Eng.

Hanaa

PART III : Advanced

 SAT Math Formulas NoteBook -Eng. Hanaa
Part III -Advanced

Topics Page

unit conversions ……………………………………………………. 1

Sequences …………………………………………………………… 2

Permutations & Combinations ………………………………. 4

Quadratic Solutions ……………………………………………… 8

Quadratic and Linear Inequalities ……………………… 9

Nonlinear piecewise functions ……………………………. 15

Even or odd or neither Functions ………………………. 20

 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced

unit conversions

Problem solving
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unit conversions 1 Eng. Hanaa 01001014071 - women only

 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced
Sequences
Arithmetic
nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence

where a 1 is the first term in the sequence,

and d is the common difference
(d= a2 - a1) in general (d= an - an-1).

Example: In the sequence: 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, …

a1 = 4, d =7 - 4 =3 , n = 10
the 10th term = a10 = 4 + (10 - 1) * 3 = 4 + 27 = 31
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Sum of the First n Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence

Example: In the sequence: 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, … what is the sum

of the first ten terms ?
a1 = 4, a10 = 31 (previous example), n = 10
Sum = (10/2) (4 + 31) = 5 * 35 = 175
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Geometric
nth Term of a Geometric Sequence

where b 1 is the first term of the sequence

and r is the common ratio:
( r = b2 / b1) in general (r = bn / bn-1).

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 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced
Example: In the sequence: 4, 12, 36, 108, … what is the fifth term ?
b1 = 4, r = 12/4 = 3 , n = 5
the 5th term = b5 = 4 * 35-1 = 324

Sum of the First n Terms of a Geometric Sequence

Example: In the sequence: 4, 12, 36, 108, … what is the sum

of the first five terms ?
b1 = 4, b5 = 324 (previous example), n = 5, r=3
Sum = 4 (1 - 35)/(1 - 3 ) = 4 (1-243)/(-2) = 4(-242)/(-2) = 484

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 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced

Permutations & Combinations

Permutations

factorial n also is written: n!

n! = n (n - 1)!
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Combinations

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Rule : Combinations is about choosing.
The ‘C’ in combinations equals ‘c’hoosing..

Example:

Mark has a brown, white, blue, red, and black T-shirt. If he wants to pack
two T-shirts for a weekend trip, then how many different T-shirts can he
take with him?
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Notice that, unlike a permutation question, Mark is not arranging his shirts
in an order. He is choosing two to take with him. We do not care whether his
red T-shirt is packed on top of his white T-shirt. This ordering (or
arrangement) is key to a permutation problem but does not relate to a
combination problem.
So now that we know we are dealing with a combination problem (after all
this is a combination post), we need to use the following formula:

Notice how we can easily cancel out the 3 x 2 x 1 from both the numerator
and the denominator. This leaves us with 5 x 4/2 = 10. Therefore, Mark can
take a total of 10 shirts.

Rule : Whenever you are dealing with the total number of ways things can be
arranged, use permutations.
If you have five students sitting in a row and want to see how many ways
there are to arrange them, use permutations. With this example all you
would have to do is take the number of things being arranged (five

Permutations and Combinatins 5 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 - women only

 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced

students), and put a (!) next to it. This sign is called a factorial and means
the following:
5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120.
An easy way to think of how to deal with factorial is what I call the Space
Shuttle Countdown: Whatever number you are ‘factorial-ing,’ countdown a
number at a time—as though you are the guy announcing the takeoff of the
space shuttle. So 10! = 10 x 9 x 8… x 3 x 2 x 1 = Takeoff! Well, actually a
very large product.
The good news is the factorials on the SAT usually won’t be over 5!.

If you’ve read the combination and permutation posts, have a go at the

following questions. These combinations/permutations questions are about as
hard as any combinations or permutations questions you could see test day.

1. Sally owns five different blouses. If she cannot wear the same blouse on
two consecutive days, how many different ways can she dress on Wednesday
and Thursday?
(A) 9
(B) 10
(C) 15
(D) 20
(E) 25

2. Quentin has five textbooks on his shelf. If chemistry must always be in

the middle, how many ways can he arrange the books?
(A) 24
(B) 48
(C) 72
(D) 112
(E) 120

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 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced

3. Tyler wants to choose an outfit for dinner. If he can choose from 3

shirts, 5 pairs of shoes, and 2 dress pants, how many different outfits can
Tyler wear?
(A) 15
(B) 20
(C) 30
(D) 42
(E) 60
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Explanations:

1. The best method is to use the dashes. The first dash can stand for
Wednesday and the second for Thursday. For Wednesday Sally can wear any
of the five blouses. On Thursday she can only choose from four different
blouses. Remember she can’t wear blouses on consecutive days. This gives us:
5 x 4 = 20. Answer (D).

2. The trick here is to imagine that the chemistry book is invisible. After all,
it is stuck in one place so it can’t be switched around with the other books.
So it’s as though we only have four books. How many ways can we arrange
four books? 4! = 24 Answer (A).

3. Tyler is only choosing 1 of each article of clothing. While we could use the
combination formula as the first step, whenever you are choosing for only
one thing, the number of possibilities is the number you are choosing from.
So if he can choose one shirt from 3 shirts, the total number of shirts he
can select is 3. Using the dash method, we can place a number in each dash:
3 x 5 x 2 = 30. Answer (C).

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 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced

Quadratic Solutions

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 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

Quadratic and Linear Inequalities

* - Linear Inequalities
To Graph y  x and y  x
1-Put = instead of >, , < 0r ), to be y = x.
2-Graph the Linear Equation y = x :
get any 2 points: when x=0 then y=0, and when x=1 then y = 1 , the points
are (0,0) and (1,1). Draw the line.

3-The solution set is x-coordinates of any point on:

The linear function: f(x)=x The shaded area including The shaded area including
for Y = X the linear function:f(x)=x the linear function:f(x)=x
for Y  X for Y  X

You can determine the shaded area, where you can find the solution Area:

f(x) > or 
means solution area is above the function line,
(up towards +y)

and vise versa:

f(x) < 0r 
means solution area is below the function line,
(down towards -y)

Quadratic and Linear inequalities 9 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

* Quadratic Inequalities

To Graph y > x2, and y < x2.

1-Put = instead of >, or <, to be y = x2.
2-Graph the Quadratic Equation y = x2 :
get the vertex ( -b/2a , C - (b2/4a) )  (0,0)
get y-Intercept. Put x=0 to get y-intercept  0.
get x-Intercept(s). Put y=0 to get y-intercept  0.
Draw the Parabola ( Upwards for +ve a and Downwards for - ve a).

3-The solution set is x-coordinates of any point on:

The Quadratic function: The shaded area excluding The shaded area excluding
f(x)=x2 The Quadratic function: The Quadratic function:
draw f(x)=x2 dashed curve draw f(x)=x2 dashed curve
y = x2 shade y >x2 above curve shade y<x2 below curve

Example 1: Graph: y > x2 - 2x - 3.

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Graph y = x2 - 2x - 3.
The parabola Graph will be dashed for (>), the line of the parabola will not
be included with the shaded area.
get the vertex ( -b/2a , C - (b2/4a) )  (1, - 4).
get y-Intercept. Put x=0 to get y-intercept  -3.

Quadratic and Linear inequalities 10 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

get x-Intercept(s). Put y=0 to get y-intercept  0=(x-3)(x+1) 3 and -1.

Draw the dashed Parabola (a is +ve i.e Upwards).

You can determine the shaded area, where you can find the solution Area:
f(x) > means solution area is above the function curve,
(up towards +y)
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Example 2: You are building a wooden bookcase. You
want to choose a thickness d (in inches) for the
shelves so that each is strong enough to support 60
pounds of books without breaking. A shelf can
safely support a weight of W (in pounds) provided
that:
W  300d2
a. Graph the given inequality.
b. If you make each shelf 0.75 inch thick, can it support a weight of 60
pounds?
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a-The parabola Graph will not be dashed for (), the line of the parabola
will be included with the shaded area.
get the vertex ( -b/2a , C - (b2/4a) )  (0,0).
get y-Intercept.
Put x=0 to get y-intercept  0.
get x-Intercept(s).
Put y=0 to get y-intercept  0.

Quadratic and Linear inequalities 11 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

W  300d2, (a is +ve i.e Upwards Parabola).

 means solution area is below the function curve,inclusive, (towards -y)
There is no -ve thickness(-ve x-axis) so x -ve solution does not exist.
There is no -ve weight (-ve y-axis) so y -ve solution does not exist.

b- This question means check if point (0.75, 60) is in the shaded Area? yes.
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Graphing a system of quadratic inequalities is similar to graphing a system of linear
inequalities. First graph each inequality in the system. Then identify the region in the
coordinate plane common to all the graphs. This region is called the graph of the system.
Example 3: Graph the system of quadratic inequalities:
y ≥ x2 - 4 Inequality 1 , y < - x2 - x + 2 Inequality 2
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y ≥ x2 - 4 Inequality 1 ( Draw a continuous curve )
y = x2 - 4
get the vertex ( -b/2a , C - (b2/4a) )  (0, - 4).
get y-Intercept.
Put x=0 to get y-intercept  - 4.
get x-Intercept(s).
Put y=0 to get y-intercept ( 0= x2 - 4, x= -2 and 2).
Draw the Upward Parabola (a is +ve i.e Upwards).
f(x)  means Shaded Area is above the parabola curve (Inclusive).
y < - x2 - x + 2 Inequality 2 ( Drow a dashed curve )
y = - x2 - x + 2
get the vertex ( -b/2a , C - (b2/4a) )  (-0.5, 2.25).
get y-Intercept. Put x=0 to get y-intercept  2.
get x-Intercept(s).
Put y=0 to get y-intercept  0.
Draw the Downword Parabola (a is -ve i.e Upwards).
f(x) < means Shaded Area is below the parabola curve (Exclusive).
The solutin area is the intersection of the 2 shaded Areas.

Quadratic and Linear inequalities 12 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

Solving Quadratic inequality in one variable

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Examples:

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 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

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Quadratic and Linear inequalities 14 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced
Graphing of nonlinear piecewise functions

select the piecewise function

whose graph is shown below

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the f(x)=√x is shifted 2 spaces left √x+2

the f(x)=x3 is shifted 4 spaces right (x-4)3
the second option is correct
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Non-linear Piecewise Functions 15 Eng. Hanaa sharkawy 01001014071 women only

 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

(1) shown below

hint:

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f(x)= lxl is shifted 2 spaces left and 2 spaces down to be

= lx+2l-2 , -8 < x  2

f(x)=√x is shifted 2 spaces right

= √x-2 + 2 , 2  x  9

The answer options tells us that point (2,2) is included only in the piece on
the left , then,
f(x)= lx+2l-2 , -8 < x  2 , f(x)= √x-2 + 2 , 2 < x  9. (C) is the Answer

Non-linear Piecewise Functions 16 Eng. Hanaa sharkawy 01001014071 women only

 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

(2)

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f(x)= lxl is shifted 4 spaces left lx+4l and 5 spaces up to be lx+4l -5, and
reflected about x-axis to be
- lx+4l -5 , -7 < x  0

f(x)=√x is shifted 1 space up

= √x + 1 , 0  x  9

The answer options tells us that point (0, 1) is included only in the piece on
the left, then,
f(x) = - lx+4l -5 , -7 < x  0
f(x) = √x + 1 , 0 < x  9
(C) is the correct Answer

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Non-linear Piecewise Functions 17 Eng. Hanaa sharkawy 01001014071 women only

 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

(3)

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f(x) = x3 is shifted 1 space right to be

= (x-1)3 , -1  x < 3

f(x) = x2 is shifted 5 spaces right and 4 spaces up to be

= (x-5)2 + 4 , 3 < x < 7

the answer is (C).

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Non-linear Piecewise Functions 18 Eng. Hanaa sharkawy 01001014071 women only

 SAT Math Formulas-Part III -Advanced

(4)

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f(x) = x3 , -1.5  x < 1

f(x) = lxl is shifted 1 spaces right lx-1l and 1 space up to be lx-1l + 1, then
f(x) = lx-1l + 1 , 1 < x  5

the answer is (B).

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Non-linear Piecewise Functions 19 Eng. Hanaa sharkawy 01001014071 women only

 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced
Even or odd or neither Functions

If you reflect the graph of function f(x) = x2 over the y-axis, it lands on
itself.
So, function f is an even function. Algebraically, this means that
f(-x) =f(x) for all x. If f(x) = x2 ,then f(2) = f(-2) =4

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odd functions **

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Even Odd or neither functions 20 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced
You may be asked to "determine algebraically" whether a function is even
or odd. To do this, you take the function and plug –x in for x, and then
simplify. If you end up with the exact same function that you started with
(that is, if f (–x) = f (x), so both signs of each input gets the same output),
then the function is even. If you end up with the exact opposite of what
you started with (that is, if f (–x) = –f (x), so the output signs are
switched), then the function is odd.
In all other cases, the function is "neither even nor odd"

even degree function does not mean it is an even function .. take care.

You may be asked to "determine algebraically" whether a function is even

or odd. To do this, you take the function and plug –x in for x, and then
simplify. If you end up with the exact same function that you started with
(that is, if f (–x) = f (x), so all of the signs are the same), then the function
is even. If you end up with the exact opposite of what you started with
(that is, if f (–x) = –f (x), so all of the signs are switched), then the
function is odd.
In all other cases, the function is "neither even nor odd".

(1)
Determine algebraically whether f (x) = –3x2 + 4 is even, odd, or
neither.
If I graph this, I will see that this is "symmetric about the y-axis"; in
other words, whatever the graph is doing on one side of the y-axis is
mirrored on the other side:

Even Odd or neither functions 21 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced
This mirroring about the y-axis is a hallmark of even functions.
Also, I note that the exponents on all of the terms are even — the
exponent on the constant term being zero: 4x0 = 4 × 1 = 4. These are
helpful clues that strongly suggest to me that I've got an even function
here.
But the question asks me to make the determination algebraically, which
means that I need to do the algebra.
So I'll plug –x in for x, and simplify:
f (–x) = –3(–x)2 + 4
= –3(x2) + 4
= –3x2 + 4
I can see, by comparing the original function with my final result above,
that I've got a match, which means that:
f (x) is even
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(2) Determine algebraically whether f (x) = 2x3 – 4x is even, odd, or neither.
If I graph this, I will see that it is "symmetric about the origin"; that is, if
I start at a point on the graph on one side of the y-axis, and draw a line
from that point through the origin and extending the same length on the
other side of the y-axis, I will get to another point on the graph.

You can also think of this as the half of the graph on one side of the y-axis
is the upside-down version of the half of the graph on the other side of
the y-axis. This symmetry is a hallmark of odd functions.

Even Odd or neither functions 22 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced
Note also that all the exponents in the function's rule are odd, since the
second term can be written as 4x = 4x1. This is a useful clue. I should
expect this function to be odd.
The question asks me to make the determination algebraically, so I'll plug –
x in for x, and simplify:
f (–x) = 2(–x)3 – 4(–x)
= 2(–x3) + 4x
= –2x3 + 4x
For the given function to be odd, I need the above result to have all
opposite signs from the original function. So I'll write the original function,
and then switch all the signs:
original: f (x) = 2(x)3 – 4(x)
switched: –f (x) = –2x3 + 4x
Comparing this to what I got, I see that they're a match. When I plugged –
x in for x, all the signs switched. This means that, as I'd expected:
f (x) is odd.
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(3) Determine algebraically whether f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 4 is even,
odd, or neither.
This function is the sum of the previous two functions. But, while the sum
of an odd and an even number is an odd number, I cannot conclude the same
of the sum of an odd and an even function.
Note that the graph of this function does not have the symmetry of either
of the previous ones:

Even Odd or neither functions 23 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only
 SAT Math Formulas -Part III -Advanced
...nor are all of its exponents either even or odd.
Based on the exponents, as well as the graph, I would expect this function
to be neither even nor odd. To be sure, though (and in order to get full
credit for my answer), I'll need to do the algebra.
I'll plug –x in for x, and simplify:
f (–x) = 2(–x)3 – 3(–x)2 – 4(–x) + 4
= 2(–x3) – 3(x2) + 4x + 4
= –2x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 4
I can see, by a quick comparison, that this does not match what I'd started
with, so this function is not even. What about odd?
To check, I'll write down the exact opposite of what I started with, being
the original function, but with all of the signs changed:
–f (x) = –2x3 + 3x2 + 4x – 4
This doesn't match what I came up with, either. So the original function
isn't odd, either. Then, as I'd expected:
f (x) is neither even nor odd.
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(4)

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Even Odd or neither functions 24 Eng. Hanaa Sharkawy 01001014071 women only