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UNIT 2 Pathophysiology (Imperfect Pharmacy)

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4K views26 pages

UNIT 2 Pathophysiology (Imperfect Pharmacy)

Uploaded by

gyuvaraja5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
LOGE? © CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS © RESPIRATORY DISORDERS © RENAL DISORDERS x by [mperFec CIEE }@ wm 2 IMPERFECT) PHARMACY, Carotovascurar System DISORDERS © The human cardiovascular system & a aystem of Omans that Indudes , heart , blood vesele & blood . © Heart pumps the blood into blood vessels £ Blood vessels Citeulotes the blood to whole body . Heart Heat is a hollow muscular € major ofgan of Cordiovaxular system thot pumps the blood into blood vessels . SuPeRioR = <+——_ Aorta Purmonary ARTERY ae a es Hf VENACAVA t Loyers OF Heort_ The wall of heaft consist of 3 layers : © Pericardium @ Myocardtun ® Endocardium Chambers OF Heart. The heart mainly consist of 4 chambers : © Right Atrium > Upper right side @ left Atrium + Upper left side ® Right ventricle + below Right Vertriee ium © Leh Vente > below Left Atrium CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE @ The diseases or disorders related to heart @ blood vessels are termed as cardiovascular diseases ° © Some most common caidiouaxular diseases are a3 follows, : © Hypertension @® Congestive Heart Failure ® Tehemic Heort Disease @ Angina Pedoris © Myocardial Inftaction © Atveroscerosis HYPERTENSION © Hypertension (s most commonly known os High Blood Presse (BF) © T is a qndition tn which Me blood pressure on systemic Ottery increased beyond the Normal pressure © Th this Gndition heart hos to work harder to deliver blood to tissues. © According fo WHO , Jn india around 237 men and 997. women over 25 yeors old suffer ffom Hypertension . @ High BP also becmes the reason fer other vanbus heay 4 diseases . Stages OF H ion STAGES _ Sustouic BP Diastouc BP © | Pre Hypertension 120-123 mm Hg 80-89 ©| Stage -L 130- [5a mm Hg 90-99 | stage -L 14o- 149 mm Hq 400-0 . Stage- IT (Severe) More or equal to 180} More or equal to I10 Generally it is ery diffiutt to find the adual Cause of Hypertension but here are some following reason, thot can be fesponsible for Hypertension . © Genetics © Thactve Life style © stress © Obesity © Unhealthy Diet © Alchol © Smoking © kidney diseases © Ademol Giand disorders © Thyroid Problems © Damage In Blood vessels . © G@ttain Medications : Birth Control Pills, Fain telrevers , itlea droge etc. el Pathoaenesis Of GH Hypertension © The pothogenesis of Hypertension is multifactorial @ very complex © DF mainly depends on 4 mechanism Gi) Sympathatic. Newous System Activities iy Activites of oscutar endothetivm Gi) Activities of -Renal © Weight Loss © Exenise © Meditation © Healthy Diet ® Pharmacological: © Diuretics © Beta blocker © Alpha blocker © Vasodilators ele, CONGESTIVE HEART Faiwure © CHE is GQ serous condition mainly characterized! by Rdodion in heart's _ pumping capacity . © When a reek lst fo pomp blood in a guantily sufficient to Ful the body's fequirment then the condition known Congestive Heart Failure CCHF) . © T can also be simply known ca Heart failure © Nasrowing in the artery or high blood pressure , generally makes the heart tco weak 40 pump sufficiently . lipes_ Te an be of following types * © loft - sided heart failure © Right - Sided heart failure © Biventricular Heart failure Cavees | Etiology © Narrowing of tees that supply blood fo heat muscle ‘Ischemic heart disease Hypertension Myocardiol Tafraction Smoking Obesity : Tmproper lunge functioning . Suen , J Stress Valvular Heart Disease. Atconot ) eT Pathogenesis | Mechanism of CHF CHF Gn be occur through voviou, mechanism a% given below - TmeroperR Pump -FuNcioNING: [Decrease in - Arterol Pressure | [Disturbance in kidney functioning | [ “Increowe_in_ Venous Pressure | [Adivation_ of Barorecestor | + [Adivation of RAS System ] | Vasoconstriction ] [Tncreased woter reabsorption _| 4 Increase blood __ Volume Thcrease Preload Therese Cardiac Workload [reese hee] Sign ¢ Symptoms © Chest Pain © Shortness of Breath © Fatique © Tirequior Heartbeat © Blood in Urine © Blurted Vision @ Headaches © Dry Gugh ete. Complications © kidney Damage © Liver Damage © Heart Attack © Heart Value Problem © Diarhoea ete. Treatment _ ® Non Pharmacological © Exercise © No smokin © Heolthy Diet © Proper Lifestyle, @ Pharmacological © ACE Inhibitor © Beta blockers © Pivretics © Vosoditators Iscuernc Heart Disease © Th ts Condition in which supply oF oxygen to the muscles of heast get reduced. © Th, Ischemic heart disease , the major blood vessels Supplying blood , Oxygen nutrients to the hear! becomes damaged . eT is also known as Coronary Artery Disease . © Building of ploque inflammation in arteries are the major (ouses of fschemic heart disease © Ischemic heart disease is further responsable for following heart diseases @) Angina Fectoris - Gi) Myocardial Tnfractton Gid) Atherosclerosis ANGina _PECTRIS Types Of Angina _Pectoris Angina Pectoris can be further subdivided into three types © Stable Angina ® Unstable Angina ® Vasant Angina STABLE ANGINA In stoble angina the Pain usyalty Occurs when the heart Musdes Work harder during Physical exercise . © Pain con be Fekeued by proper fest € medications . © Chest pain may spreod to arm, back € other anes mer Cai UNSTABLE ANGINA © Tk Is Qlso known as Crescendo Angina, © The pain of unstable angina ocur, during penods of rest , sleeping g Suddenly © F generally not rekived by fet @ medicine, © Build up of plaque along the walls of arteries is one of the Principle couse of unstable angina, VARIANT ANGINA @ The pain of vanant angina ocurs at fest during night @ Costy moming hours, © T's fare type of angina caused by spar in blood vessels . Myocarovan Inrarction Types OF Myocardtiol Tnfivction _ Myocardial Thfarction is of Manly wo types © Tronsmural MI ® Non- Transmora! ML Transmurat MZ: Th this the affected muscle seqment undergoes necrosis that extends fom endocardium to epicardium through myocardium Non TRansmuraL MZ: Ih this type of MZ the area of necrosis is limite! to endocardium or max to Myocardium . oom Etiology | Gauses © Hypertension © Low 02 supply © Smokin © Alcohol © Obesil © Stress © Diabetes © Thflammation Pathogenesis | Mechanism Various Etiological Factors ‘ [Enwny to etdotheliol cet that Tines the load vessds | 4 ‘Inflammation | Immune Reaction 4 [ Acumutation of Lipids | Platelets and Other Cloting Factors | 4 Formation of Plaque + Obstruction of Blood Flow t + Stimulation of Poin receptors [Angina Pecroars | [Myocarorat. INFARCTION | [AtHERosc fei Etiology | Gauses © Hypertension © Low 02 supply © Smokin © Alcohol © Obesil © Stress © Diabetes © Thflammation Pathogenesis | Mechanism Various Etiological Factors ‘ [Enwny to etdotheliol cet that Tines the load vessds | 4 ‘Inflammation | Immune Reaction 4 [ Acumutation of Lipids | Platelets and Other Cloting Factors | 4 Formation of Plaque + Obstruction of Blood Flow t + Stimulation of Poin receptors [Angina Pecroars | [Myocarorat. INFARCTION | [AtHERosc fei Symptoms, © Chest Pain © Fotique © Anxiety © Headaches © Shortness of Breath © Trrequiar Heartbeat © Blurred Vision Complications @ Heart Attack © Heart Failure © kidney failure e Eye, Prine © Vanovg Metabolic Disorders Treatment _ © Non Pharmacologica} Exercise Healthy Diet No tobaco / No Alcoho| Heatthy Lifestyle Pharmacological Anticoagulants Beta blockers AcE Inhibitors Vasodilators ecee © Respiratory Oisoroers The diseases o disorders related to Respiratory fact are simply known as Respiratory system disorders . Nasol cauty Lungs Pel Boonchus | Bronchi Bronchioles Plea Att} fhe Astama Asthama is defined as -eheri chronic inflammatory diseoge of Ginwayg thot makes the airway narrow € swell & ultimately” leads to shortness of ‘Leo, , chest paln € ugh . « waned oo Normal Airway —Lavses_ Air Pollution Smokin Weather Chan Exposure to cd ore Thfections like Gids , Flu eke, Medications such o& Aspisin Anxiety Stress Dust ete, eocevovreee ee lypes oO be Also noun as Allergic Asthama . © Usually begins in child aod or early adulthecel, @ [Tnttinsic_Asthama}: e Also known 0% Non- Allergic Astrama. © Usually develops in later adulthood! lwreneT PaTHOGeNesis OF ASTHAMA Entry of foreign Particles _/ Antigen t Activation of Body's ‘Trmmune System 4 Greneration Of Antibodies in the form of mast celis | a Antigen- Antibody Complex \ Oecgranvlation of Mast Cells Release of = Mediators like Serotonine, Histamine ete, Fightin “wih Frain materials, 4 Sumptos © Shoriness of breath © Chest tightness | pan © Wheezing © Sleeping Trouble. © Coughing, e Tigntenet neck, © Anxiety © Pale, Sweatres TREATMENT © Non- Pharmacologica) © Intake of Fresh ats © Avoid tobacco | smoking © Avoid medications such G8 beta blockers, Aspisin ele, © Avoid alcho! ® Phamacological © Brondiodilators © leukotnenes - © Host cell stubilizers © Grticosteroids, © Renal failure is defined as a significant loss of renal fanction th both Kedneye to the point where less than 10- a0”. of Normo] GFR femains . © Renal failure May occ as an acute and rapidly progressing proess Or may present as a chronic form in which there is a progressive loss of renal function over a number of years. © Acute renal failure hos on obrupt onset and is Potentially Teversible . © Chonic failure progresses slowly over ab least three months and (on Jed to permanent renal failure. Acute Rena Fanre © Acute renal failure is defined ax a condition of sudden € temporary loss of renal functions. eT is alsa known ax fate kidney Injury eT is a shot time disease. © Acute renal failue ts reversible € can be prevented by proper precutions and medications . Etiology Of Acute Renal_ Failure There are mainly 3 types of causes behind acute fenal failure, o [eR fesults om jmpatted or fedued blood flow to Kidney © Possible causes behind fn's redued blood flow is shock , hypotension , 'Schemia etc, @ eo Tt results from acute damage to renal structures © The possible causes behind infra fenal failure are qlomerulonephritis , acute tubular necrosis etc. @ [Post- Renal Failure | © Tb basically resutts from conditions block of urine Outflow . © The possible Causes behind post feno} failure ore obstruction of urine outflow by calculi, tumors , prostatic hypertrophy etc. PaTHoGeNesis OF Acute RENAL Faure Pretena}_, Tntrarena] , Post ' renal cwses t Hypoperfuston Of the kidn a 4 Decreased Gilomerviar Filteration Rate. + Retention of fluda 2 urinary Sediments 7 | Increased {serum Gncentralion OF renal substances | ‘ kidney Damage. Sign 4 Symptoms _ © Detteased kidney function © Obstructions in Urinary Track © Reduwed urine output © Dehydiration © Abnommal weight loss © fale skin Complications © Hyperkalemia © Metabolic Acidosis © Hyperolcemia © Hyperphosphatemia © Infections © Heart foilure. Treatment © Non Pharmacological o Geert ary © Ventilation © water Restndtion © Sodium Restriction @® Pharmacclogicos © Furosemide © Metolazone © Sodium bicarbonoke. © Glcivm Grbonote © Calcium Gluanate Chronic_Renal_Failure © Chronic tenal failure is the end result of progressive Kidney damage and loss of finction. © Generally it is an trseversible cliseaxe . © T ous gradually over the time € (esults In permanent loss of faney function . © Ti is also known a% Erd Stage Renal Disease. Stages OF Chronic _Renal failure © Reduced Renal Reserve © Renal Insvfiiciency © Reno} Faiture © End stage renol diseoxe Etiology | Gauses _ © Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes © Polycystic kidney disease © Trtestitial nephritis © High blood pressure. © Vesicouretera) Reflux © Hypertension Pathogenesis Of Chronic Reno} Failure Deceased renal blood flow, Primary Kidney disease damage from other disease , Unine outfow obstruction | Decreased Glomerular —Filterahion Rate | | Loss of excretory enol function and non excretory reno} function Thobility to concentrate urine Further loss of nephron function + Sign & Symptoms © Anaemia © Molaise © Dry skin © Poor apetite © Vormiti © Bone Pain © Metalic taste tn mouth Complications © Tninnsic fenal azotemia © Electrolyte —Tinbalance © Metobolic Acidosis © Pulmon derma © Hypertensive Gisis © Tnfections Treatment _ © Careful management of fluids -@ electrolytes, © Prudent use of divrehcs © Gateful dietary management © Renal dialysis © Renal transplantation THANK FE ORICHOOSING|IMPEREECT/PHARMACY/AS)Y OURISTUDYIPARTNER, a by lvperrecl @IMPERFECTPHARMACY, (4 am IMPERFEC TPHARMACY, | > JRIMPERFEC T7PHARMACY,

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