CHAPTER 1 THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: >> Compare and contrast microprocessors and microcontrollers > Describe the advantages of microcontrollers for some applications >> Explain the concept of embedded systems > Discuss criteria to consider in choosing a microcontroller > Explain the variations of speed, packaging, memory, and cost per unit and how these affect choosing a microcontroller >> Compare and contrast the various members of the 8051 family > Compare 8051 microcontrollers offered by various manufacturersxussion of the role and importance of micro, 1.1 we also discuss criteria to consider in choosing a microcontroller, as well as the use of microcontrollers in the embed. ded market. Section 1.2 covers various members of the 8051 family such as the 8052 and 8031, and their features. In addition, we discuss various versions of the 8051 such as the 8751, AT89C51, and DS5000. This chapter begins with a disc controllers in everyday life. In Section SECTION 1.1: MICROCONTROLLERS AND EMBEDDED PROCESSORS In this section we discuss the need for microcontrollers and contrast them with general-purpose microprocessors such as the Pentium and other x86 micro- processors. We also look at the role of microcontrollers in the embedded market, In addition, we provide some criteria on how to choose a microcontroller. Microcontroller versus general-purpose microprocessor What is the difference between a microprocessor and microcontroller? By microprocessor is meant the general-purpose microprocessors such as Intel’s x86 family (8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, and the Pentium) or Motorola’s 680x0 fami- ly (68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, etc.). These microprocessors contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/O ports on the chip itself. For this reason, they are com- monly referred to as general-purpose microprocessors. Data bus CPU CPU | RAM] ROM General- Serial Purpose | | RAM|}ROM|| 1/0 | |Timer| | COM Micro- Port Port VO | Timer | Serial processor COM Port ‘Address bus (a) General-Purpose Microprocessor System (b) Microcontroller Figure 1-1. Microprocessor System Contrasted With Microcontroller System __A system designer using a general-purpose microy e Pentium or the 68040 mus add RAM, ROM, UO ports, and tine cxoraly to make them functional. Although the addition of extemal RAM, ROM, and V/O Ports makes these systems bulkier and much more expensive, they have the advan- tage of versatility such that the designer can decide on the amount of RAM, ROM, and /O ports needed to fit the task at hand. This is not the case with mierocon. trollers. A microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed am of RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words, Processor, the RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timer are all embedded together on one chip; therefore, the designer cannot add any external memory, I/O, or timer toHo Applian Intercom Telephones Security systems Garage door openers Answering machines Fax machines Home computers TVs Cable TV tuner VR Cameorder Remote controls Video games Cellular phones Musical instruments Sewing machines Lighting control Paging Camera Pinball machines Toys Exercise equipment Office lephones, Computers Security systems Fax machine Microwave Copier Laser printer Color printer Paging Auto Trip computer Engine control Air bag ABS Instrumentation Security system Transmission control Entertainment Climate control Cellular phone Keyless entry Table 1-1; Some Embedded Products Wy applications, for example a TV remote control, there is no need for the computing power of a 486 or even an 8086 microprocessor. In many applications, the space it takes, the power it consumes, and the price per unit are much more critical considerations than the computing power. These applications most ofien require some 1/O operations to read signals and turn on and off certain bits. For this reason some call these processors IBP, “itty-bitty processors” (see “Good Things in Small Packages Are Generating Big Product Opportunities” by Rick Grehan, BYTE magazine, September 1994; www.byte.com, for an excel- lent discussion of microcontrollers). I is interesting to note that some microcontroller manu- facturers have gone as far as integrating an ADC (analog-to-digi tal converter) and other peripherals into the microcontroller. Microcontrollers for embedded systems In the literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term embedded system. Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products, An embedded product uses a microprocessor (or microcontroller) to do one task and one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task only; namely, get- ting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a Pentium-based PC (or any x86 IBM-compatible PC). A PC can be used for any number of applications such as word processor, print-server, bank teller terminal, video game player, network server, or internet ter- minal. Software for a variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a PC can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the appli- cation software into RAM and lets the CPU run it. In an embed- ded system, there is only one application software that is typical- ly burned into ROM. An x86 PC contains or is connected to var- ious embedded products such as the keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM driver, mouse, and so on. Each one of these peripherals has a microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For example, inside every mouse there is, a microcontroller to perform the task of finding the mouse posi- tion and sending it to the PC. Table 1-1 lists some embedded products. X86 PC embedded applications Although microcontrollers are the preferred choice for many embedded systems, there are times that a microcontroller is inadequate for the task. For this reason, in recent years many manufacturers of general-purpose microprocessors such as Intel, Motorola, AMD (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.), and Cyrix (now a division of National Semiconductor, Inc.) have targeted SS CHAPTER 1: THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS 25h end of the embedded market. While Intel, AMD, and Cyrix push their x86 processors for both the embedded and desk-top PC mar. kets, Motorola is determined to keep the 68000 family alive by targeting it main ly for the high end of embedded systems now that Apple no longer uses the 680x0 in their Macintosh. In the early 1990s Apple computer began using Power PC microprocessors (604, 603, 620, etc.) in place of the 680x0 for the Macintosh, The Power PC microprocessor is a joint venture between IBM and Motorola, and is targeted for the high end of the embedded market as well as the PC market. It must be noted that when a company targets a general-purpose microprocessor for the embedded market it optimizes the processor used for embedded systems. For this reason these processors are often called high-end embedded processors. Very often the terms embedded processor and microcontroller are used interchangeably. One of the most critical needs of an embedded system is to decrease power consumption and space. This can be achieved by integrating more functions into the CPU chip. All the embedded processors based on the x86 and 680x0 have low power consumption in addition to some forms of I/O, COM port, and ROM all on a single chip. In high-performance embedded processors, the trend is to integrate more and more functions on the CPU chip and let the designer decide which fea- tures he/she wants to use. This trend is invading PC system design as well, Normally, in designing the PC motherboard we need a CPU plus a chip-set con- taining /O, a cache controller, a flash ROM containing BIOS, and finally a sec- ondary cache memory. New designs are emerging in industry. For example, Cyrix has announced that it is working on a chip that contains the entire PC, except for DRAM. In other words, we are about to see an entire computer on a chip. Currently, because of MS-DOS and Windows standardization many embedded systems are using x86 PCs. In many cases using x86 PCs for the high- end embedded applications not only saves money but also shortens development time since there is a vast library of software already written for the DOS and Windows platforms. The fact that Windows is a widely used and well understood platform means that developing a Windows-based embedded product reduces the cost and shortens the development time considerably. their microprocessor for the hig! Choosing a microcontroller There are four major 8-bit microcontrollers. They are: Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8, and PIC 16X from Microchip Technology. Each of the above microcontrollers has a unique instruction set and register set; therefore, they are not compatible with each other. Programs written for one will not run on the others. There are also 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers made by various chip makers, With all these different microcontrollers, what eriteria do designers con- sider in choosing one? Three criteria in choosing microcontrollers are as follows: (1) meeting the computing needs of the task at hand efficiently and cost effective- 'y, (2) availability of software development tools such as compilers, assemblers, and debuggers, and (3) wide availability and reliable sources of the microcon. troller. Next we elaborate further on each of the above criteria oS 26Criteria for choo: ig a microcontroller 1. The first and foremost criterion in choosing a microcontroller is that it must ‘meet the task at hand efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a microcontroller-based project, we must first see whether an 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit microcontroller can best handle the computing needs of the task most effectively. Among other considerations in this category are: (a) Speed. What is the highest speed that the microcontroller supports? (b) Packaging. Does it come in 40-pin DIP (dual inline package) or a QFP (quad flat package), or some other packaging format? This is important in terms of space, assembling, and prototyping the end product. (c) Power consumption. This is especially critical for battery-powered prod- ucts. (d) The amount of RAM and ROM on chip. (e) The number of 1/0 pins and the timer on the chip, (1) How easy it is to upgrade to higher-performance or lower power-con- sumption versions. (g) Cost per unit. This is important in terms of the final cost of the product in which a microcontroller is used. For example, there are microcontrollers that cost $0 cents per unit when purchased 100,000 units at a time. 2. The second criterion in choosing a microcontroller is how easy it is to devel- op products around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assem- bler, debugger, a code-efficient C language compiler, emulator, technical sup- port, and both in-house and outside expertise. In many cases, third-party vei dor (that is, a supplier other than the chip manufacturer) support for the chi as good as, if not better than, support from the chip manufacturer. 3. The third criterion in choosing a microcontroller is its ready availability in needed quantities both now and in the future. For some designers this is even more important than the first two criteria. Currently, of the leading 8-bit micro- controllers, the 8051 family has the largest number of diversified (multiple source) suppliers. By supplier is meant a producer besides the originator of the Table 1-2: Some Companies Producing a Member of —_™icrocontroller. In the case Leaisiaaeie of the 8051, which was orig- —e wns inated by Intel, several com- Compan: Web Site panies also currently pro- Intel wwwaintel.com/design/mesS!___ duce (or have produced in Atmel___wwwaatmel.com_ the past) the 8051. These Philips/Signetics __www.semiconductors.philips.com companies include: Intel, Siemens wow.sei.siemens.com Aunel, Philips/Signetics, Dallas Semiconductor_www.dalsemi.com AMD, Siemens, Matra, and Dallas Semiconductor. It should be noted that Motorola, Zilog, and Microchip ‘Technology have all dedicated massive resources to ensure wide and timely availability of their product since their product is stable, mature, and single sourced. In recent years they also have begun to sell the ASIC library cell of the microcontroller. ee CHAPTER 1: THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS 27Review Questions 1. True or false. Microcontrollers are normally less expensive than microproces- so 2. When comparing a system board based on a pose microprocessor, which one is cheaper? ; ‘A microcontroller normally has which of the following devices on-chip? (a) RAM (b) ROM (V0 (4) all of the above 4. A general-purpose microprocessor normally needs which of the following devices to be attached to it? (a) RAM (b) ROM () V0 (d) all of the above 5. An embedded system is also called a dedicated system. Why? What does the term embedded system mean? Why does having multiple sources of a given product matter? microcontroller and a general-pur- ae SECTION 1.2: OVERVIEW OF THE 8051 FAMILY In this section we first look at the various members of the 8051 family of microcontrollers and their internal features. Plus we see who are the different man- ufacturers of the 8051 and what kind of products they offer. A brief history of the 8051 In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called the 8051. This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports (each 8-bits wide) all on a single chip. At the time it was also referred to as a “system on a chip.” The 8051 is an 8-bit proces- sor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 has a total of four 1/0 ports, each 8 bits wide. See Figure 1-2. Although the 8051 can have a maximum of 64K bytes of on-chip ROM, many manufacturers have put only 4K bytes on the chip. This will be discussed in more detail later. The 8051 became widely popular after Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and market any flavor of the 8051 they please with the condition that they remain code-compatible with the 8051. This has led to many versions of the 8051 with different speeds and amounts of on-chip ROM marketed by more than half a dozen manufacturers. Next we review some of them. It is important to note that although there are different flavors of the 8051 in terms " 8051 of speed and amount of on-chip ROM, they are all com. 2&2 Features ofthe patible with the original 8051 as far as the instructions are Feature juantity concerned. This means that if you write your program for ROM. aK bytes one, it will run on any one of them regardless of the man. RAM anaes 125 ufacturer, STE ii i 32 8051 microcontroller ae Serial port i The 8051 is the original member of the 8051 fam- !terTupt sources _6_— ily Intel refers to it as MCS-51, Table 1-3 shows the maine” ROM amount indices 0”? features of the 805 Program spaceEXTERNAL INTERRUPTS ON-CHIP Q Vey, ROM 2 INTERRUPT |< for ETC. a CONTROL |< program ‘ON-CHIP TIMER 0 |< q code BAM TIMER 1 |< } fe + “ 5 cpu aan BUS 40 SERIAL, osc CONTROL PORTS PORT ttt i rls eT y PO P1 P2 P3 TXD RXD —— ADDRESSIDATA Figure 1-2. Inside the 8051 Microcontroller Block Diagram Other members of the 8051 family ‘There are two other members in the 8051 family of microcontrollers. They are the 8052 and the 8031 8052 microcontroller The 8052 is another member of the 8051 family. The 8052 has all the stan- dard features of the 8051 in addition to an extra 128 bytes of RAM and an extra timer. In other words, the 8052 has 256 bytes of RAM and 3 timers. It also has 8K bytes of on-chip program ROM instead of 4K bytes. See Table 1-4, ‘Table 1-4: Comparison of 8051 Family Members 8051 8052 8031 Feature ROM (on-chip program space in bytes) 4K. 8K OK RAM (bytes 128 256 128 Timers 2 3 2 VO pins 32 32 32 Serial port 1 1 1 Interrupt sources 6 8 6 ‘As can be seen from Table 1-4, the 8051 is a subset of the 8052; therefore, all programs written for the 8051 will run on the 8052, but the reverse is not true $$ CHAPTER I: THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS. 298031 microcontroller ‘ 8031 chip. This chip is often Another member of the 8051 family is the § eS ROM To aT referred to as a ROM-less 8051 since it has OK by Pea must contain the pro- chip you must add external ROM to it. This external ROM Mast Sanh pio: aya tha the 8031 will fetch and execute rai and ecient eta 5 rogram to C ie ae ea Sree ROM containing the program NaI sae be as large as 64K bytes. In the process of adding cua lei ee lose two ports. That leaves only 2 ports (of the 4 ports) for er mene oi this problem, you can add external 1/0 to the 8031. ine ey memory and /O ports such as the 8255 chip is discussed in Chapt re also various speed versions of the 8031 available from different companies. Various 8051 microcontrollers : / Although the 8051 is the most popular member of the 8051 family, you will not see “8051” in the part number. This is because the 8051 is available in differ- ent memory types, such as UV-EPROM, flash, and NV-RAM, all of which have different part numbers. A discussion of the various types of ROM will be given in Chapter 14. The UV-EPROM version of the 8051 is the 8751. The flash ROM ver- sion is marketed by many companies including Atmel Corp. The Atmel Flash 8051 is called ATS9C51. The NV-RAM version of the 8051 made by Dallas Semiconductor is called DS5000. There is also the OTP (one-time programmable) version of the 8051 made by various manufacturers. Next we discuss briefly each of the above chips and describe applications where they are used. 8751 microcontroller This 8751 chip has only 4K bytes of on-chip UV-EPROM. To use this chip for development requires access to a PROM burner, as well as a UV-EPROM eras- er to erase the contents of UV-EPROM inside the 8751 chip before you can pro- gram it again, Due to the fact that the on-chip ROM for the 8751 is UV-EPROM, it takes around 20 minutes to erase the 8751 before it can be programmed again, This has led many manufacturers to introduce flash and NV-RAM versions of the 8051 as we will discuss next. There are also various speed versions of the 8751 available from different companies, AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation This popular 8051 chip has on-chip ROM in the form of flash memory. This is ideal for fast development since flash memory ean be erased in seconds compared to the twenty minutes or more needed for the 8751. For this reason the AT89CS1 is used in place of the 8751 to eliminate the wailing time needed te erase the chip and thereby speed up the development time. To use the AT89CS1 to devel- ©P a microcontroller-based system requires a ROM burner that supports flash memory; however, a ROM eraser is not needed. “Notice that fa Meh eeaocy you must tase the entre contents of ROM in order to program it get r of flash is done by the PROM burner itself and this ig why a separate This erasing eraser is notTable 1-5: Versions of 8051 From Atmel (All ROM Flash Part Number ROM __RAM __1/O pins Ti i ATS9CS1 aK 128 32 — “ at ATSOLVS1 4k 128 32 2 6 3V. 40 AT89C10S1_—_ 1K 64 15 1 3 3V. 20 AT89C2051 2K 128 1s 2. 6 3V 20 AT89C52 8K 128 32. 3: 8 bv. 40 ATS89LV52 8K 128 32 2 8 3V 40 Note: “C” in the part number indicates CMOS. There are various speed and packaging versions of the above products. See Table 1-6. For example, notice AT89C51-12PC where “C” before the 51 is for CMOS, which has a low power consumption, “12” indicates 12 MHz, “P” is for plastic DIP package, and “C” is for commercial (vs. “M” for military). Often, the AT89C51-12PC is ideal for many student projects. Table 1-6: Various Speeds of 8051 From Atmel Part Number Speed Pins Packaging Use AT89C51-12PC 12 MHz __40 DIP plastic commer AT89C51-16PC 16 MHz 40 DIP plastic commercial AT89C51-20PC 20 MHz 40 DIP plastic commercial DS5000 from Dallas Semiconductor Another popular version of the 8051 is the DSS000 chip from Dallas Semiconductor. The on-chip ROM for the DS5000 is in the form of NV-RAM. ‘The read/write capability of NV-RAM allows the program to be loaded into the on-chip ROM while it is in the system. This can be done even via the serial port of an IBM PC. This in-system program loading of DS5000 via a PC serial port makes it an ideal home development system. Another advantage of NV-RAM is the ability to change the ROM contents one byte at a time. Contrast this with UV- EPROM and flash memory in which the entire ROM must be erased before it is programmed again. ‘Table 1-7: Versions of 8051 From Dallas Semiconductor's Soft Microcontroller Part Number ROM RAM VO pins Timers Interrupts Vcc _ Packaging DS5000-8 8K 128 32, zs 6 3V 40. DS5000-32 32K. 128 32, 2 6 SM 40 DSS000T-8 8K 128 32 2 6 SV. 40 Dss000T-8 32K. 128 32 2 6 SV. 40, Notes: All ROM are NV-RAM. “7” means it has a real-time clock. Notice that the real-time clock (RTC) is different from the timer. The real- time clock generates and keeps the time of day (hr-min-sec) and date (yr-mon-day) ‘even when the power is off. ———— SSS CHAPTER 1: THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS 31ackaging versions of the DSS000 as shown e various speed and packaging ¥ in table te For earls 'D$5000-8-8 has 8K NV-RAM and a pes of SM, Often iis D$5000-8-12 (or DSS000T-8-12) is jdeal for many student projects, Table 1-8: Versions of 8051 From, Dallas Semiconductor Part Number. NV-RAM Speed DS5000-8-8 8K 8 MHz DS5000-8-12 8K 12 MHz 8 MHz D$5000-32-8 K 2 DSSO00T-32-8 321 8 MHz (with RTC 5 32K 12 MHz ae aah RG) aa 8K 12 MHz ___(with RTC OTP version of the 8051 There are also OTP (one-time-programmable) versions of the 8051 avail- able from different sources. Flash and NV-RAM versions are typically used for product development. When a product is designed and absolutely finalized, the OTP version of the 8051 is used for mass production since it is much cheaper in terms of price per unit. 8051 family from Philips Another major producer of the 8051 family is Philips Corporation, Indeed, they have one of the largest selections of 8051 microcontrollers. Many of their products include features such as A-to-D converters, D-to-A converters, extended /O, and both OTP and flash. Review Questions 1. Name three features of the 8051. 2. What is the major difference between the 8051 Si ? 3. Give the size of RAM in each of the faNGag are (a) 8051 (b) 8052) 8031 ‘ 4. Give the size of the on-chip ROM in (a) 8051 (b) 8052 (c) 8031 ach ofthe 5. The 8051 is a(n) -bit micro ee processor. 6 aaa einer between the 8751, the AT9CS1 and the DS5000. i tional features j in the D Li adi res introduced in the DSSOOOT that are not present in the 8. True or false. The ATS9CS1-12PC chi 9. The AT89CS1-12PC chip can cae oes 10. The DSS000-32 has aa following. DIP package. imum frequency of MHz. —K bytes of on-chip ean: for programs. tienes tn. NEA rtaseSUMMARY This chapter discussed the role and importance of microcontrollers in everyday life. Microprocessors and microcontrollers were contrasted and com- pared. We discussed the use of microcontrollers in the embedded market. We also discussed criteria to consider in choosing a microcontroller such as speed, memo- ing, and cost per unit. The second section of this chapter described various family members of the 8051, such as the 8052 and 8031, and their features, In addition, we discussed various-versions of the 8051 such as the AT89CS1 and DSS000, which are marketed by suppliers other than Intel. PROBLEMS SECTION 1.1: MICROCONTROLLERS AND EMBEDDED PROCESSORS. 1, True or False. A general-purpose microprocessor has on-chip ROM. 2. True or False. A microcontroller has on-chip ROM 3. True or False. A microcontroller has on-chip I/O ports. 4, True or False. A microcontroller has a fixed amount of RAM on the chip. 5. What components are normally put together with the microcontroller into a singie chip? 6. Intel's Pentium chips used in Windows PCs need external and chips to store data and code. 7. List three embedded products attached to a PC. Why would someone want to use an x86 as an embedded processor? 9. Give the name and the manufacturer of some of the most widely used 8-bit microcontrollers. 10, In Question 9, which one has the most manufacture sources? 11, In a battery-based embedded product, what is the most important factor in choosing a microcontroller? 12. In an embedded controller with on-chip ROM, why does the size of the ROM matter? 13. In choosing a microcontroller, how important is it to have a multiple source for that chip? 14, What does the term "third-party support” mean? 15. If a microcontroller architecture has both 8-bit and 16-bit versions, which of the following statements is true. (a) The 8-bit software will run on the 16-bit system. (b) The 16-bit software will run on the 8-bit system. SECTION 1.2: OVERVIEW OF THE 8051 FAMILY 16. The 8751 has bytes of on-chip ROM. 17, The AT89CS1 has bytes of on-chip RAM. 18. The 8051 has __ on-chip timer(s). CHAPTER 1: THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS 319. The 8052 has __bytes of on-chip RAM. 20. The ROMless version of the a oa = 21. The 8051 family has ___ pins for 1/0. ; 22. The 8051 family has circuitry to support serial ports. 23. The 8751 on-chip ROM is of type 24, The AT8951 on-chip ROM is of type 5. The DS5000 on-chip ROM is of type ‘ 6. Give the speed and package type for the following chips: (a) AT89C51-16PC__(b) DS5000-8-12 : 27. In Question 26, give the amount and type of on-chip ROM. — ; 28. Of the 8051 family, which version is the most cost effective if you are using a million of them in an embedded product? 29, What is the difference between the 8031 and 8051? 30. Of the 8051 microcontrollers, which one is the best for a home development environment? (You do not have access to a ROM burner). as the part number. ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS SECTION 1.1: MICROCONTROLLERS AND EMBEDDED PROCESSORS 1 True 2. A microcontroller based system 3.(@) 4.) 5. It is dedicated since itis dedicated to doing one type of job. 6. Embedded system means the processor is embedded into that application, 7. Having multiple sources for a given part means you are not hostage to one supplier. More importantly competition among suppliers brings about lower cost for that product. SECTION 1.2: OVERVIEW OF THE 8051 FAMILY 1, 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of on-chip ROM, four 8-bit I/O ports 2. The 8052 has everything that the 8051 has, plus an extra timer, and the on-chip ROM is 8K bytes instead of 4K bytes. The RAM in the 8052 is 256 bytes instead of 128 bytes. Both the 8051 and the 8031 have 128 bytes of RAM and the 8052 has 256 bytes. Siac (b) 8K bytes (©) 0K bytes ‘The difference is the type of on-chip ROM. In the 8751 T itis UV-EPROM; i is flash; and in the DSS000 it is NV-RAM. AesagaaATES 7. DSSO0OT has a real-time clock (RTC). 8. True 9 1 2CHAPTER 12 REAL-WORLD INTERFACING I: LCD, ADC, AND SENSORS OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: List reasons that LCDs are gaining wide-spread use, replacing LEDs Describe the functions of the pins of a typical LCD List instruction command codes for programming an LCD Interface an LCD to the 8051 Program an LCD by sending data or commands to it from the 8051 Interface ADC (analog-to-digital converter) chips to the 8051 Interface temperature sensors to the 8051 Explain the process of data acquisition using ADC chips Describe factors to consider in selecting an ADC chip Describe the function of the pins of a typical ADC chip Explain the function of precision IC temperature sensors Describe signal conditioning and its role in data acquisitiona This chapter explores some real-world applications of the 8051. We explain how to interface the 8051 to devices such as an LCD, ADC, and sensors, In Section 12.1, we show LCD interfacing with the 8051. In Section 12.2, we describe analog-to-digital converter (ADC) connection with sensors and the 8051 SECTION 12.1: INTERFACING AN LCD TO THE 8051 This section describes the op program and interface an LCD to an 8051 LCD operation ation modes of LCDs, then describes how to In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs (seven The declining prices of LCDs. The ability to display numbers, charact LEDs, which are limited to ‘gment LEDs or other multisegment LEDs). This is due to the following reasons: and graphics. This is in contrast to imbers and a few characters, 3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU (or in some other way) to keep displaying the data. 4. Ease of pri LCD pin descriptions The LCD discussed in this section ha gramming for characters and graphics. s 14 pins. The function of each pin is given in Table 12-1. Figure 12-1 shows the pin positions for various LCDs, Veo Vgs, and Veg While Vec and Veg provide +5V and ground, respectively, Vx is used for control- ling LCD contrast RS, register select There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS = 0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, ete. If RS = | the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD, RW, read/write R/W input allows the user to write infor- mation to the LCD or read information from it, WW = 1 when reading; R/W = 0 when wting E, enable The enable pin is used latch information presented to its data Pins. 236 by the LCD to Table 12-1, Pin Descriptions for LCD in_Symbol_VO Description 1a eG round 2 Veco = +5V power supply 3° Veg = Power supply to control contrast “ RSL RS=0 to select command register, RS=1 to select data register _- 5 RW I RIW=0 for write, RAW=1 for read, 6 E10 Enable 1__DBO VO The 8-bit data bus 8 9 DBI_V/O The 8-bit data bus DB2 VO The 8-bit data bus 10 DB3 VO The 8-bit data bus 12 “WO The 8-bit data bs ier O_The 8-bit data bu The 8-bit data busWhen data is supplied to data in order for the LCD to latch in 1 , a high-to-low pulse he data present at the must be applied to this pin data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wi DO-D7 The &-bit data pins, DO - D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the LCD's internal register To display letters and numbers, we send az, and numbers 0 - 910 these pins while mak There are also instruc- tion command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. Table 12-2 lists the instruction command codes. We also use RS = 0 to eck the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W = 1 and RS = 0, as follows: if RW = 1, RS = 0, When D7 1 (busy flag = 1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any new information. When D7 = 0, the LCD is ready to receive new information. Nore: Itis recommended to check the busy flag before writing any data to the LCD. ASCII codes for the letters A - Z, ing RS = | Table 12-2: LCD Command Codes ‘ode ommand We CD Tears Hex) Register 2 Return home. 4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left) 6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right) 5 Shift display right - Shift display left 8 Display off, cursor off A Display off, cursor on c Display on, cursor off Ez Display on, cursor blinking g Display on, cursor 1 10 Shift cursor position to left 14 Shift cursor position to right 18 Shift the entire display to the left ects display to the left 1C___Shifi the entire display to the right 80 Force cursor to beginning of Ist line CO___Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line 38 2 lines and 5x7 matrix ‘Note* This table is extracted from Table 12-4 i 2 4 DODD0D000000 ° ° DO 14 DMC16106B 21 miele ae DMCI6II7 DMC 16240 DMCI6128 DMC20218 DMC16129 DMC -- Beeig eta3 DMC40218 DMC20434 "eT. Pin Positions Tor Various LCDs from Optex i PTE, a R 12: REAL-WORLD INTERFACING Ind data to LCDs with a time delay Sending commands a a eetenteny Je 12-2 to the LCD, make pin ff the commands from Tabl d =0, ae RS ~|_ Then send a high-to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. This is shown in the code ct eee ;calls a time delay before sending next da es P1.0-P1.7 are connected to LCD data pins DO P2.0 is connected to RS pin of LCD P2.1 is connected to R/W pin of LCD P2.2 is connected to B pin of LCD ‘ORG Mov A,#38H ;init. LCD 2 lines, 5x7 matrix ACALL COMNWRT ;eall command subroutine ACALL DELAY give LCD some time Mov A, #0EH ;display on, cursor on ACALL — COMNWRT ;call command subroutine ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time Mov B, #01 yelear LCD ACALL — COMNWRT ;call command subroutine ACALL DELAY give LCD some time Mov A, #06 ishift cursor right ACALL COMNWRT #eall command subroutine ACALL DELAY give LCD some time MoV A, #848 ycursor at line 1,pos. 4 ACALL — COMNWRT call command subroutine ACALL DELAY igive LCD some time Mov A, EIN! idisplay letter N ACALL DATAWRT jeall display subroutine eed oe ae LCD some time #08 idisplay letter 0 ACALL —_DATAWRT #call display subroutine AGAIN: SJMP AGAIN stay here COMNWRT: #send command to LCD He Pie #copy reg A to portl am a #RS=0 for command ate ai #R/W=0 for write CLR 22am RET DATAWRT:The above code showed how to send commands to the LCD without checking the busy flag Notice that we must put a long delay in between issuing data or commands to the LCD. However, a much better way is to monitor the busy flag before issuing a command or data to the LCD. This is shown below. to write to LCD H-to-L pulse tch in is LCD ready? issue data RS=1 for data 7R/W=0 to write to LeD ;E=1 for H-to-L pulse 7E=0, latch in _ SarreR 12: REAL-WORLD INTERFACING Ijmake P1.7 input port SETB 7R/W=1 read command reg ;read command and check busy flag BACK:CLR ;E=1 for H-to-L pulse }E+0 H-to-L pulse BACK ;stay until busy flag=0 Notice in the above program that the busy flag is D7 of the command reg- ister. To read the command register we make R/W = 1, RS = 0, and a H-to-L pulse for the E pin will provide us the command register. After reading the command register, if bit D7 (the busy flag) is high, the LCD is busy and no information (command or data) should be issued to it. Only when D7 = 0 can we send data or commands to the LCD. Notice in this method that there are no time delays used since we are checking the busy flag before issuing commands or data to the LCD. LCD data sheet In the LCD, one can put data at any location, The following shows address locations and how they are accessed. RS R/W DB7 DB6 DBS DB4 DB3 DB2 DBI DBO 0 0 1 4A Ad A ee A where AAAAAAA = 0000000 to 0100111 for line 1 and AAAAAAA = 1000000 to 1100111 for line 2. See Table 12-3. Table 12-3: LCD Addressing 2 = DB7_DB6_DBS_DB4_ DB3_DB2 DBI DBO Line 1 (min, 1 aa ‘The upper address range can go ter-wide LCD while for the 20- ct imal which corresponds to locatieRe ae Soa 40 x 2 LcD Note: All data is in hex, Figure 12-3 Cursor Addresses for Some LCDs ‘own = Enable pulse width= 450 ns (minimum) 'osw = Data set up time = 195 ns (minimum) ‘yy = Data hold time = 10 ns (minimum) {as = Set up time prior to E (going high) for both RS and R/W = 140 ns (minimum) ‘ait ~ Hold time after E has come down for both RS and R/W = 10 ns (minimum) Figure 12-4; LCD Timing Review Questions 1. The RS pin is an (input, output) pin for th es E pin is an_____(input, output) pin for the LCD. ; 3. ae ie an a (H-to-L, L-to-H) pulse to latch in information at the data pins of the LCD. ; ‘ 4. Forthe LCD to recognize information at the data pins as data, RS must be set to igh, low). Fret citiett 5, Crete ” aesfoling 1 il tbat, lak Cnt ee R 12: REAL-WORLD INTERFACING IExecution Time Inst (Max Clear Display 0 0 0 ¢ 00 0 Clears entire display and sets DD Tene RAM address 0 in address counter Return Home 0 00.0 00 0 Sets DD RAM address 0 as address 1.64 ms counter. Also returns display being shifted to original position. DD RAM contents remain unchanged. Tniry Mode 0 0 0 0 0 D1 17S Sels cursor move direction and specifies —40ys Set shift of display. These operations are performed during data write and read. Display On/ TOC Tp eB Sets On/Off entire display (D), ys Of Control cursor On/OfT (C), and blink of cursor position character (B). Cansor oF D000 WL~ ~ Moves cursor and shifts display with- 40s Display Shift out changing DD RAM contents. Function Set 0 0 0 1 bb NF ~~ Setsinterface data length (DL), num-_ 40js ber of display lines (L) and character font (F Set (GRAM 000 nae Sets CG RAM address. CG RAM data 40)s is sent and received after this setting. Set DD RAM 0 ADD Sets DD RAM address. DD RAM data_40)s Address is sent and received after this setting. Read Busy D1 B aC Reads Busy flag (BF) indicating inter- 40 )s Flag & Address nal operation is being performed and reads address counter contents. WriteData 0 write pata Writes data into DD or CG RAM. 40s CG or DD RAM Read Data 11 Read Data_—_—-Reads data from DD or CG RAM. 408 °G or DD RAM ores 1, Execution times are maximum times when fe 2 Eeution ime changes when frequency charges Bx Whe For soa 270 ke 40 ps «250 /270°37 8 DD RAM Display data RAM CGRAM Character generator RAM. Sanaa 1M address, eae AC Address. WD=1 freemen PF DB ans CS RA address, f Accompanies display shift Decrement sic=1 Display shift; Sea) a Nk ‘Shift to the right; Sits, DLO: bits RL=0 Sin Hine, N= 0:1 tine c 5 FE 5x 10 dots, F=0; 5 x 7 dots eel 6 bs {ntemal operation; BF = 0 Can epiSECTION 12.2: 8051 INTERFACING TO ADC, SENSORS This section will explore interfacing ADC (analog-to-digital converter) chips and temperature sensors to the 8051 First, we describe ADC chips, then show how to interface an ADC to the 8051. Then we examine the characteristics of the LM35 temperature sensor and show how to interface it to the 8051 ADC devices Analog-to-digital converters are among the most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital computers use binary (discrete) values, but in the physi- cal world everything is analog (continuous), Temperature, pressure (wind or liq- uid), humidity, and velocity are a few examples of physical quantities that we deal with every day. A physical quantity is converted to electrical (voltage, current) sig- nals using a device called a transducer. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Although there are sensors for temperature, velocity, pressure, light, and many other natural quantities, they produce an output that is voltage (or current). Therefore, we need an analog-to-digital converter to translate the analog signals to digital numbers so that the microcontroller can read them, A widely used ADC chip is the ADC804. ADC804 chip The ADC804 IC is an analog-to-digital converter in the family of the ADC800 series from National Semiconductor. Itis also available from many other manufacturers. It works with +5 volts and has a resolution of 8 bits. In addition to resolution, conversion time is another major factor in judging an ADC. Conversion time is defined as the time it takes the ADC to convert the analog input to a digi- tal (binary) number. In the ADC804, the conversion time varies depending on the clocking signals applied to the CLK R and CLK IN pins, but it cannot be faster than 110 us. The ADC804 pin descriptions follow. cs Chip select is an active low input used to activate the ADC804 chip. To access the ADC804, this pin must be low. RD (read) This is an input signal and is active low. The ADC converts the analog input to its binary equivalent and holds it in an internal register. RD is used to get the converted data out of the ADC804 chip. When CS = 0, if a high-to-low pulse is applied to the RD pin, the 8-bit digital output shows up at the DO - D7 data pins. The RD pin is also referred to as output enable. WR (write; a better name might be “start conversion") This is an active low input used to inform the ADC804 to start the con- Version process. If CS = 0 when WR makes @ low-to-high transition, the ADC804, Starts converting the analog input value of Vin to an 8-bit digital number. The amount of time it takes to convert varies depending on the CLK IN and CLK R Values explained below. When the data conversion is complete, the INTR pin is Orced low by the ADC804. 243 q eo rren 12: REAL-WORLD INTERFACING 1CLK IN and CLK R CLK IN js an input pin connected to an external clock source when an external clock is used for timing. However, the 804 has an internal clock genera- tor. To use the internal clock generator (also called self-clocking) of the ADC804, the CLK IN and CLK R pins are connected to a capacitor and a resistor, as shown in Figure 12-5. In that case the clock frequency is determined by the equation: 1 f — L1RC Typical values are R = 10K ohms and C = 150 pF. Substituting in the above equation, we get f= 606 kHz. In that case, the conversion time is 110 us. ADC0804 INTR (interrupt; a better name might be “end of This is an output pin and is acti is the conversion is finished it goes law paige Gai ready to be picked up. Afier INTR low pulse to the RD pin to get Vig (4) 20 Vig (-) .Vref? Pin 9 is an input voltage used fi Ferenc sc nu comeh te ae sag fe Ul Seen volts (the same as the Voe pin), However, there are many: applications where the analog input applied to Vin needs to be other than the 0 to #8 V range. Vier? &S used to implement analog input voltages other than 0 — $V. For example, if the analog input range needs to be 0 to 4 Volts, V ce? is eonnectedt to 2 volts. Table 12 5 shows the Via range for various Vice? inputs Table 12-5: Vig¢2 Relation to Vi, Range Vref? WY) Vin (Y) Step Size (MV) Tor connected Tos TACT IO IT wd Toss so. Qws 20 = 1 Dw256 230056 = 10 De? 3380-78 Owl L2s0 = 2.00 Notes: Vee = 5 V * When not connected (open), Vie? is measured at 2.5 vos fe Vg = SV Step Size (resolution) is the smallest change that can be dlscenedt BY an ADC D0-D7 DO - D7 (where D7 is the MSB, DO the LSB) are the digital data output pins. These are tri-state buflered and the converted data is accesses! only when CS = 0 and RD is forved low, To calculate the output voltage, use the following. fans mula. analog input voltage, 2.V where Dou: = digital data output (in decimal), V and step size (resolution) is the smallest change, which is ( S-bit ADC. Analog ground and digital ground These are the input pins providing the ground for both the analog signal and the digital signal, Analog ground is connected to the ground of the analog Vy While digital ground is connected to the ground of the Vig pins The reason that we x < to isolate the analog V\y signal fom transient voltages caused by digital switching of the output DO ~ D7, Such isolation contributes to the accuracy of the digital data output, In out discussion, both are connected t the same ground: however, in the real world of data acquisition the analog anc digital Srounds are handled separately sac hand Ses at he ng ES eT lowed for data conversion by the ADCSO chip. 280 for an have two ground pins|. Make CS = 0 and send a low-to-high pulse to pin WR to start i eons 2. Keep monitoring the INTR pin, If INTR is low, the conversion is in ‘Wwe can go to the next step. If INTR is hi keep polling until it goes low. 3. After the INTR has become low, we make CS = 0 and send ols oi ad to the RD pin to get the data out of the ADC804 IC chip. The 1s Process is shown in Figure 12-6. cs. Wr. 00-7 Data out INTR’ ag Start conversion End conversion RD. Note: CS is set to low for both RD and WR pulses. Read it Figure 12-6, Read and Write Testing One can test the ADC804 using the jing for ADCBO4 the ADC804 cuit shown in Figure 12-5. This Setup is called free running test mode and is recommended by the manufacturer Figure | input Vip ( the di grounded ai to National momentaril. Figure 12-7. 8051 Connection to ADCBO4 wi 5 shows a potentiometer used to apply a 0-to-5 V analog voltage to the *) of the 804 ADC. The binary outputs are monitored on the LEDs of al trainer. It must be noted that in free running test mode the CS input is ind the WR input is connected to the INTR output. However, according | Semiconductor's” databook "the WR and INTR node should be » forced to low following a power-up cycle to guarantee operation." 8051 P25 P26 P1.0 «eaeExamine the ADC804 connection to the 8051 in Figure 12-7. Write a program to monitor the INTR pin and bring an analog input into register A. Then call a hex-to-ASCII conversion and data display subroutines. Do this continuously. Solution: +P2.6 = WR (start conversion needs to L-to-H pulse) 7P2.7 When low, end-of-conversion) P2.5 = RD (a H-to-L will read the data from ADC chip) P1,0 - Pl.? = DO - D7 of the ADC804 MOV P1,#0FFH ;make Pl = input. BACK: CLR P2.6 7WR=0 SETB P2.6 iWR=1 L-to-H to start conversion. HERE: JB P2.7,HERE ;wait for end of conversion CLR P2.5 jconversion finished,enable RD MOV A; Pl jread the data ACALL CONVERSION yhex-to-ASCII conversion ACALL DATA_DISPLAY ;display the data SETB P2.5 ymake RD=1 for next round SJMP BACK Note: For a hex-to-ASCII conversion subroutine, see Chapter 7. sv 8051 ADC804 9 =r ie ee CLK RJ | 2 cen XTAL2. P1.0}—<—|po Vin(+)} Vin(-)} [| Acno [| vret2 P1.7;}—<—|07 GND) INTR — cs TALS74 Figure 12-8. 8051 ‘Connection to ADC804 with Clock from XTAL2 of the 8051 In Figure 12-8, notice that the clock in for the ADC804 is coming from the crystal of the microcontroller. Since this frequency is too high, we use two D flip- flops (74L$74) to divide the frequency by 4. A D flip-flop divides the frequency by 2 if we connect its Q to the D input. For a higher frequency, use more flip-flops. ee CHAPTER 12: REAL-WORLD INTERFACING I 247Interfacing a temperature sensor to the 8051 Transducers convert physical dal 41. 49.6, Thermistor Resistance such as temperature, light intensity, 0, erature and speed to electrical signals. Depending, on the transducer, the output produced is ‘Temperature (C)__Tf(K ohms) 29.490 in the form of voltage, current, resistance, 9 or capacitance. For example, temperature 25 10.000 is converted to electrical signals using a 50 3.893 transducer called a thermistor. A thermis- 75 1,700 tor responds to temperature change by 700 0.817 but its response is From William Kleitz, Digital Electronics changing resistan not linear, as seen in Table 12-6. ‘Table 12-7, LM34 Temperature Sensor Series Selection Guide Part ‘Temperature Range Accuracy Output Scale UM344, 50 F to 7300, +2.0 F 10 mViF, LM34 =50 F to $300 F 43.0 F 10 mV/F LM34CA___—40 F to #230 F 2.0F 10 mV/F LM34C ~40 F to +230 F 43.0F 10 mV/F LM34D F to +212 F +4.0F 10 mV/F ‘Note: Temperature range is in degrees Fahrenheit. Table 12-8. LM35 Temperature Sensor Series Selection Guide Part ‘Temperature Range Accuracy Output Scale 10 mV/F C10 +150C 10 mV/F. =40 Cto +110 C 10 mV/F 3 40 Cto H10.C 10 mV/F_ LM35D 0C to +100 C 10 mV/F ‘Note: Temperature range is in degrees Celsius The complexity ass devices has led many manu Simple and widely used linear temperature sensors i series from National Semiconductor Comp. They are oe Ng aS re precision i ea sors whose output voltage is linearly provoriai eel Aa ari sen-Signal conditioning and interfacing the LM35 to the 8051 * a scnY condhlecing is a widely used term in transducers produce a Rie aie Uutput in the form of voltage, current, charge, capacitance, and resistance. However, we need to convert these signals to voltage in order to send input to an A-to-D converter, This conversion (modification) is commonly called signal condition- ing. Signal conditioning can be a current-to-voltage conversion or a signal amplification, For example, the thermistor changes resistance with temperature. The change of resistance must be translated into voltages in order to be of any use to an ADC. Look at the case of connecting an LM35 to an ADC804. Since the ADC804 has 8-bit resolution with a maximum of 256 (28) steps and the LM35 (or LM34) produces 10 mV for every degree of temperature change, we can condi- tion Vin of the ADC804 to produce a Voy, of 2560 mV (2.56V) for full-scale output. Therefore, in order to produce the full-scale Vou aaa Analog world (temperature, pressure, etc.) t Transducer t Signal conditioning t ‘ADC i Microcontroller Figure 12-9, Getting Data From the Analog World ! Vout of the ADC804 of 2.56 V for the ADCS04, Zable 12-9. Temperature v. Vout of the we need to set Vre/2 = Temp. (C)__Vin (mV) _Vout (D7- D0) 1.28. This makes Voy of 9 0 a “ the ADC804 correspond 1 a “ft a directly to the temperature 2 7 RCo as monitored by the LM35. = oo emi See Table 12-9. Vjg/2 valk 3 on a ues are given in Table 12-5. sv 8051 ADC804 ; P25}—[RD__ Vee] M36 or L [RO xR p28 WR CLKR M34 CLK IN XTAL2 P10} —+—]D0 28% +] ‘Vin(+)| Vin(-) ae | Vreti2 & P1.7}—<—]27 GND gin] 8 P2.7| Rn’ SS Set to Leas fe PAT IINTR’ oc) a ‘onnection to ADC804 and Temperature Sensor 249Figure 12-10 shows connection of a temperature sensor t0 the Apa Notice that we use the LM336-2.5 zener diode to fix the voltage across the 10K pot at 2.5 volts. The use of the LM336-2.5 should overcome any fluctuations in the Power supply. ADC808/809 chip with 8 analog channels Another useful chip is the ADC808/809 from National Semiconductor. See Figure 12-11. While the ADC804 has only one analog input, this chip has 8 of them. The ADC808/809 chip allows us to monitor up to 8 different transducers using only a single chip. Notice that the ADC808/809 has an 8-bit data output just like the ADC804. The 8 analog input channels are multiplexed and selected according to Table 12-10 using three address pins, A, B, and C. INO —»[ GND Clock vee |» 00 = — = =| anceosieos = E> =| E> IN7 3] = pv —+|Wret(+) mae —>|Vref(-) OE SC ALEC BA Pot tT tase Figure 12-11, ADC808/809 Table 12-10: ADC808 Analog Channel Selection Selected Analog Channel 2 G B A INO 0 0 0 INI 0 0 1 IN2 0 1 0 INS, 0 1 1 IN4 1 0 0 INS, 1 0 1 ING 1 i 0 INT H T T In the ADC808/809, V,.(+) and Vye(-) set the. reference voltage. If V,<;(-) = Gnd and V,.(+) = 5 V, the step size is 5 V/256 = 19.53 mV. Therefore, to get a activate ALE to latch in the address. $C i i a. conversion, and OE is for output enable gramming this chip,Steps to program the ADC808/809 The following are the steps to get data from analog input of ADC808/809 into the microcontroller, 1. Select an analog channel by providing bits to A, B, and C addresses according to Table 12-10 2. Activate the ALE (address latch enable) pin. It needs an L-to-H pulse to latch in the address, 3. Activate SC (start conversion) by an H-to-L pulse to initiate conversion. 4. Monitor EOC (end of conversion) to see whether conversion is finished. H-to- | output indicates that the data is converted and is ready to be picked up. 5. Activate OE (output enable) to read data out of the ADC chip. An H-to-L pulse to the OE pin will bring digital data out of the chip. Notice in the ADC808/809 that there is no self-clocking and the clock must be provided from an extemal source to the CLK pin, Although the speed of con- version depends on the frequency of the clock connected to CLK pin, it cannot be faster than 100 ms. Review Questions 1, In the ADC804, the INTR signal is an (input, output). 2. To begin conversion, send a(n) pulse to pin J 3. Which pin of the ADC804 indicates end-of-conversion? 4. True o false. The transducer must be connected to signal conditioning circuit- ry before it is sent to the ADC. 5. The LM35 provides mV for each degree of (Fahrenheit, Celsius) temperature. 6. Both the ADC804 and ADC808 are _-bit converters. 7. Indicate the direction (out, in) for each of the following pins of the ADC808/809, (a) A,B,C (b) SC (c) EOC SUMMARY This chapter showed how to interface real-world devices such as LCDs, ADC chips, and sensors, to the 8051. First, we described the operation modes of LCDs, then described how to program the LCD by sending data or commands to it via its interface to the 8051. Next we explored ADC chips and temperature sensors. Gi data from the analog world to a digital device is called signal conditioning. Itis an essential feature of data acquisition systems. 251