Cohort:

Slinger/ Signaller
Study Guide

Learner name:

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Revised: June 2022

Note

This publication is designed to be used as additional course study only. It should not be deemed,
used, or substituted for the need for suitable and adequate training.

Any recommendations or information contained in these additional study notes, or given by RMF
Construction Training Academy LTD was believed to be accurate and no liability or responsibility for
negligence will be accepted by the company.

Attention should be drawn to other available sources of information relevant for additional study:

 Health and Safety Executive for information on health and safety at work with free information
and publications ([Link])

 Construction Plant Competence Scheme ([Link])

 Health and Safety at Work Act

 Provision and Use of Working Equipment Regulations

 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations

 Supply of Machinery (safety) Regulations

 Road Traffic Act  HSE (Approved Codes of Practice)

 Manufactures Recommendations / Operators Manuals

SLINGER / SIGNALLER - INTRODUCTION

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The role of a Slinger/ Signaller on site can both be a physical and mentally demanding role, The
slinger/signaller must have both the practical and theoretical knowledge to be able to carry out the
lifting activities both safely and efficiently. The duties of a slinger/signaller can vary depending on the
type of lifting equipment being used.

Roles and Responsibilities

Appointed Person

The competent person appointed to have overall control of all lifting operations on site. His/ Her
responsibilities will include:

 The overall planning, reviewing, and updating of the Lifting Operations Plan (lift plan).

 The production of risk assessments/ method statements regarding the lifting operations.

 Responsibility for the organization and control of the lifting operations.

 Ensuring that appointments to the crane team are made and leading that team.

 Ensuring that adequate examination, inspection, and maintenance is carried out.

 Ensuring that the certification for all Crane Operators and Slinger/Signaller is valid.

Crane Supervisor

Each lifting operation must be properly supervised to ensure that Method Statements are being
followed and the operation is being carried out safely. The person carrying out this supervision will
be the Crane Supervisor.

Slinger Signaller

The Slinger Signaller is the person that is responsible for attaching and detaching the load to and
from the lifting equipment, for the correct use of lifting accessories and equipment in accordance
with the planning of the operation and for initiating and directing the safe movement of the lifting
equipment and load.

Crane Operator

This person is responsible for the setting up and operating of the crane to given instruction.

Definitions and Terminology Associated with Lifting Operations

Lifting Equipment

Work equipment for lifting or lowering loads and include its attachments for anchoring, fixing, and
supporting it.

 Tower cranes Excavators  Mobile cranes Crawler cranes  Lorry loaders  Forklift Truck

Telescopic Handlers  Beam hoists Forklift Trucks  Excavators  Crawler Cranes

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Mobile Crane Beam Hoist Lorry loader

Excavator Telescopic handler Crawler Crane

TERMINOLOGY

Radius

The radius for lifting is usually measured from the centre of rotation or slew ring of the crane
(horizontally) to the vertical line of the hook block.

Counterweight/Ballast

The weight attached to the rear of the crane to keep the crane in balance.

Lifting/Duties chart

A range of information that is supplied with the crane by the manufacturer that gives different lifting
capacities at various radius and configurations.

Lifting Capacity

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This is determined by the manufacturer and is the maximum lifting capacity of the crane for a
particular radius/ configuration. Lifting and duty charts must be referred to by the operator.

Automatic safe load indicator

This is an automatic device which sounds an alarm when the crane’s safe working load is approached
or exceeded. The slinger/signaller should check with the lifting equipment operator that the alarm
has been activated before work commences.

Hoist (Falls) Rope

This is the number of times the hoist rope runs between the hook block and the jib head. The
number of falls of rope can affect the lifting capacity, increasing the falls can increase the lifting
capacity for a particular configuration and decreasing the number of falls can reduce the lifting
capacity. Hoist speed is also affected when changing the number of falls, reducing falls will increase
hoist speed as increasing falls will reduce the speed of the hoist block.

Hook (Hoist) Block

This runs on a pulley and is suspended between the falls of rope.

Stability

Mobile Cranes - When cranes are set up and loading, they will inevitably apply pressure to the
ground; Cranes can be fitted with outriggers or stabilizers to enhance stability and to significantly
increase lifting duties. Pressure caused by the dead weight of a crane with outriggers or stabilizers
plus any suspended load are transmitted to the ground beneath the crane through the outrigger /
stabilizers.

This pressure can be reduced by placing suitable packing material to create a greater surface area
and enhance the stability of the crane. If ground pressure is a problem, then alternatively a
reduction in crane size should be considered.

Crawler Cranes - The parts of the crawler crane that apply loading pressure to the ground are
through the track base of the crane, this can be reduced by increasing the track surface area.

Tower Crane - Have extendable structural members to increase the base dimensions for greater
stability.

Fly Jib / Extensions

These are auxiliary attachments that are fitted at the end of the crane jib to gain extra height/
reach. It is important that manufacturer’s procedures are followed precisely when fitting these as to
avoid accidents, incidents, and damage.

Contract Lift

Crane Company plans and supervises the lifting operation.

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Standard Crane Hire

Crane and operator work to customer’s instruction via a lift plan.

Safe Working Load (SWL)

The SWL is the maximum load that the accessory is allowed to lift in certain configurations. Most
polyester webbing slings are coloured and have black lines on them that may indicate the SWL of the
accessory. Always refer to the manufacturer’s literature for colour coding information. The SWL on
multi leg slings only applies when both legs are equally loaded and within an included angle of 90°.

Centre of Gravity (C of G)

This is the point that the load is in balance, this should be determined prior to lifting and a test / trial
lift must be carried out to confirm the C of G and ensure the load is equally supported; secure and all
lifting accessories are attached correctly.

Lifting Accessories

The following sling configurations are available:

 Single  Two legs  Three legs  Four legs  Endless

They are normally one of three types: Chain, Steel Wire Rope, and Fibre (natural or artificial).

Chain Slings

Chain slings are generally the most versatile type of sling, as well as being the most robust. General
purpose chain slings usually have one, two, three or four legs.

Chain Sling Advantages

 Able to withstand rougher handling

 More flexible when not under load tension

 Will grip a load more firmly

 Not as easily damaged by sharp corners and edges

 Resistant to abrasion

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Swivel hook

Swivel hook are used to prevent any twisting of the lifting accessories and are very
useful when moving long loads with a machine with a short radius, the signaller
can twist the load away from the machine stopping the load contacting the
machine.

Shortening Clutches

Are only available on chain slings and enable

the shortening of one leg per shortening clutch
on a multi leg chain sling to adjust to the load to
be lifted.

Round and Flat Web Sling

Round and flat web slings are used for easily damaged or delicate loads and for their lightness and
ease of handling. They are susceptible to damage and should be protected from sharp edges with
suitable packing.

Round and flat web sling disadvantages are:

 More vulnerable to cuts and abrasion than chains and steel

wire rope.

 More liable to wear and mechanical damage.

 May be weakened to some degree by damp, chemicals, heat

etc.

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Steel Wire Rope

SWR slings are strong general-purpose accessories available in a range of capacities i.e. safe working
load.

Advantages of steel wire rope are:

 Very little stretch when subjected to max SWL.

 Can be supplied as single, multi leg.

 Can be fitted with a range of terminal endings (hooks,

shackles etc).

End Fittings

The end fittings on chain slings will generally be either sling hooks fitted with safety catches, or C
hooks. Both are designed to minimise the risk of the load slipping out of the hook. Special purpose
fittings are available for lifting drums, pipes, cases, etc.

Hook With Safety C Hook

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Shackles

Shackles must always be used on lifting hooks if more than one sling is to be connected to it to avoid
the overcrowding of the hook bowl.

Dee Shackle

Normally used as a terminal shackle at the load and used in a vertical position.

Bow or Harp Shackle

Used at the lifting hook to prevent overcrowding of hook bowl when more than one sling is used.

Dee Shackle Bow or Harp Shackle

Lifting Spreader Beam

Lifting spreader beams are designed for lifting long

loads. They must be a tested piece of equipment marked
with its SWL.

Plate Clamps

Plate clamps are used for lifting sheets of metal or beams. They
must be free from grease and oil and must be a tested piece of
equipment marked with its SWL.

Inspection of Accessories (pre and post operational checks)

The slinger signaller should carry out an inspection of the lifting

accessories they propose to use to ensure they are safe for use
prior to use, and similarly after use to ensure no damage has

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occurred to the accessory through the lifting operation. Ensure gloves are worn when carrying out
these checks as they can prevent skin diseases and cuts/ abrasions from the accessories.

This inspection can be broken down into three stages:

 Carry out checks in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations and relevant regulations.

 Record when these checks have been carried out and the findings of these checks.

 Report any defects immediately. Damaged accessories must be taken out of service and clearly
marked as unusable.

Lifting accessories must be:

 In a safe working condition and suitable for their proposed use.

 Inspected prior to and after use.

 Thoroughly examined/ tested by an authorised and competent person at least every six months
and a test certificate issued after testing is found satisfactory.

 Carry an identification tag with its SWL and serial number

 Accompanied with the appropriate paperwork /test certificates

 Of the correct safe working load for the proposed operation and not exceeded, if it is suspected an
accessory has exceeded its SWL then it must be taken out of service, marked appropriately and
thoroughly examined by a competent person.

 Used in accordance with manufacturers

 Taken out of service if found to be faulty, damaged, or defective.

Pre-Use Checks - Chain Slings

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 Check Safe Working Load and included angle.

 Damage or excessive wear to links and link interfaces.

 Cracks / distortion in links, hooks or master ring.

 Stretching of sling legs (Multi leg slings- ensure all legs are of equal length. Single leg- check for
stretched, elongated links).

 Corrosion / rust.

 Sling ID number – check it corresponds with test certificate and in date.

 CE mark, when marked on a product, signifies the product meets applicable safety criteria/
requirements of a European directive.

Pre-Use checks - Fibre / Flat Web Slings

 Safe working Load.

 Wear, cuts, and abrasions.

 Excessive wear in sling eye.

 Stitching intact.

 Rot, mildew, or chemical damage.  Internal damage.

 Sling ID number – check it corresponds with test certificate and in date.

 CE mark.

Pre-Use Checks - Steel Wire Rope

 Safe working Load.

 Severe kinking or bending.

 Flattening or broken wires.

 Sling ID number – check it corresponds with test certificate and in date.

 CE mark.

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Pre-Use Checks – Shackles

 Safe Working Load.

 Cracks / corrosion.

 Distortion of shackle pin or body.

 Condition of shackle and pin thread.

 Compatibility of pin to shackle.

 Wear on pin and in shackle crown.

 Sling ID number – check it corresponds with test certificate and in date.

 CE mark.

Safe Use of Slings

Working load limit - The WLL is the maximum mass which the sling or lifting accessory has been
designed to raise, lower, or suspend under normal conditions.

Safe Working Load - The SWL is the maximum mass, which may be raised, lowered, or suspended
under specific conditions. These will vary with the angle of lift and conditions of use.

Note: When using a single leg sling for a vertical lift the sling will be capable of taking the full SWL
applicable to the sling. In the case of multi-leg slinging applications, the SWL of each sling is reduced
as the lifting angle is increased. In addition to this, the SWL may be reduced or increased depending
on the type of slinging method (choke hitch, basket hitch etc)

Safe Use of Slings

For two legged slings the angle between the opposing legs and the slinging method used (choke
hitch, basket etc) will determine the safe working load.

Two Legged Sling

This will be marked with its SWL at 90°, which will apply for all angles between 0° and 90°. Some may
be marked with additional SWL of 90° which will apply for angles between 90° and 12°0. If the legs of
the chains are more than 90° apart, then the SWL must be reduced accordingly. It is generally good
practice to keep the angle between 60° and 90° with 60° being the recommended.

Three-Legged Sling

This will be marked with its SWL at 45°. The SWL is only good if all 3 legs are attached to the load. If
you are lifting the load with only 2 of the 3 legs then de-rate the sling by two-thirds of the SWL. The
same applies if lifting on 1 leg; the SWL will be one-third of the stated SWL. Maximum angle of lift is
45°.

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Four-Legged Sling

This will be marked with its SWL at 90°. The maximum angle between opposite legs of the sling will
determine the SWL. Like 2 and 3 legged slings the SWL stated is when all 4 legs are attached. When
using less than the 4 legs de-rate as required. Example: Only two legs of an 8t four leg chain sling are
being used- maximum load that can be lifted = 4t. The maximum angle must not exceed 120°

Slinging Methods

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Tubes / bundles - when lifting bundles, tubes or other loose materials, whether banded or not, slings
should be double wrapped around the load and a choke hitch applied for load security, similarly a
double wrap and choke should be applied where there may be possibility of the legs sliding together.

Planning the Lift

Before any lift can take place, the lift needs to be properly planned and appropriately supervised.

A lift plan must be drawn up by a competent person (appointed person) and a risk assessment and
detailed method statement should be put in place for the proposed operation. This should also
cover any movement of the lifting equipment, for which a traffic management plan should be in
place.

Traffic Management Plan

A traffic management plan should be planned around the FOUR STAGES OF HIERARCHY

1 Eliminate the need to reverse

2 Minimise the need to reverse

3 Isolate the area of vehicle movements

4 Control movements within the isolated area by means of a marshal

The traffic management plan should cover:

Traffic routes, Pedestrian routes, Site access points, one-way systems, Restricted areas, Proximity
hazards (overhead cables etc), Escape routes, Refuge areas.

Refuge areas should be easily accessible for persons to use and be able to protect the uses from
plant movements.

Signs and barriers should be suitable for the task, visible and of sufficient strength to protect the
area. Any signs or barriers should ONLY be moved or taken down to allow authorised machines
access or exit from the area or when the activity has finished. This should only be carried out by a
trained authorised person.

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Prior to the slinging of any load the slinger should ascertain the weight of the load. Under no
circumstances should an item be lifted if its weight is unknown.

Methods of obtaining the weight vary from:

 Weight being marked on the item.

 Weight indicated on delivery document.

 Enquiries to manufacturer.

 Calculation of mass.

 Always take into account the gross or total weight to be lifted i.e., the weight of the load, the
weight of the lifting accessories and the weight of the hook block.

Other points to consider are:

 Where the load is to be picked up from.

 Where the load is to be placed, is the landing area prepared and capable of taking the size / weight
of load.

 The area the load will travel over.

 The proximity of the public, pedestrians must be physically segregated from the lifting operation
and overhead loads.

 How the load is to be slung, is the slinging method suitable and correct for the type of load.

 Will the fitting and removing of the accessories involve working at height i.e. Safe access and
egress on and off scaffolds, wagon beds, below ground level.

 How to direct the crane operator. (Hand signals / radios) agreed and confirmed.

 Ensure you are easily identifiable to the crane operator and others by wearing special/ unique
clothing.

 Ensure you have agreed an emergency procedure in case visibility is lost between the operator and
the signaller (The Machine Should Be Stopped)

 Ensure you have the required information regarding the load, weight, size, and shape of the load.

 The weather. High wind speeds can have adverse effects on lifting operations and must be
monitored continually throughout lifting, always be aware that high wind can cause load swing on
loads with a large surface area, increase or slow the slewing speed of the crane, or put loads out of
the working radius of the crane and ultimately close the lifting operation. Excessive rain can also
have adverse effect on lifting operations as it may cause reduced visibility between slinger and
operator, increase the weight of porous materials to be lifted and may make the materials / slings
slippery.

 A signaller must always be used before moving a crane on site, particularly when the operator is
unable to face the direction of travel. The signaller must also guide the crane safely near excavations
Keeping a safe distance away from them (Ideally twice the depth of the excavation)

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Reasons That May Cause Accidents

Working in confined spaces / areas

 Risk to other personnel in area.

 Reduced manoeuvrability.

 Increases in levels of noise, fumes.

 Counterweight meeting structures and creating crush zones.

 When working in a confined space / area a recommended distance of 600mm must be maintained
between counterweight of the crane and structures, if this is not possible all access must be blocked
off from personnel.

Lifting on slopes

 Radius of the crane can increase resulting in instability of the crane.

 Ensure crane sited on suitably firm and level ground.

Slinger / Signaller unfamiliar with the lifting accessories to be used

 The slinger signaller must have sufficient information, instruction, and training on the type of
accessories they are using (LOLER 98).

Overhead cables

 In certain circumstances high voltage electricity can conduct (arc) across to the item of plant. Safe
recommended distances must be maintained (if unsure, always contact the relevant electricity
company for specific requirements prior to commencing work near electricity).

 The minimum distance from the ground level barrier to the line (from the highest point or full
reach of the machine) is determined both by the type of support (such as a goal post system, wood
or metal poles and pylons) and the voltage of the overhead line (as advised by the electricity
company).

Many incidents involving crane overturn can be contributed to the following

 Excessive load swing.

 High speed slewing with load, always consider the length of time and distance needed to stop the
slew and the expected swing of the load which will make the load move outwards (increase the
radius) and trail the jib / boom.

 Working / lifting on soft or sloping ground.

 Exceeding the rated capacity for the crane or insufficient counterweight / ballast.

Cranes working in the same operating radius of each other

 The lift plan / method statement should specify the crane supervisor maintain full co-ordination of
the cranes with possible limits on slewing activities.

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Jib / boom deflection

 Crane jibs or booms are constructed as to bend or deflect when under tension, when initially
taking the weight of heavy load the jib / boom may start to deflect, this should be corrected by the
operator of the crane so that the hoist rope remains vertical, and the slinger signaller should be
aware that the load may swing resulting in an increase of radius.

Hook block meeting structures / ground

 If the hook block lands on the ground or similar, resulting in loss of tension of the hoist rope, then
the pulleys must be checked for hoist rope alignment and the main hoist drum checked to ensure
there is no rope crossover

Before Lifting

 The area should be checked for suitable signs and barriers

 There is no other works being carried out that could interfere with the lifting operation

 There is no unauthorised plant or personnel in the area

 All personnel involved in the operation are suitably trained and authorised to carry out the task

 Only trained and authorised slinger signallers should carry out the lifting operation.

 Risk assessments, method statements and lift plan for the operation acknowledged.

 Relevant test certificates (crane and accessories) and crane operator competence card checked.

 Slings checked and properly attached and secure to the load.

 Ensure the crane hoist rope is vertical before lifting, if not readjust as this may cause the load to
swing and put the load out of the crane’s radius.

 Are the legs of the multi-leg slings equally loaded and within the recommended SWL for the angle
applied.

 A line of communication (hand signals / radios) agreed and confirmed with the crane operator.

 Area the load is travelling free of people and hazards.

 Landing site prepared and ready for receiving the load.

 Weather conditions acceptable.

 If required, hand / tag lines attached and suitable.

If any of the above are not in place this could affect the integrity of the lifting operation

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During the Lift

 Carry out initial test / trial lift of load to determine centre of gravity and ensure load secure and
stable.

 Ensure a suitable amount of line / rope length as this will affect the load swing. (Longer the line
length - slower and further the swing, Shorter the line length - faster and shorter the swing).

 Always remain in full communication with the operator of the crane.

 Give clear and precise instruction.

 Remain vigilant for any changes to the area the load will be travelling i.e. people, plant,
obstructions.

 Lift / travel and lower load smoothly and always maintain full control of the lift.

Landing the load

 The landing site should be clear of all obstructions, level and capable of taking the weight and size
of the load.

 Where necessary lower the load on to chocks to prevent crushing the slings and to enable easy
removal.

 After removal of the slings from the load, ensure they are back hooked to the master link to
reduce the likelihood of fouling obstructions or striking personnel.

 Ensure when detaching the lifting accessories from loose bundles and similar items that suitable
chocks are in place to prevent them rolling/ collapsing when released.

After the Lift

 After the lifting is complete, carry out checks to all the lifting accessories to ensure no damage has
occurred to them during the work.

 Ensure correct storage and maintenance of the lifting accessories after use.

 Store accessories in dry conditions, preferably hung up and free from pollution and extremes of
temperature.

 Clean and allow to dry naturally.

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 RECOMMENDED CRANE SIGNALS – (BS 7121) SAFE USE OF CRANES

The signaller should stand in a secure position where he can see the load and can be seen clearly by
the crane operator and should face the operator if possible. Each signal should be distinct and clear.

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 RADIO COMMUNICATION

Radio communication is used for blind lifts or where visibility is poor.

Problems may include:

 Loss of signal – remedied by using a booster and checking radio at start of shift.

 Interference – remedied by choosing a different radio frequency.

 Misunderstandings – remedied by using clear, unique call signs and not responding to any
command which is not preceded by the call sign. Also, the voice commands only being given by one
person.

If using radios for the lifting operation always ensure the following:

 All persons involved in using the radio equipment know how to use them

 Batteries fully charged and spare ones supplied

 Correct frequency selected

 Signal strength sufficient

 Call signs confirmed and agreed

 Inform the crane operator of the task

 Where the load is

 The weight of the load

 What hazards are present

 Where the load is going

These are the standard voice commands used for lifting operation:

 Take the weight

 Hoist / Hoist Slowly

 Lower / Lower slowly

 Slew left / right

 Trolley in / out

 Jib up / down

 Extend / retract jib

 Travel forward / backward

 Stop / Stop now (STOP IMMEDIATELY - EMERGENCY)

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When lowering off always give the operator distances such as:

 Lower down (always checking visually for hazards)

 20m to go (make sire the area is clear)

 Keep lowering (you are in a safe position

 10 to go (the operator is slowing down)

 5m to go (bearers are in position)

 2m to go (ensuring the load is in full control)

 1m to go (the operator is in slowest speed)

 Load landed (ensure load is in correct position)

 Stop (ensure you can release accessories safely)

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC ACT 1974

The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 also referred to as HASAW or HSW is the primary piece
of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom. The Health and Safety
Executive (HSE) is responsible for enforcing the Act and several other Acts relevant to the working
environment. Health and Safety legislation places the responsibility for safety at work on everyone
and everyone at work has a duty under this Act.

For free information and publications regarding health and safety at work visit [Link]

The Health and Safety Executive may take to court and prosecute any persons they find are in
contravention of these duties with a fine and/or imprisonment.

The levels or sanctions that can be applied by Employers and Judicial bodies to operators who do
not comply with or follow legislation and regulations are verbal warning, written warning, and
dismissal and may lead to prosecution.

The Main legislation and regulations applying to the use of lift trucks is:

 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

 The Management of Health and Safety at work regulations

 The Provision and Use of Working Equipment Regulations (PUWER)

 The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER)

 The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations

 Approved Codes of Practice (ACOP) an Approved Code of Practice is a document that provides
information on how to comply with a specific set of regulations.

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 THE PROVISION & USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998 (PUWER 98)

Apply to all work equipment. It is required that:

Work equipment must be suitable for the purpose for which it is used or provided and should be
properly maintained and inspected at suitable intervals - This applies not only to complex machinery,
but items such as hand tools too.

Work equipment must be maintained in a safe condition – This will require control systems to be in
place to check on the condition of work equipment and take corrective action as required.

Users must be given information, instruction, and training as appropriate – What is appropriate
depends on the risk associated with the equipment and the level of competence required to keep
those risks at an acceptable level. Workplace risk assessments highlight the hazards and level of risk.

Controls and their functions must be easily identifiable – The aim is to ensure that the wrong
controls are not used by mistake.

Machines must be capable of being isolated from the power source – This may be a simple function
or a high voltage source that requires special arrangement for isolation.

Where the use of equipment is likely to involve specific risks, the use, maintenance etc of the
equipment is restricted to people given the task of using and / or maintaining it.

Users, supervisors, and managers have received adequate training for the reasons of health and
safety.

THE LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS (LOLER 98)

Deal with specific hazards / risks associated with lifting equipment and lifting operations. As a lifting
machine, cranes, their use, and the use of lifting accessories fall under this scope of regulations and
particularly that management ensure that all lifting operations involving lift trucks are:

 Properly planned (by a competent person)

 Appropriately supervised

 Carried out in a safe manner

In addition to this, all lifting equipment should be:

Strong, stable, and suitable – Sufficient enough for its proposed use. Similarly, the load and anything
attached must be suitable.

Positioned or Installed – To prevent the risk of injury, for example, equipment or load falling on
people.

Visibly Marked – Appropriate information should be considered for its safe use. Slings, clamps etc
should be similarly marked.

Planning & Supervision – All lifting operations should be planned and supervised and carried out in a
safe manner by people that are trained and competent.

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Thorough Inspection – Where appropriate, before lifting equipment is used for the first time,
including accessories, it should be thoroughly examined. Lifting equipment may need to be
examined in use at periods specified in the regulations and for all other equipment at annually (at a
minimum).

Reporting – A competent person should carry out all examination work and report to the employer
to take appropriate action.

Authorisation

Following satisfactory completion of slinger signaller training / Qualification, employees should be

given written authorisation by their employers to carry out these lifting operations. Authorisations
may be done on an individual basis or centrally recorded by employers. No persons should carry out
lifting or operate plant unless they are authorised, competent.

Training

Slinger signallers should be trained to the level of skill necessary to carry out lifting procedures safely
and efficiently and Employers should keep records of all training given to individuals including
conversion and refresher training. Accredited Qualifications and cards can benefit slingers as they
are proof of training, competence, skills and can often lead to employment and promotional
prospects.

The Environment

Operators should be aware of their impact upon the environment whilst using the item of plant at
work and try to minimize this as much as practically possible by keeping a well-maintained machine,
efficient use of the machine, lower engine speed, correct disposal of waste, ensure no spillages
whilst re-fuelling / oils etc, prior planning of work and to ensure extra precaution taken whilst
working near water courses / woodlands etc.

The Working Area

The employer should:

 Ensure as reasonably practical the Health, Safety and Welfare of all employees.

 Provide and maintain a safe place of work, without risk to health, Inc safe access and egress.

 Provide and maintain a safe work environment – without risk to health.

 Consider the safe movement of lift trucks and loads as part of their overall safety policy for people,
plant, and equipment.

Site Induction

When starting on a new site or as changes to the present work environment you are on take place,
site personnel should be given a site safety induction; this induction is to ensure all people on site
have the necessary information regarding safety, the environment / workplace they are working,
and procedures put in place.

Inductions may be site specific but typical subject areas that should be covered are:

Access/egress, accident/near miss reporting, welfare facilities, emergency procedures, escape routes
and assembly points, first aid, plant and equipment use, lifting operations, working from heights,

24
safety signs, site layout, pedestrian walkways, traffic routes, waste disposal, smoking, lift plans, risk
assessments, method statements etc.

The Lift Plan

As slinger signaller activities fall under the scope of the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations a comprehensive lift plan should be drawn up by an authorised and competent person,
which will incorporate initial planning to ensure lifting equipment provided is suitable for the range
of tasks it is to carry out and planning of individual lifting operations so they can be performed
safely. This not only applies to the use of cranes but all lifting equipment, Cranes, Excavators, Forklift
Trucks, Lorry loaders. Each item of lifting equipment poses its own hazards which are sometimes
overlooked.

Excavators

Many excavators are used on site for lifting and moving loads in addition to transporting loads while
still attached to the excavator. For this operation even gentle turning on level ground should be
avoided as this can cause instability issues causing the machine to tip over sideways due to the
centre of gravity exceeding the machines track base.

There are additional hazards for the slinger/signaller. She/he should ensure that the machine is
configured for travel, the load is kept as close to the ground as possible without meeting it.

Ensure there is always a safe refuge easily accessible, the route is clear of obstructions to prevent
slips trips and falls, they can remain clear of the load and the machine but stay in sight of the
operator.

Before attempting to attach a load to a machine which is fitted with a quick hitch coupler ensure
that the controls are isolated, and the operator has acknowledged you to approach the machine.

The working full working radius of the machine is regarded as the danger area when approaching the
machine so ensure you have the operator’s attention before entering the machine’s radius.

Ensure the attachment is approved for lifting with a SWL stamped visible, the attachment is in good
condition and all pins and safety devises in place.

Ensure the lifting accessories

(Chains/straps) are of
suitable length to not
catch/snag on the lifting
equipment and the load can
still be lifted clear of the
ground without the need to
rotate the hitch. The bottom
ram should always be
extended this will prevent
damage to the accessory, by
twisting or restricting the
movement of the load
against the hitch or bucket.

25
If a task cannot be carried out as detailed in the lift plan, then work should stop until the lift plan/
task is amended by an authorised and competent person.

Risk Assessment

Prior to any work task taking place a risk assessment must be carried out. A risk assessment is a
careful examination of the workplace and task to highlight any possible hazards to personal safety
and eliminate, reduce, or minimise the possible hazards (a hazard is defined as a potential threat or
risk to life, health, property or environment).

Method Statement

Once the risk assessment is in place a method statement may be drawn up which will detail the
procedure and steps in which the work is to be carried out, it is a document that gives specific
instruction on how to safely perform the task. The operator is required to read, acknowledge, and
comply with the method statement.

If a task cannot be carried out as detailed in the method statement, then work should stop until the
task /method statement is amended by an authorised and competent person.

Safety

It is generally regarded that slinger signallers fall under the scope of ‘safety critical workers’ in that
carrying out lifting operations their actions could have significant health and safety consequences on
themselves and/ or others who may be affected by their actions while doing these activities. It is
therefore important that operators work to the safest possible standard, adhere to legislation, site
rules and manufacturers instruction always during lifting operations.

26
 Theory questions for A40 Slinger and Signaller
No Max. Act.
Question Answers
. Mark Mark
What are the possible outcomes of
facing prosecution for not complying
with legislation and regulations?
1 3

During the lifting operation, part of

the task cannot be carried out as
detailed in the lift plan. a) What
2 initially must happen to the lifting 3
operation and b) who authorises any
changes?

When working with non-hoist rope

lifting equipment e.g. excavator,
forklift etc. just before going to attach
or disconnect a load, a) what action
3 6
should the slinger/signaller
undertake, b) what action should the
machine operator undertake and c)
explain why?
State the functions or job role of the
following personnel: a) appointed
person, b) crane/lifting operations
4 supervisor, c) lifting equipment 3
operator.

What must be taken into account if a

suspended load is being lifted with an
accessory e.g. chains, which has
5 extra-long legs? 3

Prior to undertaking signalling duties

for pick-and-carry duties, describe
FOUR actions to be made by the
6 slinger/signaller to ensure their own 4
safety?

If assisting in fitting a fly jib to the

crane, why is it important that the
manufacturer's procedures are
followed precisely?
7 2

8 a) What determines the minimum 4

27
 distances that any part of plant and
machinery has to be kept from
overhead electricity lines and b)
explain why a distance should be
kept?

If guiding an item of lifting equipment

undertaking pick-and-carry duties
near an open trench which has a
9 depth of 2 metres, what is the 2
minimum distance to maintain?

On a busy construction site, how

would the slinger/signaller be
identified to the lifting equipment
10 operator? 1

What should the slinger confirm with

the lifting equipment operator
regarding the audible alarm (if fitted)
11 when setting up to carry out a lift ? 1

On the lifting capacity diagram chart

within in Section A40: a) what is the
type of sling shown in item B and
12 b) what is type of hitch shown? 4

What possible effects does excessive

rain have on the lifting operation?

13 2

Why must the hoist rope of an item

of lifting equipment (mobile/crawler
crane etc.) be kept vertical before
14 lifting any loads? 2

When a suspended load is being

travelled, in what position should the
load be situated?
15 1

On what type of loads would a

spreader beam be used?
16 1

28
 The safe working load (SWL) of a
multi-leg chain sling only applies in
what TWO conditions or
17 2
configuration?

What THREE main duties of The

Health and Safety at Work Act must
employees follow?
18 6

The slinger has to use new lifting

accessories that they are unfamiliar
with. What do Regulations (e.g.
19 3
LOLER 98) and other guidance require
the slinger/signaller to have?

Give FOUR reasons that may cause

mobile-type lifting equipment to
overturn.
20 4

If attaching accessories to a quick-

hitch coupler of a machine such as an
21 excavator, give TWO reasons why the 2
coupler should be tilted in the
downwards position (ram extended).
a) What is the purpose of a Method
Statement, lift plan and b) what is
22 required of the slinger/signaller? 4

If a load is being travelled or slewed,

what TWO possible factors should
the slinger take into account?
23 4

Suspended loads with a large surface

area need additional care for what
reason?
24 2

a) Name THREE different types of

lifting accessories, and b) state ONE
advantage of each compared to other
25 6
types of available lifting accessories.

Name THREE ways in which wind

speed can affect the lifting operation.
26 3

29
 What is the purpose of a risk
assessment?
27 2

During inspections, damage has been

found to a lifting accessory. What
TWO actions must be taken?
28 2

Name FIVE proximity hazards which

could affect a lifting operation.

29 5

If setting up to lift loads in a

pedestrianised area, state ONE factor
that needs to be taken into account
30 by the slinger/signaller. 3

What is the difference between a

contract lift and a ‘standard’ crane
hire?
31 4

Name the FOUR stages of the

hierarchy of control for vehicle/plant
manoeuvring operations
32 4

Wind speeds can be variable

throughout the working day. What
action must be taken to ensure safe
33 1
working conditions are maintained?

When can barriers/signs marking a

lifting operations working area be
removed?
34 1

During a lift, it is suspected that a

lifting accessory exceeded the rated
capacity. What would be the course
35 2
of action?

Two boom/jib equipped cranes are

36 3
working in the same vicinity that

30
 encroach on the operating radius of
each. What actions would the lift plan
or method statement normally
specify?
If the hook block of a hoist rope-
equipped lifting equipment
inadvertently (accidentally) lands,
37 2
what is a possible consequence?

Name FIVE items that should be listed

within a site traffic management
plan.
38 5

List SIX typical subject areas that

should be covered in a site induction.
39 3

What could affect the strength of the

signal if radios are being used
between the lifting equipment
40 2
operator and the slinger/signaller?

If radios are to be used during the

lifting operations, what FIVE actions
and checks must be made by the
41 slinger/signaller before use? 5

a) On mobile-type lifting equipment,

what can apply loading or pressure to
the ground and b) name TWO ways
that pressure can be reduced.
42 3

Before being guided by a signaller for

a pick and carry duty, what
instruction should be given to the
43 machine operator by the signaller if 1
they lose sight of each other?

a) On hoist rope-equipped lifting

equipment, how does the number of
lines or falls of rope affect the lifting
44 capacity and b) how is hoist speed 2
affected when the number of lines (or
falls of rope) is reduced?

When working with slewing type-

45 3
lifting equipment in a

31
 restricted/confined area: a) what
danger can be present with regards
to the machine’s counterweight, b)
when should measures be taken and
c) what measures should be
implemented?
Before guiding and assisting the
movement of mobile lifting
equipment that is being repositioned
46 to carry out a new lifting operation a) 2
what should the marshaller/signaller
ensure and b) with whom?
Why should checks be made to lifting
accessories after work has ceased?

47 1

If a load is inadvertently slewed

rather quickly by the operator of an
item of lifting equipment, what TWO
48 initial effects does it have on the load 2
whilst slewing?

What is meant by centre of gravity, or

how is the centre of gravity
determined, on a load to be lifted?
49 1

What does The Health and Safety at

Work Act require employers to do
with regards specifically to plant?
50 3

Only two legs of a 6 tonne four-leg

chain sling are being used. In
principle, what is the maximum load
51 that can be lifted with that sling? 1

What is regarded as the danger or

hazard zone during a lifting
operation?
52 1

53 What are the TWO actions that a 2

slinger/signaller undertakes on lifting
accessories during pre-use
inspections?

32
 How can a qualification or card
benefit a slinger/signaller?
54 1

Travelling with extra-long loads can

be more hazardous for what reason?
55 1

Name THREE ways in which a

slinger/signaller can minimise their
impact upon the environment during
56 3
lifting operations.

What TWO things should be

considered when selecting a place of
refuge or safety within a designated
57 plant manoeuvring area? 2

Give TWO examples of where The

Work at Height Regulations may
apply to lifting operations.
58 2

a) What does the safe working load

(SWL), as stamped on lifting
accessories, indicate? b) what action
59 should be taken if the SWL is not 4
marked on a lifting accessory?

Why are those undertaking

slinging/signalling duties generally
regarded as ‘safety-critical’ workers?
60 4

a) On the lifting-capacity diagram

chart within Section A40, name
component A and b) state its
61 3
function.

62 a) What is meant by the rated (lifting) 2

capacity of lifting equipment and b)
who determines it?

33
 What are the ideal conditions for
lifting accessories to be stored?
63 2

Polyester webbing slings are coloured

and have black lines. What do the
different colours and number of lines
64 indicate? 2

Name THREE ways that a hired-in

slinger/signaller can contribute in
ensuring repeat business with the
65 client or principal contractor. 3

List SIX factors that must be taken

into account by both the machine
operator and slinger/signaller if a
suspended load is to be travelled
66 6
across a site.

Name FOUR different types or levels

of sanction that can be applied (by
employers and judicial bodies) to
slingers/signallers who do not comply
67 4
with, or follow legislation and
regulations.

a) When is a trial lift carried out and

b) name THREE checks to be made?

68 4

Explain THREE factors that could

affect the integrity of a lifting
operations exclusion zone and safe
movements within the zone.
69 3

70 What needs to be inspected on a 2

quick-hitch coupler of an excavator if
attaching lifting accessories for the
lifting of slung loads?

34
 When checking the condition of
lifting accessories, why must gloves
be worn?
71 1

State the possible effect on an item

of lifting equipment if it is positioned
on a slope and lifts a load?

72 1

The legs of a chain sling should be no

more than 90 degrees apart from
each other. What happens to the
SWL if the angle is larger?
73 2

On hoist-rope lifting equipment, how

does the rope or line length affect
loads swings?
74 1

When using more than one lifting

accessory, how should they be
secured to the crane hook?
75 2

What TWO checks need to be made

before a load is to be lowered into a
trench or excavation?
76 4

Which parts of a slewing-type lifting

equipment is the radius (for lifting)
measured from?
77 2

When undertaking a pick-and-carry

duty, explain why turning, even
gently, with a suspended load can
78 cause an effect on the machine. 2

35
 With lighter boom construction on
boom or jib-equipped cranes, how
does the deflection of a boom or jib
79 affect the lifting of a load? 2

a) Who is allowed to issue lifting

accessory test certificates and
b) when are they issued?
80 3

What information is needed when

estimating the weight of a load?

81 3

What makes up the total (or gross)

weight of a load that is to be lifted?

82 3

A 1-tonne webbing sling is attached

to a load using a choke hitch. What is
the maximum weight the accessory is
83 allowed to lift? (Note. The tester may 2
provide a different figure in order to
check understanding)

How does the use of a swivel hook

assist in the lifting operation?

84 2

What is the definition of, or how can

a hazard be described?

85 3

86

36