same contour line appears on either side of a ridge or valley, for the highest horizontal plane that intersects. The ridges must cut it on both sides the same is true of the lower horizontal plane that cuts a valley. METHODS OF LOCATING CONTOURS: The location of a point is topographic survey involves both horizontal as well as a vertical control. The methods of locating contours, therefore, depend upon the instruments used. In general, however, the field method may be divided into two classes. 1. The Direct Method. 2. The Indirect Method. DIRECT METHOD: The contour to be plotted is actually traced on the ground. Only those points are surveyed which happen to be plotted. The field work is two fold. * Vertical Control: location of points on the contour. * Horizontal Control: survey of those points. INDIRECT METHOD: In this method some suitable guide points are selected and surveyed. The guide points need not necessarily be on the contour. These guide points have beenplotted, serve as basis for the interpolation of contour. This is the method most commonly used in engineering surveys.14 Indirect method of locating ground points by squares: ‘The method is used when the area to be surveyed is small and ground is not very much undulating. The area to be surveyed is divided into a number of squares. The size of the squares may vary from 5 to 20 depending upon the nature of the contour and contour interval. The elevations of the corners of the square are then determined by means of level and a staff. The contour lines are then drawn by interpolation, It is not used in place of squares. When there are appreciable breaks in the surface between comers, guide points in addition to those at corners may also be used. The square should be long as practicable, yet small enough to conform to the inequalities of the ground and to the accuracy required. The method is also known as sot leveling. INTERPOLATION OF CONTOUR: Interpolation of the contour is the process of spacing the contours proportionately between the plotted ground points established by indirect methods. The ‘methods of interpolation are based on the assumption that the slopes of the ground between the two points are uniform. The chief methods of interpolation are 2 By arithmetic calculations. 3 By graphical estimations. USES OF CONTOUR MAPS: Drawing of sections. Determination of inter visibility between two points. Tracing of contour gradients and location of route. Measurement of drainage areas. Calculation of reservoir capacity. Intersection of surface and measurement of earth work. PROCEDURE: + The site for block countering is selected by thorough study * The dimensions of block counter size are selected accordingly. ‘* Then the area is divided into blocks of the size 3m*3m by using cross staff,chain and ranging rod. «The instrument is placed in such a place where maximum reading can be taken on the intersection points. © Readings taken at the intersection points are entered in the fieldbook. © Change points are provided wherever needed.* Afier taking the readings, the RL of each point is calculated by height of collimation method or by rise and fall method. ‘+ Allreduced levels are plotted in A2 drawing sheet of suitable scale. The points having same reduced levels are connected and finally we observe a contourmap. The contour of the desired values in interpolated 15 TABULATION: INSTRUMENT] X [ Y | BS | LS | FS | RISE | FALL] RL STATION P Ld 100.00 a) 16 05 | 99.50 6 2.04 0.44 | 99.06 12 2.40 0.36 | 98.70 18 2.91 O51 | 98.19 24 3.50 0.59 | 97.60 30 4.10 0.60 | 97.00 6 | 0 TAT 2.63 99.63 6 1.92 0.45 | 99.18 12 2.44 0.52 | 98.66 18 2.92 048 | 98.18 24 3.59 0. | 97.51 30 430 96.80 2 | 0 1.54 2.16 99.56 6 a7 0.23, | 99.3316 12 2.30 0.53 | 98.80 18 3.00 0.70 | 99.10 24 3.66 0.66 | 97.44 INSTRUMENT| x | Y | BS | ES | FS | RISE] FALL] RL STATION 30 4.55 0.69 | 96.75 1580) 1.29 3.06 99.81 6 1.64 031 | 99.50 12 2.32 0.70 | 98.80 18 3.09 0.79 | 98.01 24 3.80 071 | 97.30 30 4B 0.68 | 96.62 24 0 1.10 3.38 100.00 6 1.43 0.33, | 99.67 12 2.20 0.77 | 98.90 18 3.16 0.96 | 97.94 24 3.89 0.72 | 97.22 30 459 O71 | 96.51 30 | 0 0.85 374 100.25 6 1.80 0.95 | 99.30 12 2.00 0.20 | 99.107 18 3.10 1.10 J 98.00 24 3.90 0.80 | 97.20 30 4.66 0.76 | 96.44 CHECK: YBS-YFS=¥ RISE-Y FALL =LAST RL FIRST RL. 1.10 ~ 4.66 = 15.52 — 19.13 = 96.44- 100.00 -3.56m_ =-3.56m =-3,56m RESULT: Thus the contour lines of the given plot were drawn by using Grid contouring method.18 CHAPTER 7 DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT OF THE OBJECT AIM: To find the reduced level of the given object using single plane method. INSTRUMENTS USED: + Theodolite * Levelling staff * Tape * Ranging rods © Arrows * Mallet * Plumb bob FORMULA USED: © D=(S+btanaz)/(tana-tande) = Where, D= Distance between stations. S= Staff reading intercept. Vertical angle. Horizontal distance between two stations. * V=Dtana © V= Vertical intercept. © RL. of the station=B.M. + V+h PROCEDURE: + The reconnaissance survey was carried out. * The two instruments station's A and B were selected on a fairly leveled ground, * The distance between the two instrument stations were measured. © The instrument was set upon a first instrument stations and adjustments were done. © The levelling staff was placed towards the temple and bisected the vertical angle was taken, © The vertical angle was set to zero. * Similarly the above procedure was repeate: station19 Sketch: ht h2 CALCULATIO) D=10tan2°59’20"+0.15/(tan3°10'00"-tan2°59'20") =215.43m. hy= tan a; x D 'an3°10'00"X215.43 =tan2°59'20" (215.43+10) =11.77M. RL of top level=RL of BM +D, + hy =1040.8+11.92 =22.72m. Check: RL of top level =RL of BM +hy+s2 =10+0.95+11.92 2.72m RESULT The heights of the object is measured to be= 22.72m ‘The distance between the object and the instrument is measured to be =215.43mAIM: 20 CHAPTER 8 HEIGHT OF THE HILL (DOUBLE PLANE METHOD) Find out the RL of the Height of the hill by using the Double plane method, APPARATUS REQUIRED: Theodolite, Pegs, Tape, Hammer, Tripod stand. PROCEDURE: The Instrument was setup the station point Ol,and do all the temporary adjustments. The angle of the elevation é was taken by sighting towards the top of the hill and the C and D Verniers. Then the telescope was turned to ©2 and the horizontal angles was noted from the vernier A and B, Then the face was changed to the same procedure was done. Then the instrument was shifted from O2 and set over the pegs. The vernier A and C set to Zero and the angle of elevation to the top of the hill was taken. Then the telescope was turned to station point O1 and horizontal angle was ‘measured. The face was changed and the same procedure was repeated. ‘The reading were tabulated and the RL of the hill was calculated by the formula using the readings.TABULATION 2 Horizontal Angle Vertical Angle Vernier Verni | MEAN Vernier Verni | MEAN staff Inst. . — ] . Reading At | Sig (m) be epee 2 ]=1* |= 7 to B. [00|0 [0 Jo [0 |00]o | ]o [0 Jo Jo Jo fo jo Jo M o}o/olo} Jojofojo}olofojololo| . P |00/0/0/0)0/)00/0 /0]/1)1/0/1 JO ]1 {1 Jo 0/}0/0\0 0/0/3)0/0/0 |0)3 jojo B } 73/1 )2/1 )2|73}1/)2/0/0]/0/0/0 |0 |0 |0 sjojsjo| |s)ofojolo/o jo ojo lo B. |00/0/0/0/0|00/0/0/0/0/0/0 |0 J0 |0 jo M 0}/0/0/}0 0/0/0/0/0/0 |0j0 jo jo 2.420 P [00/00 Jo [0 [oofo}o|i |4|o]4 fo |i [4 fo ofojolo| fojo}z|s}ols jo |2|s lo A [10}1 [2] 1 [2 |10[t ]2]o [0 [0 Jo Jo fo fo jo 6 |8|0|8 |o |6 Js |o|o {0 Jo Jo Jo Jo Jo jo Difference between Instrument station P&Q = 80m. CACULATION: @i = 13910700" = 73°18"20" [2.340-2.420] = 62= 12°15°00" 61 62 = 106°18°20" h = .082 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE: dtané2—h tan al - tan 42 80 tan(12° 45") — 0,08 tan (13°10°) - tan (12°45") D=2353.5 m VERTICAL DISTANCE: V1 = D'tanél = 2353.5 * tan (13°10") = 550.56 m. V2=(D+d)*tand2 = (2353.5+80) * tan (12°45°) = 550.64 m. OFHILL =BM+S+V 100.00 +2.34 +550.644 652.98 m, RESULT: ‘Thus the R.L of the hill is 652.98 m.23 CHAPTER9 SETTING OUT OF A CURVE BY TWO THEODOLITE METHOD AIM. To set the horizontal curve by deflection angle method using two theodolite. APPARATUS REQUIRED: + Theodolite + Ranging rods + Thread + Mallet + Tape + Pegs + Limepowder. PROPERTIES OF A CURVE: 62. él24 CALCULATIONAND OBSERVATION: Radius 20m. Deflectionangle 60° Chordlength 3m Longchordlength 2Rsinb/2 13.68m 1) Tangentlength = Rtand2 11.54m 2) Curvelength aR /180° 20.94m 3) Chainageofthefirsttangentpoint, T1= 1000-tangentlength }000- 11.54 988.46m 4) Chainageofthesecondtangentpoint, T2= T1+ curvelength 988.46+20.94 009.4m 5) lengthoftheinitial subchord(|) = 990-988.46m 54m. 6) Chainagecovered= 990+3(6) =1008 7) Length offinal subchord= 1009.4-1008 = 14m 8) Deflectionangleforinitial sub-chord(D1) = (1718.9x1.54)/20 132.35 2°18" 9) Deflectionangleforfull chordD2toD7= (1718.9x3) /20 = 257.83 = 4°30"10) Deflection Angleforfinal sub-chordD8= (1718,9x1.4)/20 25 TABULATION: TOTAL POINT | CHAINAGE | DEFLECTION | TOTAL DEFLECTION ANGLEFOR — | DEFLECTION ANGLE CHORD ANGLE FROMTHE FROM CHORD@2) TANGENT(1) TL 988.46 : = = PI 990 is pels 18" P2 993 430" 648" O48" P3 996 30" TPs TPs Pa 999 430" 15°48" 15°48" PS 1002 430" 20°18" 20°18" P6 1005 30° paras? paras” P7 1008 30" 29°18" 29°18" T2 1009.4 26° 31°24" 31°24” RESULT: The curve was plotted ON the ground by two Theodolite method and marked with chalkpowder.AIM 26 CHAPTER 10 FOUNDATION MARKING To set out found: ‘on plan on the ground for a load bearing structure by centre line method APPARATUS REQUIRED Lime powder String mason's square pegs ‘metallic tape hammer, nails ete PROCEDURE Site clearance- before setting out the foundation plan on the ground it is necessary to clean the ground and remove bushes undulations ete. Prepare the foundation plan for the selected plan from the working drawings of the building. (Attach a Xerox copy of plan and section). Mark the position of centre lines on the foundation plan. Boundaries of the plot are fixed from the site plan and final demarcated layout. Two adjacent faces of the plot are checked for right angles. Principle of right angled triangles must be used for the purpose. If the borders of the plot are not in perfect right angles then the reference lines are marked at a suitable distance from the borders. These reference lines shall be set by means of mason's square andchecked for right angles. Check the diagonals of the plot. Centre line distances of each wall in longitudinal and transverse directions are ‘marked along the perimeter of the plot or along the reference lines set at right angles. from the centre lines of foundation trenches marked at reference lines the location of centre lines is transferred on the ground with the string using the lime powder. half width of foundation trench is then marked on both sides of the centre line for each walls Marking the trench width of foundation of all the walls on the ground by lime powder is by using lime powder is completed.27 The diagonals at two opposite corners are checked by calculating the hypogenous and it is checked on the ground. This ensures the perfect marking of right angles at every junction and corer centre lines are then permanently marked by driving guide pegs on all four sides of the plot at locations of these lines. The pegs should be so located that they should be easily traceable after the excavation at various stages of construction. ‘© The pegs are fixed and secured perfectly by constructing shallow brick pillars around them, © After marking the complete layout of position of all the foundation trenches it is :d using foundation plan by properly orienting it to roadside, After verification of marked layout, permission is granted for the excavation. SKETCH: Plan of the building28 Foundation of cross section: — (oe 0 fC 600 Foundation line marking. RESULT: The foundation plan on the ground for a load bearing structure by centre line method is marked.29 CHAPTER 11 TOTAL STATION AIM: To study about the electronic distance measurement and total station, 1 NOMENCLATURE AND FUNCTIONS 1LLNOMENCLATURE,3012DIsPLAY = Dsnay a gral he oper ees play he mening dt and ht ne ays hey aw ihr with lore ret ak Daa Meme Me co a eee oo (i pp et ts | Nerds Oy 8! 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