CONTEN
CHAPTER 1: ABOUT THE COMPANY
1.1 Vision
1.3 Specialized in
1.4 Products
1.5 Infrastructure
1.5.1 List of Machineries
1.5.2 List of Instruments.
1.6 Clients
CHAPTER 2: ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
2.1 Manufacturing processes
2.2 Machining proc
2.2.1 Conventional process
2.2.2 Non-Conventional process
2.3 Measuring tools
CHAPTER 3: TASKS PERFORMED
3.1 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerance
3.2 Surface Roughness and Symbols
3.3 Engineering Drawing
3.4 Process Planning
3.5 Assembly section
3.5.1 Sugarcane juice machine
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Pg. No.2
Pg. No.2
Pg. No.3
Pg. Nod
Pg. No4
Pg. No.4
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Pg. No.5
Pg. No.6
Pg. No.6
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Pg, No.25
Pg. No.26
Pg. No.43
Pg. No.43
Pg, No.35.2 Wire striping machine
CHAPTER 4: OUTCOMES
4.1 Specific outcome
4.2 Conclusion
Pg. No.44
Pg. No.45
Pg. No.45
Pg. No.46
Pg. No.47An Isometric Drawing 28
The block suspended in a glass box. 29
The creation of an orthographic multiview drawing. 29
A multiview drawing and its explanation. 30
An object needing only two orthogonal views. 30
An isometric view with dimensions. 30
An isometric drawing that does not show all details. 31
"Sectioning" an object. 32
Sectioning the object in figure 3.8. 32
Sectioned isometric and orthogonal views. 32
Drawing Tools. 33
Pillow-block (Freehand sketch). 33
Disassembled Pillow-block. 34
Pillow Block. 34
Pillow Block. 35
Section"A-A". 35
The top "outside" view of the bearing. 36
Full and sectioned isometric views. 36
Front view and half section. 36
Half section without hidden lines.
Cross section. 38
Dimensioned Drawing. 38
Example drawing with a leader. 39Example of appropriate and inappropriate dimensioning.
Simple Object.
Surface datum example.
Surface datum example.
Exampled of a dimensioned hole.
Example of a directly dimensioned hole.
Example of a directly dimensioned hole.
LIST OF TABLES
CaptionCHAPTER 1: ABOUT THE COMPANY
People Mechanics is engaged in the manufacturing vertical, The industries we
serve include, but are not limited to, the Construction, Aerospace, Automobile and
Hydraulic Industries.
They have experienced and energetic team of professionals with a nothing's too
difficult philosophy. The company is keen to make its mark in the manufacturing
Industry by providing 100% results.
They achieved name by Manufacturing Expertise, State-of-the-Art Machine, wide
range of Materials & Services, Exceptional Quality Control. With a proven
understanding of the design, technology and manufacturing process, we create
solutions that provide our customers with a competitive advantage.
Vision
Their vision is to continuously provide 100% customer satisfaction by
supplying quality products on time delivery with promised lowest cost. As they are
unique they state thei vision in three verticals.
1, To Customers:
100% satisfaction.
Prime Quality.
On time Delivery.
2. To Vendors:
Permanent Orders,
Last long Relationship.
On Time Payment.
3. To Employees :
To make our people wealth .
To make our people Skilful.
Respecting Diversity.1.2 Mission
Their business is dedicated to providing superior products and services to their
customers. They believe their customers are the most important part of their business
now and in the future.
People Mechanics Committed:
To Customers:
Unmatched quality, and support to every customer.
To Vendors:
Foster the relationships with our vendors.
We foster an open, collaborative culture where
dedication, Passion, ideas second to none.
1.3 Specialized in
© Designing of jigs and fixture.
* Manufacturing manual and robotic welding jigs and
Fixtures.
* Aerospace components.
* Construction machines.
* Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders.é.
es1.5.1 LIST OF MACHINERIES
v
bY
D.R.O. Milling (LAGUN): MNTR, ISO 40, Bed Length
1000mmX400mmX350mm.
LATHE (Rajkot) : Medium Duty, SOB-300mm,
CO2 Welding M/C: 250A
CNC Turning Centre: ~LOKESH TL-20 OD — 200mm(Max),
Length 400mm(na
Micrometric Cylindrical Grinding M/C: OD 350mm(Max), Length
1000mm(Max)ID 200mm(Max.Apprx), Dia 16mm (min).
Gear Hobbing M/C: (Up to 8 Modules) Future Project.
1.5.2 LIST OF INSTRUMENTS.
Vernier (Analog): 0-300mm, LC 0.02mm,
2. Vernier Height Gauge: 0-300mm, LC0.02mm
3. Plunger Dial Gauge (Mitutoyo): 0-10mm, 0.01mm, 0.001mm OD
4. Micrometer: 0-25mm, 25-S0mm, 50-75mm, 75-L00mm, 100-125mm,125-
150mm,150-175mm, 175-200mm, 200-225mm, 225-250mm, 250-275mm,
275-300mm
5. Bore Gauge: 18-300mm
6. Bevel Protractor, Radius Gauge, Calipers, Pitch Gauge Ete.
1.7 Clients
regqgO S SAFRAN ae ~
WASALS
on imeeCHAPTER 2: ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
2.1 Manufacturing Processes
Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation. Manufacturing and
technical staff in industry must know the various manufacturing processes, materials
being processed, tools and equipments for manufactu
2 different components or
products with optimal proces
plan using proper precautions and specified safety
rules to avoid accidents. Beside above, all kinds of the future engineers must know
the basic requirements of workshop activities in term of man, machine, material,
methods, money and other infrastructure facilities needed to be positioned properly
for optimal shop layouts or plant layout and other support services effectively
adjusted or located in the industry or plant within a well-planned manufacturing
organization.
The complete understanding of basic manufacturing processes and workshop
technology is highly difficult for anyone to claim expertise over it, The study deals
With several aspects of workshops practices also for imparting the basic working
knowledge of the different engineering materials, tools, equipments, manufacturing
processes, basic concepts of electro- mechanical controls of machine tools,
production criteria’s, characteristics and uses of various testing instruments and
measuring or inspecting devices for checking components or produets manufactured
and
in various manufacturing shops in an industrial environment, It also describe
demonstrates the use of different hand tools (measuring, marking, holding and
supporting tools, cutting ete.), equipments,
hinery and various methods of
manufacturing that facilitate shaping or forming the different existing raw materials
into suitable usable forms. It deals with the study of industrial environment which
involves the practical knowledge in the area of ferrous and non-ferrous materials, their
properties and uses. It should provide the knowledge of basic workshop processes
namely bench work and fitting, sheet metal, carpentry, pattern making, mould making,
foundry, smithy, forging, metal working and heat treatment, welding, fastening,
machine shop, surface finishing and coatings, assembling inspection and quality
control, It emphasizes on basic knowledge regarding composition, properties and uses
of different raw materials, various production processes, replacement of orimprovement over a large number of old process
s, new and compact designs, better
accuracy in dimensions, quicker methods of production, better surface finishes, more
alternatives to the existing materials and tooling systems, automatic and numerical
control systems, higher mechanization and greater output.
2.2 Machining Processes
Machining is a process in which a piece of raw material is cut into a desired
final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process. There are two types of
machining Process
© Conventional Machining Process.
* Non-Conventional Machining Process.
2.2.1 Conventional Machining Process.
It is nothing but the process in which the material is removed by the direct
contact between tool and work piece. The energy is utilized to rotate either work piece
or tool, and the cutting tool should be harder than work piece.
© Lathe
* Drilling Machine
© Milling Machine
© Grinding Machine
1 Lathe
A lathe is a machine which is used for shaping wood & metals (ferrous
and non-ferrous), phosphorous bronze, copper, nylon etc.
: LATHE (Rajkot) : Medium Duty, SOB-300mm,Operations in lathe
© Facing:
Facing is used to make a flat surface at the end of the work piece. The work
part should be rotating and the implied feed should be radial.
© Contour turning:
In this operation of lathe machine the too! is not fed in a straight path. Instead
the tool follows a contour. A contoured form is ereated in the turned part.
© Form turning:
In this method a special shaped tool is used. The tool is inserted radially.
© Taper turning:
Like contour turning the tool is not fed parallel to the axis of rotation of the
work part, The tool is fed at an angle. This turning operation gives
a conical and taper cylindrical shape.
© Cutoff or Parting:
In parting operation the tool is fed radially and the end part of the work piece
is cut off.
© Boring:
A single point tool head
fed linearly to the end of the work piece (on the
inside diameter).
© Threading:
A pointed tool is used at the outside surface of the work piece with linear feed
to create a thread.
© Drilling:
Drilling and reaming is done by feeding the lathe tool along the axis of the
rotating job part.
© Knurting:
It is a metal forming method which creates a regular cross hatched pattern. It
is not a machining process. It does not involve any cutting of the metal.
© Grooving:
The term grooving usually applies to a process of forming a narrow cavity of
a certain depth, on a cylinder, cone, or a face of the part.Tolerance achieved in lathe: 100 microns (0.1mm)
Average roughness value can be achieve in lathe 1.6 above
Turning operations cannot be done after heat treatment. Can be done by using certain
special tips up to certain extent of 35-40Hre
Types of tool material used in lathe
© Carbide
© High speed steel (HSS)
© Diamond
Types of Lathe Machine
* Speed Lathe! Wood Lathe
© Engine lathe
* Tool room lathe
© Capstan lathe and turret lathe
© Special purpose lathe
© Wheel lathe
© Automatic lathe
© CNC lathe
© Crank shaft lathe
© Vertical lathe
2.2.1.1(a) CNC Turning
© Turing done by programming according to the desired shapes in drawing
* Its preferred over conventional when there is complex shapes in turning
which cannot be achieved in conventionalFig.2.2: CNC Turning Centre: Z-Mat TL-20 OD 200mm(Max),
Length 400mm(max)
Advantages of CNC Machine
CNC Machines have following advantages —
CNC machines can be used continuously 24*7 throughout the year and only
need to be switched off for occasional maintenance.
Less skilled/Arained people can operate CNC machines unlike manual lathes /
milling machines ete. which nee
illed engineers.
Time saving when compared to conventional turning
Normally used for batch or mass productions
Modern design software allows the designer to simulate the manufacture of
his/her idea. There is no need to make a prototype or a model. This saves time
and money.
Tolerance achieved in CNC Machines: up to 10 microns (0.01mm)
Average roughness value can be achieved is 0.82.2.1.2 Drilling Machine
Drilling is an operation of producing a cylindrical hole of required diameter and
depth by removing metal by the rotating edges of a drill
MOTOR
eo
moron switch, , VARIABLE SPEED CONTROL
TOOL HEAD \ =
<. JA QUILL FEED HAND LEVER
QUILL FEED RATE Ss ar
SELECTOR———___» . = “DIGITAL READOUT
r
7
QUILL FEED HANDWHEEL— = &
SPINDLE”
‘TABLE
casera TABLE LOCKS
CRANK HANDLE
<——— RAM
at <— pam Locks
a RAM ADJUST
“~— HANDLE
TABLE STOP DOGS
VERTICLE a
KNEE TRAVERSE
CRANK
BASE———"| SADDLE TRAVERSE
‘CRANK
Fig.2.3: DRO Drilling Machine
Operations Performed in Drilling Machine
Drilling
Drilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole of required diameter and
depth by removing metal by the rotating edge of a cutting tool called drillReaming
Reaming is an accurate way of sizing and finishing a hole which has been previously
drilled by a multi-point cutting tool known as reamer.
Boring
Boring is the operation enlarging the diameter of the previously made hole.
Counter boring
Process of enlarging a drilled hole along part of the length of the hole by drilling with
a greater diameter
Countersinking
Countersinking is the operation of making a cone shaped enlargement at the start
iz
of the hole, The included angle of the conical surface may be in the range of 45° to
90°
Spot Faci
Spot facing is the operation of smoothing and squaring the surface around a hole. It is
done to provide proper seating for a nut or the head of a screw.
Tapping
Tapping is the operation of cutting internal threads by means of a cutting tool called
‘tap’
Trepanning
Trepanning is an annular groove producing operation which leaves a solid cylindrical
core in the centre
Tolerance achieved in Drilling Machine: 100 microns (0.1mm) in drill bits
20 microns (0.02) in reamers
‘Types of drilling Machine
1. Portable drilling machine (or) Hand drilling machine
Sensitive drilling machine (or) Bench drilling machine
3. Upright drilling machine
4. Radial drilling machine5. Gang drilling machine
6. Multiple spindle drilling machine
7. Deep hole drilling machine
2.2.1.3 Milling Machine
Milling is the process of machining using rotary cutters to remove material by
advaneing a cutter into work piece.
VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
‘A has
@ VenricaL wean
e oun
© TAmue
& Sanne
© CROBEFEED HANOLE
G VERTICAL Peed Crane
ARNE
Fig. 2.4: Milling Machine
Operations performed in Milling Machine
Plain mill
As the name implies, this operation used to get plain surface. In this milling, the
cutting tool axis is parallel to the machining surface or the face of the machiningEnd milling:
In this operation, the cutting tool axis is perpendicular to the machining surface
or the face of the machining surface. It is used to perform pocket milling, small
slotting operations
Gang milling:
In this operation more than one milling cutters which are in different shapes and
size are used for machining. To get the desire shape in one pass.
Straddle milling:
In this operation, two or more parallel vertical surface machined in a single
pass. In this milling the work piece is situated between the two cutters which can
machined the surface vertically.
Slotting:”
In this operation slots are cut by a cutter on the work piece. The slots are in
various shapes like circular, rectangular ete. and sizes according to the requirement.
Angular milling:
In this operation, surfaces which are at an angle to the axis of the cutter, is
machined by the rotary cutter.
Tolerance achieved in milling machine: 100 microns
‘Types if Milling Machines
1. Column and knee type milling machine
© Vertical milling machine
* Horizontal milling machine
© Universal milling machine
2. Fixed bed milling machine
Simplex milling machine
© Duplex milling machine
Triplex milling machine
3. Planner milling machine
4. Special milling machine* Tracer milling machine
© CNC milling machine.
Average roughness value that can be achieved is 0000 and it’s above
Tolerance can be achieved is ~ (+ or - 0.1mm)
2.2.1.3(a) CNC Milling Machine
.
eee
Machine will operates on predefined program according to the desired shape
Types — Horizontal and Vertical Milling Machine
Types based on axis ~3Axis, 4Axis, SAXis
Complex shapes can be achieved which cannot
chieved in conventional
chieved up to 0.01 mm(10 microns)
Average Roughness value ~ 0.8
Tolerance that can be achieve is -0.01mm(10 microns)
Flatness can be
VMC( Vertical milling Centre)
Here Spindle is placed vertical y (perpendicular) to the job
Horizontal milling centre
Spindle is placed horizontal
Normally the industries uses the 3Axis Machine
2.2.1.4 Grinding Machine
2.2.1.4(a) Surface Grinding
© Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the
cutting tool
© The Grinding wheel is made up of abrasive particles
© Surface grinding is used to produce a smooth finish on flat surfaces.Types of surface grinding machines are:
1. Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table
2. Vertical spindle and reciprocating table
‘A: rotation of grinding wheel B: reciprocation of worktable
‘C: down feed of grinding whee!
‘A: rotation of grinding wheel
1: table rotation
6: table reciprocation
D: down feed of grinding whee!cess is 0.3 and above
ge roughness can be achieved in this pro’
ed is 0.002mm (2 microns)
Avera:
Tolerance can be achiev
js 0.002mm (2 microns)
Flatness can be achieve !
2.2.1.4(b) CYLINDRICAL GRINDING
This machine is used to grind external cylindrical surface and inner cylindrical surfac
Types of Cylindrical grinding machine
Plain centre type cylindrical
Universal cylindrical surface grinder
veNe
Centre less cylindrical surface grinderWORK REST
Schematic representation of Universal cylindrical surface grinder
Normally in industries Universal cylindrical surface grinder are used due to i
flexibility when compared to other two
The Average Roughness value can be achieved 0.3-0.8
Maximum tolerance that can be achieved in the machine is
.002mm
The grinding surfaces may be straight, tapered, steps, or ID grinding
Centre less cylindrical surface grinder used, when the job can’t hold betweer
the 2centres, and when concentricity is not required
2.2.1.4.(c) CENTRELESS GRINDINGTypes of Non-traditional Machining
+ Ultrasonic Machining (USM)
+ Water-Jet Machining & Abrasive-Jet Machining
+ Chemical Machining
+ Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
+ Electrical-Discharge Machining (EDM)
+ High-Energy-Beam Mi
chining
~—Laser-beam machining (LBM)
~Electron-beam machining (EBM)
Why Non-traditional Machining?
© Situations where traditional machining processes are unsatisfactory or
uneconomical:
© Work piece material is too hard, strong, or tough
*® Work piece is too flexible to resist cutting forces or too difficult to
clamp
© Part shape is very complex with internal or external profiles or small
holes.
© Requirements for surface finish and tolerances are very high
© Temperature rise or residual stresses are undesirable or unacceptable2.2.2.1 Water Jet Machining (WJM)
Schematic Layout of WIM
Accumulator ‘ica
WIM is a form of micro erosion. It works by forcing a large volume of water
through a small orifice in the nozzle. The extreme pressure of the accelerated
water particles contacts a small area of the workpiece and acts like a saw and
cuts anarrow groove in the material,
*Pros: no need for predrilled holes, no heat, no work piece deflection (hence
suitable for flexible materials), minimal burr, environmentally friendly.
* Cons: limited to material with naturally occurring small cracks or softer
material.
+ Applications:
Mostly used to cut lower strength materials such as wood, plastics, rubber,
paper, leather, composite, ete.
—Food preparation
-Good for materials that cannot withstand high temperatures of other methods
for stress distortion or metallurgical reasons.
2.2.2.2 Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
* EDM is one of the most accurate while quite affordable manufacturing
processes* Principle - Electrical discharge machining process works on the
basic principle of spark generation and metal removed by spark erosion.
‘* The EDM system consists ofa shaped tool or wire electrode
© The part is connected to a power supply to create a potential difference
between the work piece and the tool.
© When the potential difference is sufficiently high, a transient spark
discharges through the fluid, removing a very small amount of metal from
the work piece.
The dielectric fluid
1) acts as an insulator until the potential is sufficiently high,
2) Acts as a flushing medium, and
3) Provides a cooling medium,
Types of EDM
1. Sparking
2. Wire Cutting or Wire EDM
2.2.2.2(a)Sparking
* Tool used for sparking is COPPER
‘* Copper is used because it is highly conductive material
© Tolerance can be achieved is 0.001mm
‘* Sparking is used when the material has to remove up to particular depth in the
job.
Servo Motor
Too! Blectrode
Dielectric Task
Dielectric
Inter-electrode gap
Worl piece
Fixtore
The above picture is for sparking2.2.2.2(b) Wire Cutting Machine
© Type of wire used in process is BRASS
© Diameter of the wire is 0.25mm ~ 0.3mm
© Tolerance can be achieved is 0.001mm
© Average roughness value can we get is 0.8
© Wire cutting is used to cut the material only when the wire is allowed to pass
through the job
Wire Suppiy
Wire electrode
Dielectric
‘Supply nn
Pulse generator
Wire take up
wheel
Above picture is for wire cutting EDM
2.3 Measuring tools used in Manufacturing Process
1. Vernier calliper
2. Micrometre
3. Dial gauge
4. Bore gauge
5. Vernier height gauge
6. Try squareVernier calliper
Vernier callipers have both a fixed main scale and a moving vernier scale.
INTERNAL
ar METRICIINGH LOCKING
~) BUTTON SCREW
Power” zeno DEPTH MEASURING
Gucrr SETTING BAe
i
EXTERNAL
Sans
Micrometer
A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device
incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for accurate measurement of
components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical
trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital
callipers.
Dial gauge
© A gauge consisting of a circular graduated dial and a pointer actuated by a
member that contact with the part being calibrated,
© Dial indicators are one of the primary measuring tools used in preci
building.
jon engine© They are typically used to measure deck clearances, crankshaft thrust and
straightness, lifter travel and other measurements that involve the distance
between two surfaces or small amounts of component travel.
Bore Gauge
A bore gauge is a collective term for the tools that are unique to the process of
accurately measuring holes
Vernier height g:
uge
A height gauge is a measuring device used for determining the height of objects, and
for marking of items to be worked on Height gauges may also be used to measure the
height of an object by using the underside of the seriber as the datum.GD&T
Symbol
Name
Summary Description
Straightness
Controls the straightness of a feature in relation to its
own perfect form
Flatness Controls the flatness of a surface in relation to its own
perfect form
Circularity Controls the form of a revolved surface in relation to
its own perfect form by independent cross sections
Cylindricity Like circularity, but applies simultaneously to entire
surface
Profile of a Surface
Controls size and form of a feature. In addition it
controls the location and orientation when a datum
reference frame is used.
Profile of a Line
Similar to profile of a surface, applies to cross sections
of a feature
Perpendicularity
Controls the orientation of a feature which is
nominally perpendicular to the primary datum of its
datum reference frame
Angularity
Parallelism
Controls orientation of a feature at a specific angle in
relation to the primary datum of its datum reference
frame
Controls orientation of a feature which is nominally
parallel to the primary datum of its datum reference
frameCircular run out | Controls circularity and coaxially of each circular
A segment ofa sutfice ladependently ebout a conkial
datum
Total run out Controls circularity, straightness, coaxiiality, and tap
aA of a cylindrical surface about a coaxial datum
3.2 Surface Roughness and Symbols
Surface roughness often shortened to roughness, is a component of surfe
lexture. Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object w
interact with its environment. Roughness is often a good predictor of the performan
of a mechanical component, since irregularities on the surface may form nucleati
sites for cracks or corrosion. On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion.
Value of Roughness Rainmm | Roughness - grade symbol! Roughness grade number3.3 Engineering Drawing
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used to convey
information about an object. A common use is to specify the geometry necessary for
the construction of a component and is culled a detail drawing. Usually, a number of
drawings are necessary to completely specify even a simple component, The drawings
are linked together by a master drawing or assembly drawing which gives the drawing
numbers
of the subsequent detailed components, quantities required, construction
materials and possibly 3D images that can be used to locate individual items.
Although mostly consisting of pictographic representations, abbreviations and
symbols are used for brevity and additional textual explanations may also be provided
to convey the necessary information.
The process of producing engineering drawings is often referred to as technical
drawing or drafting. Drawings ty
ally contain multiple views of a component,
although additional seratch views may be added of details for further explanation.
Only the information that is a requirement is typically specified. Key information
such as dimensions is usually only specified in one place on a drawing, avoiding
redundancy and the possibility of inconsistency. Suitable tolerances are given for
critical dimensions to allow the component to be manufactured and function, More
detailed production drawings may be produced based on the information given in an
engineering drawing. Drawings have a
information box or title block containing who
drew the drawing, who approved it, units of dimensions, meaning of views, the title of
the drawing and the drawing number.STOUT CR
100
(40)We hope you like the object in Figure 3.1, because you'll be seeing a lot of it. Before
we get started on any technical drawings, let's get a good look at this strange block
from several angles.