Operation Research During World War II The British military brought together a group of scientists to allocate insufficient resources o for example, food, medics, weapons, troops, etc. in the most effective way possible to different military operations.Operation Research e@ Operation research is the application of method of science to complex problems in the direction and management of large systems of men, machine, materials, and money in industry, business, government and defence. e The purpose is to help management in determining its policy and action scientifically. - OR Society UKOperation Research OR is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and operate man-machine systems that usually require the allocation of scarce resources. o OR Society America OR is the art of finding bad answers to problems which otherwise have worse answers Use of Scientific method Helps in better and improved decision makingOperation Research Different Techniques of OR for Decision Making Linear Programming Transportation Problem Assignment Model Game Theory Sequencing and Queuing Theory Replacement Problem Project Management (CPM, PERT)Operation Research e A key person in the post war development of OR was George B Dantzing e Develop simplex method for solving Linear programming problem in 1947 e@ Operation Research Society of America (ORSA) founded in 1952,Operation Research e In 1952, The Institute of Management Science (TIMS) was founded as international society to identify, extend and unify scientific knowledge pertaining to management e At the same time, Prof. R S Verma also set up an OR team at Defence Science Laboratory for Solving problems of store, purchase and planning. e In India, OR came into existence in 1949, when an OR unit was established at Regional Research Laboratory, Hyderabad for planning and Organising Research.Application/Use/Scope @ Agricultural Optimum distribution of water, optimum distribution of land to crop, e Government : Urban and housing problems, Police control, ste. e Industry/Business © Finance and Accounting ) Marketing Purchasing and Procurement Facilities Planning Manufacturing, > Personnel Management e Defence Which course of action to be used during warDecision Making the selection of a course of action from among two or more possible options all about choosing from the available options. The better choices you make, the better decision-maker you'll become. A decision-making process is a series of steps taken by an individual to determine the best option or course of action to meet their needs.Decision Making Environment e@ the environment in which a decision is made. © the information available, © knowledge of the situation, o nature of the problem, and oO whether there’s a certainty, uncertainty, or risk to which the decision is made under.Decision Making Environment There are three types of Decision Making Environments: e Certainty e Uncertainty e Risk SituationsDecision Making Under Certainty Under conditions of certainty, © accurate, measurable, and reliable information on which to base decisions is available. There is only one outcome of each alternative Safest decision-making environment and, consequently, the least risky.Decision Making Under Certainty Under conditions of certainty, © accurate, measurable, and reliable information on which to base decisions is available. There is only one outcome of each alternative Safest decision-making environment and, consequently, the least risky.Decision Making Under Certainty Techniques e Linear Programming Queuing Model Inventory Model Capital Budgeting BEP AnalysisDecision Making Risk Situations e the decision maker has incomplete information about available alternatives but has a good idea of the probability of outcomes for each alternative. e Multiple outcome for each alternative with known probability of occurrence of each outcome e Such decisions are associated with events that could either be very successful or quite disastrous for the organization.Decision Making Under Uncertainty e The decision-maker is not aware of all available alternatives, the risks associated with each, and the consequences of each alternative or their probabilities. e@ Multiple outcome of each alternative and probability is unknown e For Example, o A Grocery shop owner must decide how many packets of milk to purchase every day in the face of uncertain demandMODEL Definition — A model is an ideal representation of a real life system. System can be a uel Lepresentatian Ot a Teal iie;sy ores problem, process, operation, object or event Examples — Photographs, Roadmap, accounting statements like Profit and Loss account and balance sheet are all models since they partially represents the reality. Types of Models There are many ways to classify models 1. Classifications based on Functions ] i) Normative Models (ii) Predictive Models (iii) Descriptive Modelsbbins , +0 Fd OU b maclines ete) oust ceb have Actoxding to famous Etononist Ko ( dane, Labour ; capital -mafoud Oe Aboays Limited . Gut ach Mes Vaiow alferunative ust: The problem Wepore Oy manager uu fo select only Ahore gulttsenatines cukiol Can pasinze Ht ¢ prot and rafnind Ze, Cost Of production roqramming technicuue a ible AVF AY f5om OL The Linem used | fe se Beleet Hw best pore Aid Ok Gbkennatives : * Linens Ourcl pogennng’ Tas. ctrl Unesut Ateund hor Prducating Hs gulaionship between differont uilwaos Cnotus, 4 vous 012% * deare® one comming meoors plomning and Saperor yore? Of Leleeting (err cowue of artio As7 ¢ Pens 7 capital gmat Ose alway Linited . Gur each #40 | Massious esutive USE “The problem rn omy manager fo select onl Abo gulttenatives culich Can mantra’ prope aud rninimize Cosr of PY ocluehOn - The near rogreunaming Heehyloyur aa used fo 5 wuab maelines ete nies NAUe mo | Abrote gy from Nod - selet Hr bet possible, Ok Alternatives 4 . | * Linens wel progrennuns 2 Ts fee Linea Ateunds Lor Pndiic ng Ke pufationship between dixfesont es Jol Of dearee® one viwraos Onotur usord pro coming meow ploxning and HOU 4 41 psotor OF vee ist coroue of action fyem Yqgdou> odemalives «" : Lineax Progromning | > The téchnieyuc. Lin eas pee ramning eno - fated by a Reuwan rmatrem > Bur prasent Vesaion wus cauoped by q 7 Wineo ath Yon Ly Kantorovics | o Aimples amettrod boge: 6. Dentzig in 944. cu din important Leechniaiwe q oper Saseasich dleucloped fox Optrvint ie 5g Hon Ox097008 iy ? Tt id On Lunportourk Op nutaodion | (maximization OX ninindzation ) tephviayee tused wer cleersion set gu busines andl dow Lle obted dhe vaodinwin pyran t ‘esau of a Lim east expression to Aa Testrinolo gies ee a J ‘ a QO) Deersion vasdobles “The oletssion Vosobles coc aut decicle any ouspa or Aotudtion i ‘ “To solve potoblent , we feat need toidentipy. us olecuion vasacuoles. ® Objective Fuunetion Trew epinecl cu tho objective Ce Colmpany cush +0 increase P prcogt ds objective fonction: © Coushraink 3- The Constraint arte, Hons on the clectaion vepuables . dee vevdables what seaprescut: ultimote | Of mating Aeersio vote vez Ap de stastsetiorY ins) bm) |AL coustroivits (Limitation) + QU OW a Ahould be fully Apelt out wi themasice! 4oT CO) Non - Negotvi The yous a i casuals nust be Avco or postive e. Mio of voduetion » Hu. manager con Ou posticutior pro oO ut positive or minimdim Ke2t0) NOt dae eee - “(d) Lfneost ae The sulotionship loetween vordables mat be Linear hinens means psoposctional oulatonshi or nny vouudoles . Ve the clegree of be nowimum One-VHF For ex: Indore Of ProducktOn y 7S Oleeide about ouny posrticubey product positive or winimium ALY, not He rego le “(d) fen: ; The seule wip loetween vowwables nuat be [7 hineos means psroposdional wulationahip betve We Hise brmore Vouriales ie Hu degree of Vassiololer should be movin One >) tiniteness o purine ub and outputs need tobe, pinite Thtw Ce oe oe joer, = come ure,OH ll an tnformodion bose \fiaregr o Buasre HOSOUCES. ] @ Lp quae uh moaning oolgustmerts oueersng to nq conditons: @ wu helps d Ailing peeesoine Pproblews. > [Assumptions |*- coushramtts or cestrictons CD These ore @ NO g expressible un dyuantitative +ecoustrarstks or restrictions cantitative +teoums - ud output both Cue Ci) Theses Orr O no ~ expwossible, ww Oyu Ci) “The peuce © uk conta b we Ci) he sulodionship Quid Coushraumts ou hetiwe en objective fomesion Lin eax . civ? “Wes objective _favction eis to b& ccion OF cos nuantrazeton 1@ pro fa opt mized5:54 wl al S fea ur @ 33 GS} OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v © ChataPt In Linear Programming (LP), the graphical method is a visual way to solve two-variable linear programming problems. It is particularly useful when dealing with problems that involve only two decision variables. Here are the basic steps of the graphical method: i. Objective Function Representation: * Represent the objective function as a straight line on a graph. The coefficients of the decision variables °’ 2rmine the slope of this line. Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.5:54 wl al S fea ur @ 33 GS} OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v 4 3. Feasible Region Identification: * Identify the feasible region, which is the area where all constraints overlap. 4. Optimal Solution Determination: * The point where the objective function line enters the feasible region and is tangent to it (touches but doesn't cross) represents the optimal solution. 5. Objective Function Value Calculation: * Calculate the objective function value at the optimal solution point. The graphical \ :hod is intuitive and provides a visual understanding of the Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.5:54 wl atl & feo ug @ 8 S> OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v & provides a visual understanding of the problem. However, it is limited to two- dimensional problems and becomes impractical for problems with more than two decision variables. In such cases, algebraic methods like the Simplex method are more commonly used. Keep in mind that the graphical method is best suited for educational purposes and gaining a conceptual understanding of linear programming. In real-world applications with more complex problems, software tools and algorithms an pically employed. Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.5:56 wal atl > Yeo ug @ 8 S> OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v Yo Unatur i The graphical method in Linear Programming (LP) has several characteristics: 1. Applicability to Two Variables: * The graphical method is most applicable when dealing with linear programming problems involving only two decision variables. It becomes impractical for problems with more than two variables. 2. Visual Representation: * It provides a visual representation of the pro! v n, making it easier to understana and explain the solution Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.5:56 wal atl > Yeo ug @ 8 S> OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v 4 3. Feasible Region Determination: * The method helps in identifying the feasible region, which is the set of solutions that satisfy all constraints. This region is determined by the intersection of constraint lines. 4. Optimal Solution at Intersection: * The optimal solution to the linear programming problem is found at the corner point where the objective function line touches the feasible region. This point represents the maximum or minimum value of the objective frsction. 5. Limited to Lin-ur Constraints: Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.5:56 wal atl > Yeo ug @ 8 S> OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v G dimensional graph. 6. Inapplicability to Unbounded Solutions: * The method assumes that feasible regions and solutions are bounded. If the feasible region is unbounded, the graphical method may not provide a clear solution. ‘7. Educational Tool: * While the graphical method is a practical approach for learning and teaching linear programming concepts, it is not commonly used in practice LV + solving large, real- world probiems due to its Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.5:56 wal atl > Yeo ug @ 8 S> OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v 8. Limited for Sensitivity Analysis: * Itis less suitable for sensitivity analysis, which involves examining how changes in the coefficients of the objective function or constraints affect the optimal solution. Other methods, like the Simplex method, are more suitable for sensitivity analysis. In summary, the graphical method is a valuable tool for introductory understanding of linear programming, especially for -=~blems with two. variables. Howe ver, for more complex Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:00 wall atl & Heo ug @ 33 OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v a4 © ChatGPT The Simplex method is an algorithm used to solve linear programming (LP) problems. lt was developed by George Dantzig in 1947 and remains one of the most widely used methods for solving LP problems. The Simplex method works by iteratively improving the solution at each step until an optimal solution is reached. Here's a brief overview of the steps involved: i. Standard Form: * Start with a linear programming problemi L \ndard form, where the objective is to maximize (or Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:00 all tl > Hea ug @ 8 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v i. Standard Form: * Start with a linear programming problem in standard form, where the objective is to maximize (or minimize) a linear function subject to linear equality constraints. 2. Initial Feasible Solution: * Begin with an initial feasible solution. This solution must satisfy the equality constraints, and non- basic variables are typically set to zero. 3. Optimality Test: * Check wh y, »rthe current solution is optimal. If the coefficients of the Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:00 all tl > Hea ug @ 8 > OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v zero. 3. Optimality Test: * Check whether the current solution is optimal. If the coefficients of the objective function for all non-basic variables are non-negative (for maximization problems) or non- positive (for minimization problems), the solution is optimal. 4. Pivot Operation: * If the solution is not optimal, select a variable to enter the basis (non- basic to basic) and a variable to leave the , is (basic to non-basic). This choice 1s based on the entering Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:00 all tl > Hea ug @ 8 > OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v test. 5. Update the Solution: * Adjust the values of the basic and non-basic variables to obtain a new feasible solution. This is done through elementary row operations. 6. Repeat: * Repeat steps 3 to 5 until an optimal solution is reached. The algorithm ensures that at each iteration, the objective function value improves, moving towards the optimum. ‘7. Termination: * The algor’ Vv terminates when the optimality conditions are met, and Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:00 tl atl > Hea ug @ 8 > OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v 4 * The algorithm terminates when the optimality conditions are met, and the current solution is optimal. The Simplex method efficiently explores the feasible region of a linear programming problem by moving from one vertex to another along the edges. While it is effective for small to moderate-sized problems, for large- scale problems, more advanced algorithms or optimization software may be preferred. Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:01 all atl & Hea ug @ 8 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v © ChataPt The Simplex method in linear programming (LP) has several characteristics: 1. Iterative Process: * The Simplex method is an iterative process that systematically moves from one feasible solution to another, improving the objective function value at each step. 2. Optimality Test: * Itincludes an optimality test at each iteration to determine whether the current sc J >nis optimal. The method continues until an optimal Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:01 atl al > Heo ug @ 33 OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v G 3. Movement Along Edges: * The method moves along the edges of the feasible region, starting from an initial feasible solution and progressing toward the optimal solution by adjusting the values of decision variables. 4. Variable Selection: * Variables are selected to enter or leave the basis in a way that improves the objective function. This selection is based on the negative coefficients of the entering variable ir Lv objective function and the minimum ratio test for the Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:01 atl al > Heo ug @ 33 OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v leaving variable. 5. Efficiency for Small to Moderate Problems: * The Simplex method is effective for small to moderate-sized linear programming problems. However, for large-scale problems, more advanced algorithms may be more efficient. 6. Bounded Feasible Region: * The method assumes that the feasible region is bounded, and the solution space is finite. This assumptle- sures the algorithm's convergenuc. Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.id @ 8 Vo, tea 6:01 «1 OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v convergence. ‘7. Gaussian Elimination Technique: * It employs a Gaussian elimination technique to perform elementary row operations, updating the solution matrix to achieve a new feasible solution. 8. Initialization: * Requires an initial feasible solution to begin the iterations. This initial solution can be obtained by setting non-basic variables to zero. 9. Degeneracy Handling: * The Simp! v method may encounter degeneracy, where the Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:04 atl al > Heo ug @ 33 OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v @ You The big M method in LP model © ChataPt The Big M method is an extension of the Simplex method used to solve linear programming (LP) problems, particularly when dealing with problems that involve inequality constraints. The Big M method introduces artificial variables to convert inequality constraints into equality constraints, making them compatible with the Simplex meth. Here are the key steps Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:04 all tl © Hea ug @ 8 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v a4 &@ cnavri The Big M method is an extension of the Simplex method used to solve linear programming (LP) problems, particularly when dealing with problems that involve inequality constraints. The Big M method introduces artificial variables to convert inequality constraints into equality constraints, making them compatible with the Simplex method. Here are the key steps involved in the Big M method: i. Convert Inequality Constraints: * Transform v ch inequality constraint into an equality Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:04 all tl & bea ug @ 8 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v nivurveu ut IS Diy wisi. 1. Convert Inequality Constraints: * Transform each inequality constraint into an equality constraint by introducing a non- negative "slack" or "surplus" variable. 2. Introduce Artificial Variables: * Introduce artificial variables for each inequality constraint to make the system of equations feasible. Assign a large positive constant (M) as the coefficient for these artificial variables. v 3. Formulate the initial Tableau: Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:04 atl al > Heo ug @ 33 OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 » a4 tne equations. 4. Pivot Operations: * Perform pivot operations using the Simplex method to eliminate artificial variables from the basis. Continue iterating until all artificial variables are removed from the basis. 5. Optimality Test: * Apply the optimality test to check whether the solution is optimal for the original problem. If not, continue the iterations. 6. Remove Artificial Variables: * Ifartificial ables remain in the basis after the optimality test, Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:04 atl al > Heo ug @ 33 OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v 7. Final Solution: * Once the artificial variables are removed, the solution to the modified system represents the solution to the original LP problem. 8. Adjust Objective Function: * Adjust the coefficients in the objective function to account for the artificial variables. These coefficients were set to M during the process, so they need to be updated. 9. Final Optimality Test: * Perform a final optimality test to ensure the “tution obtained is Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:04 all tl & bea ug @ 8 > OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v ensure the solution obtained is optimal for the original problem. The Big M method is a technique to handle inequality constraints within the framework of the Simplex method. However, it has some limitations, such as sensitivity to the choice of the big M constant and potential numerical instability. Interior-point methods are alternatives that are often used in practice, especially for large-scale linear programming problems. Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:05 all tl > Hea ug @ 8 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v Duality is a fundamental concept in linear programming (LP) that establishes a relationship between two related optimization problems: the primal problem and the dual problem. Here are key aspects of duality in LP: 1. Primal Problem: * The primal problem is the original linear programming problem that seeks to maximize or minimize an objective function subject to a set of linear constraints. 2. Dual Problem: * The dual } \ lem is derived from the primal problem. For a Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:06 all tl > Hea ug @ 8 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v 2. Dual Problem * The dual problem is derived from the primal problem. For a maximization (minimization) primal problem, a minimization (maximization) dual problem is formulated. The variables in the dual problem correspond to the constraints of the primal problem. 3. Objective Functions: * The objective function of the dual problem is formed by the coefficients of the primal problem's constrain’ Lv imilarly, the coefficients of the primal problem's Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:06 wll atl & Heo ug @ 33 OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v 4 constraints in the dual problem. 4. Feasibility: * Ifa feasible solution exists for the primal problem, it implies that there is a feasible solution for the dual problem and vice versa. This is known as the Weak Duality Theorem. 5. Optimality: * If an optimal solution exists for the primal problem, the optimal value of the primal objective function is equal to the optimal value of the dual objective function. This is known as wv Strong Duality Thanram Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:06 all tl > Hea ug @ 8 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v a4 6. Dual Simplex Method: * The Simplex method can be applied to solve both the primal and dual problems simultaneously. The Dual Simplex method is an extension of the Simplex method that exploits the duality relationship. ‘7. Complementary Slackness: * The principle of complementary slackness states that for an optimal solution pair (primal and dual), the product of the slack variables in the primal and dual problems is zero. 8. Economic Interpretation: * The dual\ \ bles in the dual problem often have an economic Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:06 all tl > Hea ug @ 8 > OQ schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v propiem. 9. Sensitivity Analysis: * Duality provides insights into the sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the coefficients of the objective function or constraints in both the primal and dual problems. Understanding duality is crucial for gaining insights into the structure of linear programming problems, interpreting the meaning of solutions, and conducting sensitivity analysis. It plays a significant role in the development L ‘gorithms and techniques for solving linear Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:11 all tl & Heo © Bt > Go Medium : x Primal Problem ES (i) Objectiveis to minimize (i). Objectiveis to maximize (il) ith primal variable, x; (il) ith dual constraint (iil). jth. primal constraint (iil) jth dual variable, y, (wv) Bgignal variable x; unrestrictedin sign (jv) Dual constraint is = type \ constraint jis = type (v) Dual variable y; unrestricted in sign 6 ‘constraints type (vi) Dual constraints < type pyomo 101 — A Dual mom Visit > Optimization problem | En... Images may be subject to copyright. Learn More «~ Share Save © Castro Marina © EA Journals Difference Between Pri... SENSITIVITY AND DUA... rm mon Primal-Dual relationship aera! = lame Primal Problem | | Dual Problem emcees . ee cere cote (® Operation Research - W... @ SlideShare Duality - Operation Re... * Q Al Discover Search Collections6:13 atl atl © Hea gv @ 33 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v The primal and dual linear programming (LP) models are two related optimization problems derived from each other. Here are the key differences between the primal and dual LP models: 1. Objective Function: * Primal: In the primal model, the objective is to either maximize or minimize a linear function. Dual: In the dual model, the objective is to either minimize or maximize a linear function. The dual objective \ tion is derived from the constraints of the primal ! o ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:13 atl atl © Hea gv @ 33 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v problem. 2. Decision Variables: * Primal: The decision variables in the primal model represent the quantities to be determined or optimized. Dual: The dual variables in the dual model correspond to the constraints of the primal model. They are associated with the resources or constraints of the primal problem. 3. Constraints: * Primal: The constraints in the v primal mo. . represent limitations ARAAARIARS ARASH ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:13 atl atl © Hea gv @ 33 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v priniar prowiciin. 3. Constraints: * Primal: The constraints in the primal model represent limitations on resources or activities. * Dual: The dual constraints are derived from the coefficients of the primal objective function. Each constraint in the primal becomes a variable in the dual, and vice versa. 4. Direction of Optimization: * Primal: The primal model is concerned with either maximizing or minimizing the objective function. | * Dual: The dual model is concerned ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:13 atl atl © Hea gv @ 33 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v 4 * Dual: The dual model is concerned with minimizing or maximizing a cost or resource requirement associated with the constraints. 5. Feasibility and Optimality: * Primal: Feasible solutions to the primal model satisfy the constraints, and an optimal solution maximizes or minimizes the objective function. Dual: Feasible solutions to the dual model satisfy its constraints, and an optimal solution maximizes or minimizes the dual objective function. ! o ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:13 atl atl © Hea gv @ 33 > OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v function. 6. Shadow Prices: * Primal: The shadow prices (dual values) in the primal model represent the marginal value of additional resources or the rate of change in the objective function per unit change in the right-hand side of constraints. Dual: The shadow prices (dual values) in the dual model represent the marginal cost or value of relaxing the constraints in the primal moe'~", 7. Economic Inte. pretation: ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:13 wal atl & Meo ug @ 8 Gs OQ) 23 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v 4 primal model. 7. Economic Interpretation: * Primal: The primal variables often have an economic interpretation related to quantities or activities. * Dual: The dual variables often have an economic interpretation related to prices, costs, or resource availability. 8. Optimal Solutions: * Primal: An optimal solution to the primal problem corresponds to an optimal solution in the dual problem, and their objective values are equal. v * Dual: An ontimal solution ta the ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:18 wal atl & tea © 3 OQ 2schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ G ChatGPT 3.5 v © ChataPt Integer Programming (IP) is an extension of linear programming (LP) in which some or all of the decision variables are required to take integer values. In linear programming, variables can take any real value within a given range, but in integer programming, the variables are restricted to being integers. The two main types of integer programming are: i. Pure Integer “ygramming (PIP): * In PIP, all decision variables must Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.”) Meo nv @ Bt > OQ) 2 [Link]/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 v 4 integers. The two main types of integer programming are: i. Pure Integer Programming (PIP): * In PIP, all decision variables must take integer values. Mathematically, it is represented as follows: az,€Z foralli=1,2,...,n where ; is an integer variable. 2. Mixed Integer Programming (MIP): * In MIP, some variables are required to take integer values, while others can take continuous (non-integer) values. Mathematically, it is represent.“ as follows: Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.6:19 wal atl & Meo ng @ Bt a> OQ 2schatopenaicom/ + = Language: Communication System GZ ChatGPT 3.5 ~ & © ChataPt Post-optimality analysis in the context of linear programming refers to examining the sensitivity of the solution and the impact of changes to the coefficients of the objective function or the right-hand side values of the constraints after obtaining the optimal solution. This analysis helps in understanding the robustness of the solution and provides insights into how changes in the input parameters affect the optimal solution. Here are key bs dots of post-optimality Message ChatGPT... ChatGPT can make mistakes. Consider checking important information.