Course: Basic Electronics (EC21101)

Course Instructor: Prof. Kapil Debnath

Chapter 2: RLC Circuits

• Contact Email: [email protected]

• website: https://kdebnath8.wixsite.com/nanophotonics
• Office: R205, ECE Dept, Discussion time: Friday 5pm
 Components of an Electronic Circuit

Passive components: components which can not supply

energy to the circuit themselves.
Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, diode etc.

Active components: components which can supply energy

to the circuit or control the energy flow.
Battery, Transistor, AC signal generator etc.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

Components of an Electronics Circuit
Image Symbol

Resistor

Inductor

Capacitor

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Components of an Electronics Circuit
Image Symbol

Diode

Transistor

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Signals in Electronic System
DC power supply input

Signal input Signal output

Electronic Circuit

Ground or reference

Voice signal
Analog Electronic Circuit:
The signals are continuously variable

Binary signal

Digital Electronic Circuit:

The signals usually takes two or more levels

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Electronic System
Consists of multiple passive and active components to alter
or modify an incoming electrical signal
Analog system

Amplifier

Amplifying
Converting sound waves electrical
into electrical signal signal

Digital system

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Circuits with passive components
Current-voltage relationship

Resistor Capacitor Inductor

+ v - + v - + v -

i i i
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒊
𝒗 = 𝒊𝑹 𝒊=𝑪 𝒗=𝑳
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Circuits with passive components
Impedance
Resistor Capacitor Inductor

+ v - + v - + v -

i i i
𝟏
𝒁𝑹 = 𝑹 𝒁𝑪 = −𝒋 𝒁𝑳 = 𝒋𝝎𝑳
𝝎𝑪

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Sources
Voltage Source

A voltage source is a two-terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage

An ideal voltage source can maintain the fixed voltage independent of the load
resistance or the output current.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Sources
Voltage Source

A voltage source is a two-terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage

In a real voltage source the terminal voltage changes with the load resistance or
the output current.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Sources
Voltage Source

A voltage source is a two-terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage

In a real voltage source the terminal voltage changes with the load resistance or
the output current.

V
Rs

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Sources
Current Source

A current source is an electronic circuit that delivers or absorbs an electric

current which is independent of the voltage across it.
An ideal current source generates a current that is independent of the voltage
changes across it.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Sources
Current Source

A current source is an electronic circuit that delivers or absorbs an electric

current which is independent of the voltage across it.
A real current source generates a current that varies as the voltage changes
across it.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Sources
Current Source

A current source is an electronic circuit that delivers or absorbs an electric

current which is independent of the voltage across it.
In a real current source generates a current that varies as the voltage changes
across it.

Rs

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Kirchhoffs Circuit Law

Kirchhoffs Current Law

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Superposition Theorem
Superposition theorem states that in any linear electrical network having more
than one source, the response across any element is the sum of the responses
obtained from each source considered separately and all other sources are
replaced by their internal resistance.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Superposition Theorem
Superposition theorem states that in any linear electrical network having more
than one source, the response across any element is the sum of the responses
obtained from each source considered separately and all other sources are
replaced by their internal resistance.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Superposition Theorem
Superposition theorem states that in any linear electrical network having more
than one source, the response across any element is the sum of the responses
obtained from each source considered separately and all other sources are
replaced by their internal resistance.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Superposition Theorem
Superposition theorem states that in any linear electrical network having more
than one source, the response across any element is the sum of the responses
obtained from each source considered separately and all other sources are
replaced by their internal resistance.

i3

i3 = i3’ + i3’’
EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur
 Thevenin’s theorem
Any linear circuit containing several voltage sources and impedances can be
replaced by just one single voltage source in series with a single impedance
connected across the load

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Thevenin’s theorem
Example: consider the following circuit. Find out the current through the load resistance
(40Ω) using Thevenin’s theorem

Step1: The value of the equivalent

resistance, Rs is found by calculating
the total resistance looking back from
the terminals A and B with all the
voltage sources shorted.

Step2: The value of the equivalent

voltage, Vs can be found by
disconnecting the load resistance and
calculating the open circuit voltage
between AB.

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 R,L,C Filter circuits
Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted frequency components (noise) from
an electrical signal

Ideal filter response:

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

R,L,C Filter circuits

Amplifier Storage

Car horn
Siren
Road traffic

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

R,L,C Filter circuits

Amplifier Storage

Car horn
Siren
Road traffic

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

R,L,C Filter circuits

Filter
Amplifier Storage
Circuit

Car horn
Siren
Road traffic

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 R,L,C Filter circuits
RC Circuit

Check
• What happens when frequency is zero
• What happens when frequency is infinite

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 R,L,C Filter circuits
RC Circuit

Low pass filter: Blocks high frequency signals

1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 + 1

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

R,L,C Filter circuits

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 R,L,C Filter circuits
RC Circuit

High pass filter: Blocks low frequency signals

𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 + 1
EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur
 R,L,C Filter circuits
Exercise: What type of filters are the following circuits

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur

 Transient Response of an RC circuits
Consider Vi is a DC voltage source connected in series with a resistance R and a
capacitance C through a switch. If at time t=0, the switch is closed, then what would be
the voltage across the capacitor and the current through it?
S R Current through C:
𝑑𝑣𝑜
𝑖 𝑡 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Vi C vo
i Using KVL in the circuit:
V𝑖 = 𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝑜
⇒ V𝑖 = 𝑖𝑅 + 𝑣𝑜
𝑑𝑣𝑜
⇒ V𝑖 = 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑣𝑜
𝑣𝑜 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
V𝑖 Solution to this non-homogeneous
V𝑖
𝑅 ordinary differential equation is
𝑡
𝑣𝑜 = V𝑖 (1 − 𝑒 − 𝑅𝐶 )

V𝑖 −𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 𝑖= 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅
How does RC product effect the response?
EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur
 RC Circuit as integrator
R

Output waveform (vo)

vi C vo For moderate value of RC and

i moderate frequency

Input waveform (vi)

𝑣𝑖 −𝑣𝑜
Current through the resistor: 𝑖𝑅 = 𝑅
𝑑𝑣
Current through the capacitor: 𝑖𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑡𝑜
But, 𝑖𝐶 = 𝑖𝑅
𝑑𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑖 −𝑣𝑜
So, 𝐶 = t
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 T
1
For 𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝑇 and 𝑅 ≫ 𝑗𝜔𝐶, then 𝑣𝑜 ≪ 𝑣𝑖
Output waveform (vo)
𝑑𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑖
Therefore we can write: 𝐶 ≈ Either 𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝑇 or frequency is very high
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
𝟏 𝒕
or, 𝒗𝒐 ≈ 𝑹𝑪 𝒗 𝒅𝒕 +
𝒐 𝒊𝒏
𝑽𝑪
𝑉𝐶 is the initial voltage of the capacitor
EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur
 RC Circuit as differentiator
+ 𝑣𝑐 −

vi R vo
i

𝑑𝑣𝑐
Current through the capacitor: 𝑖𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑡
1
If 𝑅𝐶 ≪ 𝑇 or the frequency is very low (i.e. 𝑅 ≪ 𝑗𝜔𝐶)
Then 𝑣𝑐 ≈ 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑣𝑖
So 𝑖 = 𝑖𝐶 ≈ 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑖
Now, 𝑣𝑜 ≈ 𝑖𝑅 = 𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒗𝒊
i.e. 𝒗𝒐 ≈ 𝑹𝑪 𝒅𝒕

EC21101, Dr. Kapil Debnath, ECE Dept, IIT Kharagpur