Anatomy and Physiology

CHAPTER 3: CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS

Transes by: ELLEMA, ARIANNE KENDRA P. | 1D

CELL MEMBRANE o Endocytosis: ingestion of

particles
➔ Plasma Membrane
➔ Outer boundary of the Cell
➔ Encloses the cytoplasm ▪ Diffusion
o Simple diffusion: sponty
TYPES OF CELL MEMBRANE movement of molecules
• Phospholipids; consist of lipid bilayers o Facilitated diffusion: carrier-
• Proteins; carry out functions; cell surface mediated; channel-mediated.
receptors ▪ Osmosis- Sponty movement of water
from higher to lower areas.
CHARACTERISTIC OF PLASMA o Osmotic pressure; forced
required to prevent the
MEMBRANE movement of water.
➔ BAS
➔ Bilayer of Lipids; Amphipathic; Semipermeable • Active Transport- requires energy
▪ Primary- carrier protein uses energy
CELL- basic unit of life from ATP
Parts of Cell ▪ Secondary- uses energy stored
o Cell membrane- outermost component
o Nucleus- structure inside the cell; contains OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS
cell’s genetic material ▪ Hypertonic- high concentration of fluid, sugar,
o Cytoplasm- living material surrounding the salt, blood.
nucleus; inner environment of the cell. ▪ Hypotonic- low concentration of fluid, sugar,
salt, blood.
FUNCTION OF CELL ▪ Isotonic- similar concentration.
• Cell Metabolism and Energy use
• Synthesizes Metabolism ORGANELLES
• Communication • Nucleus- membrane-enclosed within a cell
• Reproduction and Inheritance that contains 23 chromosomes.

MOVEMENTS OF CELL • Ribosomes- sites of protein synthesis

• Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
• Smooth ER- creates protein-filled vesicles
o P
o Mg • Rough ER- detoxification of the cells
o Phosphate
o Sulfate • Golgi Apparatus-series of closely packed
o Protein membranes sacs; packages and modifies.
o Enzymes
o Glycogen • Secretory vesicles- membrane-bound sacs
o K+ that carry substance from golgi to cell
• Extracellular Fluid (ECF) membrane.
o Na+
o Cl- • Lysosomes- aka suicidal bags; digests
o HCO3- unwanted substances.
o Ca+ • Peroxisomes- aka microbodies; detoxification
of free radicals.

CELL TRANSPORT MECHANISM • Mitochondria- carry out aerobic respiration

• Passive Transport- does not require energy
▪ Vesicular transport • Cytoskeleton- framework of the cell; supports
o Exocytosis: expulsion of cell cytoplasm.
content

ELLEMA | RTRMF 1
 • Centrioles- center of microtubula formation

• Cilia- moves substances on the surface

• Flagella- movement of sperm
• Microvilli- supported by microfilaments

GENE EXPRESSION
➔ Process by which information stored in the
genes of DNA molecules are joined together;
consist of nucleotides.

CELL CYCLE
• Interphase- DNA exist
• Prophase- chromosomes are paired
• Metaphase- chromosomes align near the
center
• Anaphase- chromosomes move away
(separate)
• Telophase- nucleus & nuclear envelope
re-appear (cleavage formation)

Mnemonics: IPMAT; I Pray Mostly About Titoy

CELL CYCLE DIVISION

• Mitosis- somatic/body cells; growth and tissue
repair; diploid; 23 pairs, 46 total.
• Meiosis- reproduction; haploid; no pairs, 23
total.
• Aptosis- programmed cell death

NOTE: Ending of mitosis produced 2 daughter

cells

ELLEMA | RTRMF 2