CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

AIM

METHODOLOGY

APPARATUS

REAGENTS USED

THEORY

PROCEDURE

OBSERVATON

TABULATION

CALCULATION

RESULTS

USES

HARMFUL EFFECTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
Chlorine with symbol Cl, it is greenish – Yellow gaseous element. Kept in

group 7 of the periodic table, chlorine is one of the Halogens. The atomic number of

chlorine is 17.

Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm

Scheele, who thought that the gas was a compound; it was not until 1810 that the

British chemist Sir Humphry Davy proved that the chlorine was an element and

gave its present name.

At ordinary temperature, chlorine is a Greenish - Yellow gas that can readily

be liquefied under the pressure of 6.8 atmospheres at 20 0C (680F). The gas has an

irritating odour and in large concentration is dangerous; it was the first substance

used us a poisonous gas in World War I (chemical and biological war fare).

Free chlorine does not occur in nature, but its compounds are common

mineral and it is the 20th most abundant element in the earth crust. Chlorine melts at

-1010C (-149.80F), boils at -34.050C (-29.290F) at one atmospheric pressure, and has

a relative density of 1.41at -350C (-310F); the atomic weight of element is 35.453.

Chlorine is an active element, reacting with water, organic compounds, and

many metals. Four oxides have been prepared: Cl 2O, ClO2, Cl2O6, and Cl2O7.

Chlorine will not burn in air, but it will support the combustion of much substance;

an ordinary paraffin candle, for example it burn in chlorine with a Smokey flame.

Chlorine and hydrogen can be kept together in the dark, but react explosively in the
presence of light. Chlorine solutions in water are familiar in the home as bleaching

agents.

Most chlorine is produced by the electrolysis of ordinary salt solution, with

Sodium Hydroxide as a by-product. Because the demand for chlorine exceeds that

for Sodium Hydroxide, some industrial chlorine is produced by treating salt with

nitrogen oxides or by oxidizing hydrogen chloride. Chlorine is shipped as a liquid

in steel bottles. It is used for bleaching paper pulp and other organic materials,

destroying gems life in water, and preparing bromine, tetra ethyl lead, and other

important products.
  AIM

To find the amount of Chloride in different samples of water.

 METHODOLOGY

Mohr’s method (Argentometric), the sample after neutralization is

titrated with Silver Nitrate solution.

 APPARATUS

1. 250 ml cap. Conical flask

2. 250 ml cap. Beaker

3. 20 ml pipette

4. 50 ml Burette

REAGENTS USED

1. Chloride free distilled water.

2. Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) indicator (5%)

3. Standard Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) solution of 0.1M.

 THEORY

Chloride in the form of Chlorine ion is one of the major inorganic anions.

The salty taste produced by Chloride concentration is variable and dependent on the

chemical composition of water. The Chloride is higher in wastewater than in raw

water. Along the sea costal, Chloride may be present in high concentrations because

of intrusion of salt water into the water and sewage system.

In this method, slightly alkaline solution is used. Potassium chromate can

indicate the end point of Silver nitrate titration of Chloride as quantitatively

precipitated before red Silver chromate is formed.

NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl

In this titration, Chloride ions form white precipitate

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(S)

2Ag+ + CrO42- AgCrO4(S)

The pH must be in the range of 7 to 8 because Ag + is precipitated

as Silver Hydroxide (AgOH) at high pH.

 PROCEDURE

 PART – A (SAMPLE TEST)

1. Pipette out 20 ml of given sample into a 250 ml conical flask.

2. Adjust the pH using dilute acid or dilute alkali solution.

3. Add 2 to 3 drops of Potassium Chromate indicator. The color of the solution turns

to yellowish green.

4. Titrate against standard AgNO3 solution of 0.1M.

5. End point is yellowish green to reddish brown color or brick red color.

6. Note down the volume of AgNO3 used as V1.

 PART – B (BLANK TEST)

1. Take 20 ml distilled water in a conical flask and repeat the procedure

from steps in Part A from 2 to 5.

2. The blank showing the end points color should be placed near the

sample being titrate to acid in detection of color change and note down the

volume of titrant used (V2).

  OBSERVATION
Conical Flask : 200 ml of chlorinated water sample

Burette : Standard Silver Nitrate of 0.1M

Indicators : Potassium di Chromate 5%

End point : Appearance of permanent Brown Red Color

 TABULATION

 Determination of Chloride in Unknown

BUREETE READING VOLUMEOF

SAMPLE INDICATOR
Replicate FR IR FR-IR AgNO3
USED USED
USED
1 Chlorinate Potassium 26.5 0 26.5 26.5
2 d water Di Chromate 33.7 0 33.7 33.7
3 sample 24.8 0 24.8 24.8

 CALCULATIONS
Atomic mass of Cl- = 35.45 g/mole

mmoles of Cl- = MAgNO3 xV AgNO3 = 0.1002 mmoles/ml x (26.5-0.20)ml = 2.635

mmoles.

Mass of Cl- = 2.635 x 35.45 mg Cl- / 1mmoles = 93.41 mg.

% Cl- (replicate 1) = 93.41 mg Cl- / 200 mg sample x 100 = 46.7%

 RESULT

Percentage of Cl- in UnKnown = 46..7 ± 0.1

 CONCLUSION

The well known method in which alkaline or a alkaline earth chlorides reacts

with silver nitrate in the presence of a few drops of potassium chromate solution as

indicator is a simple, direct and accurate method for chloride determination.

In the experiment, the amount of chloride in an unknown sample was

determined by this titration. The titration was carried out at a pH between 7 and 8

because chromate ions is the conjugate base of the weak chromic acid. Therefore,

when the pH is lower than 7, chromate is protonated and the chromic acid form

predominates in the solution. Consequently, in more acidic solutions the chromate

ion concentration is too low to produce the precipitate at the equivalence point. If

the pH is above 10, brownish silver hydroxide forms and makes the end point. A

suitable pH was achieved by saturating the analytic solution with sodium hydrogen

chromate.

Since the solubility of silver chloride and silver chromate depends on the

temperature, all titrations were carried out at about the same temperature. Good

stirring during the addition of the silver nitrate ia also required for a sharp and

reproducible end point. Otherwise silver chromate that forms locally before the end

point can become occulted in the silver chloride precipitate instead of resolving.
 USES

1. Chloride ions are an important part of blood plasma.

2. Chloride ions help in the formation of HCl is stomach for digestion.

3. AlCl3 when hydrates are used in deodorant.

 HARMFUL EFFECT OF CHLORINE

1. Chlorine is poisonous gas.

2. It is corrosive to moist tissues and has an irritating effect on lungs and membrane

and throat.

3. Inhalation of chlorine gas causes to lungs.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org

 Effects of Ions on Mohr Method for Chloride Determination, Ind.

Eng.Chem.Anal.Ed; 1938; 10(11); 628-629.

 Precipitation Titration: Determination of Chloride by Mohr Method by Dr.

DenizKohrkmaz.
 AMRITA VIDYALAYAM
RAMANATHAPURAM

AFFILIATION NO: 1930735

Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled___________________________________
_________________________________________________________submitted by
______________________________ in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Central Board of Secondary Education of Class 12 th ,AmritaVidyalayam, R.S.Madai,
Ramanathapuram, is done by her during the academic year 2022 – 2023, under my
supervision and guidance and this project or any part thereof has not been submitted
elsewhere for any classes.

Signature of the Principal Signature of the Internal Guide

Smt. Harini Anup.,

Date:

Submitted for the project evaluation held on March 2022 viva voce held on __________
Amrita Vidyalayam, R.S.Madai, Ramanathapuram.

Signature of the External Examiner

Date:
 AMRITA VIDYALAYAM
RAMANATHAPURAM

AFFILIATION NO: 1930735

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT

IN
CHEMISTRY FOR GRADE XII
(2022 - 2023)

“Determine amount of Chloride in different samples of

water.”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of CBSE, Delhi.

Submitted by

SHAHANA SEETHA D

Roll No: ___________________

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to thank my Respected Principal Smt. Harini Anup.,and my

Chemistry Teacher Shri. G. Veerapandian for their constant guidance and
motivational, moral encouragement towards success of this project.

Next, I would also thank all my staff members and school for providing
necessary materials.

And, I would also like to extend my gratitude for everyone who helped me to
complete this project.