CONTENTS
1. AIM OF THE PROJECT.
2. INTRODUCTION.
3. TYPES OF DIABETES.
4. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.
5. CAUSES.
6. DIAGNOSIS.
7. PREVENTION .
8. MANAGEMENT.
9. VISITING A DOCTOR.
10. YOGA CURES DIABETES.
11. CONCLUSION: CARE AND PREVENTION.
Aim of the project
To study about DIABETES and suggest ways to fight it.
BLUE RING
THE UNIVERSAL SYMBOL OF DIABETES.
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus
DM
), commonly referred to as
diabetes
,is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high bloodsugar levels over a prolonged
[Link] of high blood sugar include frequent urination,increased thirst, and increased
[Link] left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications .Acute complications can include
diabetic ketoacidosis,hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or [Link] long-term complications
include cardiovascular disease,stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to theeyes.
Specialty -
Endocrinology
Symptoms -
Frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger
Complications -
Diabetic ketoacidosis , nonketotic hyperosmolarcoma, heartdisease, stroke, chronic kidney failure,
foot ulcers
Diagnostic method -
High blood sugar
Treatment -
Healthy diet, physical exercise
Medication -
Insulin, metformin
Frequency -
415 million (8.5%)
Deaths -
1.5
5.0 million per year
TYPES OF DIABETES
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enoughinsulin or the cells of the body not
responding properly to theinsulin [Link] are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 DM
results from the pancreas's failure to produce enoughinsulin . This form was previously referred to
as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". Thecause is unknown.
Type 2 DM
begins with insulin resistance, a condition in whichcells fail to respond to insulin properly. As the
disease progressesa lack of insulin may also develop. This form was previouslyreferred to as "non
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM)or "adult-onset diabetes". The most common cause is
excessivebody weight and not enough exercise.
Gestational diabetes
is the third main form and occurs whenpregnant women without a previous history of diabetes
develophigh blood sugar levels.
Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Feature Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetesOnset
Sudden Gradual
Age at onset
Mostly in children Mostly in adults
Body size
Thin or normal Often obese
Ketoacidosis
Common Rare
Autoantibodies
Usually present Absent
EndogenousInsulin
Low or absent Normal, decreasedOr increased
ConcordanceIn identical twins
50% 90%
Prevalence
~10% ~90%
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weightloss, polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia
(increased thirst),and polyphagia (increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly(weeks or
months) in type 1 DM, while they usually develop muchmore slowly and may be subtle or absent in
type 2 [Link] other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetesalthough they are not
specific to the disease. In addition to theknown ones above, they include blurry vision, headache,
fatigue,slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose cancause glucose
absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads tochanges in its shape, resulting in vision changes. A
number of skinrashes that can occur in diabetes are collectively known as diabeticdermadromes.
CAUSES
Type 1
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing betacells of the pancreatic
islets, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can befurther classified as immune-mediated or
idiopathic. The majority of type 1diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, in which a T
cellmediatedautoimmune attack leads to the loss of beta cells and thus insulin. Itcauses
approximately 10% of diabetes mellitus cases in North America andEurope. Most affected people are
otherwise healthy and of a healthy weightwhen onset occurs. Sensitivity and responsiveness to
insulin are usuallynormal, especially in the early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect children oradults,
but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because a majority ofthese diabetes cases were in
children.
Type 2
Type 2 DM is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. A number oflifestyle factors are known
to be important to the development of type 2 DM,
including obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than 30), lack ofphysical activity, poor
diet, stress, and urbanization. Excess body fat isassociated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese and
Japanese descent, 60
80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of PimaIndians and Pacific
Islanders. Even those who are not obese often have ahigh waist
–
hip ratio.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 DM in several respects,involving a
combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion andresponsiveness. It occurs in about 2
10% of all pregnancies and may improveor disappear after delivery.
DIAGNOSIS
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent high bloodsugar,and is diagnosed by
demonstrating any one of the following:
Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl)
Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol
/l (200 mg/dl) two hours after a 75 goral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test
Symptoms of high blood sugar and casual plasma glucose ≥ 11.1
mmol/l(200 mg/dl)
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 DCCT %).
A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar,should be confirmed by a repeat of
any of the above methods on adifferent day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level
becauseof the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment offormal glucose
tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete
and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test. According tothe current definition, two
fasting glucose measurements above 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) is considered diagnostic for diabetes
mellitus.
PREVENTION
There is no known preventive measure for type 1 [Link] 2 diabetes
which accounts for 85-90% of all cases
can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining a normalbody weight, engaging in physical
activity, and consuming ahealthful [Link] levels of physical activity (more than 90minutes per
day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%.Dietarychanges known to be effective in helping to prevent
diabetesinclude maintaining a diet rich in whole grains and fiber, andchoosing good fats, such as the
polyunsaturated fats found innuts, vegetable oils, and fish.
Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and othersources of saturated fat can also help
prevent [Link] smoking is also associated with an increased risk ofdiabetes and its
complications, so smoking cessation can be animportant preventive measure as [Link]
relationship between type 2 diabetes and the mainmodifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy
diet,physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions ofthe world. There is growing
evidence that the underlyingdeterminants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forcesdriving
social, economic and cultural change: globalization,urbanization, population aging, and the general
healthpolicy environment.
MANAGEMENT
LIFESTYLE
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the diseaseand treatment, good nutrition to
achieve a normal body weight, andexercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-
termblood glucose levels within acceptable bounds
MEDICATIONS
Medications used to treat diabetes do so by lowering blood sugarlevels. There are a number of
different classes of anti-diabeticmedications. Some are available by mouth, such as metformin,while
others are only available by injection such as GLP-1 [Link] 1 diabetes can only be treated
with insulin, typically with acombination of regular and NPH insulin, or synthetic insulin analogs
SURGERY
A pancreas transplant is occasionally considered for people withtype 1 diabetes who have severe
complications of their disease,including end stage kidney disease requiring kidney transplantation.
SUPPORT
In countries using a general practitioner system, such as the UnitedKingdom, care may take place
mainly outside hospitals, withhospital-based specialist care used only in case of
complications,difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In othercircumstances, general
practitioners and specialists share care in ateam approach. Home telehealth support can be an
effectivemanagement technique.
YOGA CURES DIABETES
Yoga Asana useful for Diabetes cure are those which bring about astretch and twist in lower thoracic
and upper lumbar region, wherepancreas is located. These yoga asana are believed to increase
theblood supply, massage the organs, activate its cells and therebycause an increase in secretion of
insulin; reducing high blood [Link] asana regenerates/rejuvenates pancreatic cells by
abdominalstretching; also by enhancing enzymatic process it may increaseutilization and metabolism
of glucose in peripheral [Link] Asana can cause muscular relaxation, enhance
musculardevelopment and improve circulation to muscles; all of thesemight enhance insulin
receptor expression on muscles and causesincrease in glucose uptake by muscles and thus reducing
bloodsugar.
It has been seen that various yoga postures can improvesensitivity of b-cells of the pancreas to
glucose signal and alsoimprove insulin sensitivity. This can result in better glucose uptakeand
reduction of blood [Link] Yoga Asana can directly stimulate pancreas by enhancingcirculation
in the meridian of pancreas and rejuvenates itscapacity to produce [Link] suggests that
regular yoga practice can significant reducebody weight, which is particularly important to keep
diabetesunder [Link] of diabetes can be worsened by increase in bloodpressure. Yoga
Asana like corpse pose, bridge pose child pose andyoga nidra has been seen beneficial in controlling
hypertension.
CONCLUSION: CARE AND PREVENTION
1. Plan what you eat and follow a balanced meal plan. See yourdietitian at least once a year.2.
Exercise at least five times a week for 30 minutes each [Link] to your doctor before starting
any exercise program. Tell yourdoctor what kind of exercise you want to do so adjustments can
bemade to your medicine schedule or meal plan, if necessary.3. Follow your medicine schedule as
prescribed by your doctor.4. Know what medicines (brand and generic names) you are takingand
how they work. Keep a list of your medicines with you at alltimes.5. Test your blood glucose
regularly, as recommended by your health
care provider. Test your blood glucose more often when you're sick.6. Try to continuously keep your
blood glucose level at therecommended range. If your blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dl andyou
have more than one unexplained low blood glucose reaction aweek, call your doctor. If your blood
glucose is greater than 160mg/dl for more than a week or if you have two consecutive
readingsgreater than 300 mg/dl, call your doctor.7. Contact your doctor when your blood glucose is
over 300 mg/[Link] your urine for ketones if recommended by your doctor.8. Record your blood
glucose and urine ketone test results in arecord keeping log. Bring your log book with you to all of
yourdoctor's visits.9. Keep your scheduled appointments with your health careproviders. See your
doctor at least every three to four months forregular check
ups if you are treated with insulin. See your doctorevery four to six months if you are treated with
other diabetesmedicines or if you are managing diabetes with diet and [Link] frequent
visits might be necessary if your blood glucose is notcontrolled or if complications of diabetes are
progressing. Make sureyour health care provider checks your blood pressure and weight
andexamines your feet and insulin injection sites.10. Have a glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c) at
least two times a
year or more frequently as recommended by your doctor.11. Have an eye exam (including a
retinopathy screening test) andurinalysis test once a year, or as recommended by your doctor.
(Yourdoctor might request that you have these tests more frequently.)12. Have your cholesterol and
triglyceride levels checked (lipid profiletest) once a year.13. Have a dental exam every six months.14.
If you have any signs of infection, call your doctor or health careprovider.15. DO NOT SMOKE.
BIBLOGRAPHY
N.C.E.R.T. CLASS XII
BIOLOGY
textbook.[Link]
fordiabetes-high-blood-sugar[Link]
[Link][Link]
en/[Link]
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