Vector sper mel Us Busie Ch: A Fits supfielel’ of We > AILE) is a Vector Spee © Pyuopasttian Of Serbspcuces - ty pu UV be a WG, OVeL EA men emph{) bulbs \l of Ahip a dulsperu of vt ty auspy ew. 3) Pry Crctersection Of subspeltt of ce Vectorl spauv 9 3 He Hrowe Combinatlon. : {oy Alte) be a VS olen field F 4 sc Wy be aubart of Vv may yralte ot nfinite then fost omny xfer taste ek, Peeters bn Aa ant F fmplies 4 = vain ev ty Ve, Oh tum fey de Liner Spm * : The Dire dpe of am mon emply subset definel ab the wk consisting Of ath Linen clomens of 5 5 dm fact LO) iy sucbapeia of WV containing, 5 tn othee Aes es) | Entowectlon of cul bulspates Conjeining 5 wspaee of V ees 5 of WEA és combmulions Of the 5 - nar “ty the, Subset of ce SE oy AL gy TY ose tlt tnourdtbU oy cub te pulspeis OF qh the eelbng Subspar fh 204 enw LU) = A2eJ 4 Une Depemolonee gdlependame + sy Py anbset of Pinel, oclpendent ast 1: a) fing bupouel of Ld bot 08 LD. — Rie) (sete ffnitely gonoxectedl Meetos| speut oCdNneu With Galnscaqy pubsct), Of Me a a3 fo - Thy bts) = Ohl mntte dtr Wai to “08 ot veri " eg baal, iN a \leclost ppaw et fy f5 denoted by dim ¥ y= ned ~ dhatrie 2 det att ti Aten Unt) = canta?) = dim {Cardy =z ~ dim qu'un) = ~ yauwii 0, dine Wetdivaly i & di (Whit vi: thew) can win) Zain dim wh, dimvl,} S Jatin Mar, dim VJ f mmere Ydirav, dtu! AF Counting A aduel LL ak | Qulepule 4H gin vet a 4 wees fe, wel 1M : ; : ; o_o} _oridoad BEBE ano oO} Unonrelexcerl owls = ii 3, No of Et anbect Of qucclinality £ ve (pray PD = ce #1) Fig el? aaiaa ie rT ; 4. No of cided LY gilnct | = (pt) Pd. ue 5, No of aulepems of din Of V. gia FP Cudeelin cli fy RK cw 4) ct ee) FD ocanned witn Lamsca— NRE + Some Soeamyplis’ UY lb ve CC) 4_ 0, dio re] Whe dt, hi Aa) &i*? whe f (OH Os een es dten 17] wie 20% Se aig) faye 0 fA} go dim ye TO) i \ a) ep We Car) ; 2 th go dkn Wh = 2 Pte] 5 dinvl, =? [7], dion wy = 201- T)) 3) V= co) e fag] Lou te itn} Aten wl = warn = 111) va , dimvwi= 2 (an em Tin) \ yield R Scanned with CamScaChe: Lncein, Temagormatiion G Ve Poropenti * Remge of @ rae ei greens i fin (RUT) = jerk + Rumol of % Lt: | te { =m Rot tt) = Jocert | TH j fen (HEL) wllihy T : ybteslerds Qu + ‘gam (1) t equality 1= Af Caometin) te psvposition: 5 —— ' et wo bee faite dfn We Nh eueppoke thet aul spar of qt) hve only gra?) = ger). the sumge a tr common ye. RUAN WC do} zon Weetort ae Hines Of tal ty Ureet opeuctDe ~ A it fom vl 2 : y singular - a = thou aie O nO" zou Wee att) 74. foo. % ONC shud TI =O _ key (1) #0 > 3) Non bingulane- - eT = pot 1) =4o} 4 poposition + Ty OM fh att Thun following ve equivalent 4 “ee jnVertiole. 2. ees singulewr. 3.7 & ont? a i Ont-One 5. Tf vata Soh bars of \ . ee ‘ jug Tv, Th THe 2 baat ocdil a* Som, Amipasdtint |\Mneum, Opens + hot “Tee US ae® cpsolection) : 1. Tas prsyechow 091 a, cralb cing ye eh. hun Tec) = C10) on gaat cllong, genio. thin) 'T14, b))= {o, bd along =n ® als then 2. T is pujectlon 3, Tis pesiection 09 yews arm? pit] a = Ved nm Te,b) ( ee, tit © Reffection . T! wo ie ES : . i uf ocd aon Yad 10) = (4, -b) t. Tis “saylates oF t tlt) = 64,6) a. tis sepection abo Sr ty sacplection 4 seer) | = =( ym ) ) arm>)-4 = a ae Tta,b)= (> ( wr) Q ostigin then TA, b) = t-41,-b), yoo 8 sopection abeut He evened, subsp + ae AD | “WSN be Gee? Haw & ew Of Vis Cealltel a. dn veiont fy uw) ¢ WI « Note s- ae Ee oe ay ve ty finthe dim trun au) - $e) = div > 7 f btyecttile 2, lop ore Ale Gea wt. day LA ATH, oo TH) % vi. (1 one-one) @ Wa © in. eee SATH, WH Tad ty LO ©, oe Ty LD DB ay wey tS LL @ tu, WH Pend LoS ae) eet EO C- ont ote) 3, ut etna), e fot 05), define 7 (A00) = PU, Whore dar & TY doxivetive of pon ten Ah, Ty Ted 75 Lt bulset Of Lo) oCaNneu Wit Galnsca’ ee Ao voy WV be @ finite diva (VS. (OTE VV @ ase gt) tea ReNAMA= 04 MVE RO) Ewe) 6 ye ation) fo gome We |) fateqoe. K FE Arm filutor oF Subspaut Let wh be gq aubeplt of ' Diner functionals fev? aucn we il fen’ gy qur-o. woewld |. er oe, Oe ~ dial + dhn wi = dim Fi Systeme Lint Equations + Homo gentorls (azo) yectoot Sectte IEP) Tho dol of aw. ghey | 4-0 Ywrnul eee (A) FO Day Systern Aus only Sprem hu» inbinfteld puvial Solutlon youmy 61 x E A tenes fri ML +1 561 Non Hemogentows, (RX =b) wi 1 tn) = SLA:b)= m0 OF Scn)=SUN'b) 4 0 of Gun) =F SCAb) variable , vucia system intonsistent ~ Unique bei” | a sem No. sottlort mast Lt 380i" = Linco comndtnatlon of gooutton Of % homo {5 also sotuetion, (net rucel fost er hemo oe ocanneu with GdalnscaMATRICES | @ THEIR PROMATIES TY Equal matsices - Optelere Serme % enich 2) Row matin ~ Mauiita Fld onl’! single ous 8) Column maibiiat- Maistis Aw only HY Squcme mers Alo ch sed = By Toaue ot marti XQ Sum ot dagen elements Olagonal Muplat= elemento extept tose tn tho g Squeve Marts of ashobe zoo "5 cullee| dlagonet! pnapit \eceting diagend! elim ps berm. single column No: of colurens [7% Howls morn - A atagonel maria @hore a elements cele equctls. #y econ tity waptat- py atagenctl mari Hh dlagona\ elements wou. ‘L. L Manotel - the 4) cToctarnguilent tn ashidn all the elements below Pe Squcout emnctyetoe principe ata gead) axe iy cuted “Upper prlamgulett whiten all the element above the principal Aaqenel awe “AULD ty cuttleel LOWE’ oy Atul mMetbifl - st ail tre elements of melt coe zo, yay Toumspos® of ob mertyetat - {nto changing th nous & columns denoted by al tsefa nguleyt: b jay Conjugate of a Matnifa - coer sxeplacing fi elements by tne tucesfoncling Conjigede Compler simber. dencted by A oCaneu with GalnscaFr I8y Tsumspose: Conjugate Map foe. | fet i ly Sammnedret maisices A (sy Rew syramestic Ley Hester maynices * TAY Skew Resemiten mursiices Ley binguleve Mapila . \AL= ray Nom Staqule, elit iA avy Unity pmeristi ane Ts aay adempotent wuts 4 A= A aay AavoWtwry patria fle a3) Nilpotent parsitoe pk so ahy Bi- Afagonetl murnit * oa He main diagonal & sy Block Matta + pal tices Aan. A A we acy Boole Marit ° pA mails aa) Poomuicition mapitt fA wneit9 a squuw parstit with exeth | oluran yeu othe elements | avy Vandoemonde mats * of SS tia ee OY 5 2 | \fiet lettin lh eae a ne a tty en a! Mn \wl= Wn TT (> 4;) \giden A mete partitioned =-A 0 AUR Cestojection Mannix) (suflection Matstit) for some tile Tnteqor K pis, win elementy onl eitrwr duper Ot dub diagonal into. dub Mebities snore enistits vue eltro. 0 od supurentation of a fermatctton om 4 In euch Hew Y 8 ocdned WILT UdalNoc4) Compemton Mapitt + | oy 0 0 0 -% cords Jo oO 0 “ Orr? ° oO . On 6 ae be 0 “1 | | pars Gratrgdy t Gat 14 aoe Iraply that of Jy The equetion AB=0 clues ot mceubsce py 4 Seust ont of the mais Aa 8 th a die goneel sede Commute with elo smelt’ of be sicloe Thee Ty fo) veeeesscny @ pelt mend wml 0} sy A Ys aclernpotent — then t=) cso ticlompotent uy a fo ravosetoeyy thy CEN sy fost youl mabey A, BC ania =o Hh A= bas =0 TH ARB = 0 cap =Ae Tp daB= ARC ae RA = Pr CAML AD= jal Ty cid A) = cad ay’ f be mw merit A\ =O Fy adjo= 0, leh | Pret 100 *) 7 wa ‘7 o an. 0 oy Lot A om o a ee ee oon ocaineu with UdlmscaFRemk of a maid a mab tes the aide Of omy hipheas e gees the sem oF} ancl, mum — vantshing amino of the matt * Notes ) < xen inter (8) 4) sum (048 a> ama (AB) 7 \oank try ~ nem (BD) 2 min {uunk A, ne Bh 3) nun (NB) S 4) geak (A), = Seem k (Al) = stern tmnt) b. $ (haa) 4% c. del (a-2a) =O i 1 4+ Chanartpratle, gebgner = * Catt) = deb 4s) Hamilton Theonte ” ati ij Sant soit gedusyies, 1 08% CE a equation » Gi Speuee. Cee jaenl Tes 2AY ocdiineu Wit varnisda© Result * Be ik alectoah Cossecsponcting jo diting evedlen cya uae : ; ay an etgen Wettoit cam!) enwusremel #8.) Ryo SHAE | ges, value (ae TAN bas tc salts uw EN) ade evteclorts goo distin és sy WY ALER wb Cw mH gpp then at, I monet — & VEEL HY dy Weer Pe yoo distind avelin Tum thee aust | ota home TUM x10 Vector shi coe, MHVOL eigen. Veco, corusponding |? any eigen soul 5) wt TNF) —3 IF) be EO y erlang en scat \leclou & an eigen. ecto Wer i tw ot fw unique eigen valu 7 ay bcelewe poliple of ep te Teen : Niel « Gieome)t!C vaullle icity jose cote to? f5 defined = —The vo opiteigen, oetm ‘NH vee as om Of 9 — om of X= lim (R= im (Hott (1-at) = caullity (rat) + Notenaaem i ay Lok PY @ be 4U90 ecto of PG cont hues to ah ree veto, OF PE to eval aul evelue = rower UR) aq melplins Ove F ay x! te ef cope +0 Calle A, 2, subh w Arde 5 me ay dure OF prtocluct of att evalue = det (A) 3) ty Ay eS Bema wea CE =e mutt etCAD = 0 yh fy axa cnairig Then qui = V= sun + Pot Cadi A) % = celta) = SCalined Witll Galisca+ Algebntg Muliplt ety * The onder Of 2 a & culgebseric spruttiptlc hy of 2. Sool! OF che Poly in culled! © Proposition % ver) Ay elon. swulut oy A we Sissija dy even A B a a) yarr evel oh p ar nis A a> vrei) evellut of 8 uy ay fede FED i poly sy e value of at A = gh oe TH 8 “ pa oe OH al yenxsttl yeu plicit on A valud of B 4 = sham the cee OF A eigen vai [gl | gen vee . oposition *neet seousesl xa, BHO vjmnapende svat 4 kana 6 i an identiy amabtit Of gree 1 thew ators sin 3 ) yi J map 2. A= uss uias as otthogonall mare! 3, A= cass) C5) 4. My Matar Tn Hoots OF A cou, be a Ge root» | tren the chwvuuchedsiie Atha, Oda) and! M4 : « nel: rh non dingulaye mari ces auch thet AA BB! thon 4 cm withogundl marx ¢ such thet R=BP ay oumln) < AMID) Scarined with Cainsca{fy} tient of the Aigheos monic pal te ‘yum =0 Ri we | scrys thet 1 boweat oleqriet mone Pelunernt et which o he wminimnedl poly of A. {5 malnimeel stat then iret gely of roars divide alot PON) which crnaihil I) a Bb os a 2) mn | Gr) satel poly 15 Ualque. ; a : te also Hook Of Malt wost oF HO ‘ 3 tes gu of 1 DEF 1 Hoot of rut) *= O * Nea, Decogultlh - A meitia 15 mom destoguitony th, leg rnqit) = deg GUD ap nmaiisis 1% aouogatony TY tg mgtey Ac Cor") radi Sea + fra Thane 2 ‘0 Tho dpeciret sueicliaus Of crag, nett eraney ecuel fre 7 cui, of cbsohecte Ur sur o obsotute column Sim, me < oy 2104, a oCaneu with LalnscaSe Powpasition 2 :. Sc °, Lob AE Clty Mem, then 1. Dh etch doug berm 08 cote Suid of A Th a ten ot musi be efgenvetut oR Ze UE euch tow Sem oy A tS a then raul) be eigen, veluo op Ry WEN ni cad ews poncling eigen Vector. 3. Tp eet sewed Bunt oy tb 4 them euch mour sum of AP 192 Ff, in Wh 4. UY exich Mow Summ of A tha thin bum of cull entices K na L5 AY A is 7c" pinguleut & euthy pow rem of A 15 @ tho erin sour due Of at Baie, $F Similan avdly a eg maities 4 Diagenali ati % Ley Ate RB coe qo mailers cue Squese TeltHices fF qulttdl strife, to P ff dimen singulyt p uch the A=P'6P + orthoyenally pimikeye smneieed- lop AaB we yo yaeLpas cou | SqUCUL mmasias A & cutbleel simi Lene to 8 Yoda athogoncl aenelitis nut A= PeP plogenalizuble Manin ¢ Lot A ng Squedw anchit is cutleel chi gonctli patel Malsd xc fy th Aap aeS era ea tea ee dlagenal saat. ap ootthogoually Blagorlizeble, nabiht + Lol A omy square “madists fy culled ortthogonally i dlagonali xelsle anaftie fy ott. To osttlnogonatly Siroldwt to % diagenctl sm ystto. ocanneu with Galnsca« Rxopesitl gts * Aa B we Sirius omnerinices thes ~ cabeny = ltt C8? ~ Fseuny pr \8) ~ $th) i) min = U8 — CAS Cp LD ~ mat) ~ apt) ~ Berme etqer pales J ete atic, th ee yuctods hel {6, ffs € Thoosuenr the finest ™ ty the plu Ob disitner Linea au | feive raulitelicity yg ctlizetble Oller fielel | F Hyde betas Mectosts onl: p Be atagen and sols sul sy FT fs dlager pet PL aasioting eget sy q & dla qonetiz ble aie roth AM Bf euch elgen vets germ), LP oun oF etgen value pecoricleel aul, the, oot oy paly ue in Hetel ft Aus Alo ud) elger ny tts aegpnaliztete an & tH! verfoss Whore 7 jx onder maisie sy H wt eigen value of moet, Ue Agric) frum The ameynis (5 dfagenatizerole wee ty A roars 15.) de ize felel F Hh the minimeb poly contain ont con lvepented keneant fade? 4y A atigotent mmapite | t8)! dfegd tld, F Hy fh tS cull emneltiL, i) ( | | | | a) elyen sala of postretubion wes aut Stools, -O4 unity ocdiineu With cvarrscacw eajuer 40 ‘#0, the Woe Fo ms rats eyed 0 4 1 == ——= y Y ALLL emfocier of amneclicix emeiiia aim be dtergoneettzacl @ Ahem eigen vel of tT ® Say=i 4 mune od a om toy= m-d = AMLOD4 pum tnared = AMIne) d) A is dlagonalizeble Q} on) @) cit) = Fre BURY } © srmqt 9% tae BUD ay *» ed Wy tented 2-19 Vion ayy at, vi ten 17 a ve ay px tty)s ? \ aw t A fs parmucation acetyl @ sueh pow tone meee! > of anclor Hyd ree, ven vnctbstltes Of ppiclor, “0 8 a © no of fee ’ StS, & porte on cowe 40. As © det n= sige) oho Qanm- 70 syybot> aoniche coe Yoel al [ntteory an attnti tuizabe ClO Comptes jel. the eels) Hi then, @A ts diagen @ 3) sau C, prodtuel of dtaysin cycle» Sue phe a. RE onder OF pocrutatlon. nt @ encom shun) Maud) 206) then C0 > pew tt) the (AM Of enen € Oatat sg Serve, oh (ATA: ray 4 J) The fn of om eigen gala RI wel Of unity To mumbo of dyer ojeles ehode tungth 1 multiple of k a A ts dlago over 18 HY © fo eithor of ardot | cnn! ox of gyida 21) pncaib Thin @4b ae ein) @ sin L4 mined ayalus of, Ay axe oy THA) ® eigen © omw= mcd = AM) HM. [na)= 3= AM ina) @a fs dlageretlizere Hy Puno @ qm = xt pee PHIM) | mqtn= aun) eyoveled ‘LIA + 0 @ a ts ailpetent CH sutny= © pit thew a1) ny pee A, be ON selempotent “rnc @ Athen -mintnol poly oy Ao © ehenvale of A OS cir. 0 or t- © o< WUAYENS apt) Erm UROS @ ay undo" srt) £0 ON {dempotent- © A fs Alagenalizuble over aler Hidlel tele» elgem yal Berm OF om, @® Bur) =4uy) 4 un= m- THIRD DUR y + o WSC ag & ue 5) vie) 2 NY ANI en @ a= aD) > O12 SAD © $ti-1h= ait), @au-n= st) : @ dente) =koiT © shen (1) = etet-4) ® \i= pot CT) th T ij @® ve wee tnd) tn Ca) Q Ve dm cr) wteT) QO v- tm) + It Y pe % on! on xt pound @ INV 20Y frsq A neler REY of ech, ocanneu with GValnscaaap i- dlagonel snetnttsh 3 = 5 oO s fey be man mnvoluhny melts then @ The minimal poly OY A Gurr fee, CF) OM aed oo CDEX-1), ® eigen value of A wt etn “to 4 © =n a tyun) $% @an_ts diagonalizile oror. Ved fenpes Ama OU © twine mesa LNs), = gintt) - 8en-3) ® ung m= SA Damned) ~ ined) 2 l-4) © stave ithe wae eae ® natn = qty) A tpn) | n= pBPe | Quadredlte To qu) = yy mA in 4 j oS h coeffi Of Gq | i weft Of oy a coe Of y 1 cael O1 4% | qe [wicat o) me coctti °l Ge daa é | seat sha yeah In Coepy OF ae a Def; Reals cadens) Signal 3 The wn Ae HO quadsudtt fos ty an) ir, the lia genet fos 0} [fee xem U0) in we dagemell fost of 4 quateleectie ~> Tw no on yeanr form culled! 1 Indes CP > freee tee iy Ceubledl signet caeke { 7 satue, Stent seth . 2p posttive definite 5 ay posit =y! yxueo Sato” - 0 = stam k = fnclex 4. _ ye ih: eS uy Negative See! definite + ay Negative definite * area vi20 = au)= ¥AK zo. ¥ XO i = mem An, Indes = 0 - nenk= M5 fnclex =o | sy Indefinite + ‘ = qe Xian, Ii) Jost Pome % #0 ql) £0 fp some %F2 ocanneu with Galnsca° Remge of quaduatic fon : i Runge of +e & semt ave olépinire [0,0 Y Runge of Ve 4 emt eye clofinite -os0] By Remge of neleinite to ,0) Ht Resutt ¢ ty postive detintie “4 cul the Qeeicling pstnctfetl aninows Of A cow positive. Hy Bk Wy 03, O94 08.- bs aul othe poilncipal ay Nequitile cluftat le a) poste dernt olepinite Pty emimosth cL Jeqatt We semt nts binguleo. mon megate A th Singuleet, y BiS0, 4%? b,6°... aeyinite nN 8Y der elof tnt be th pA hw angatvle patncipal antnor of Ulen 0% Bie HD A bus AE porte’ pal amino of poll osidoe & Ve poitact eet! aqaion of een oncler': © eigen value Them fort clefinitoness . Bye AX fo A quartic fosven a ay ate atafintte MY quit edule of A ot post Hve. uy ve daftatte ny ltt eval of A Oe megedNe, PD sie semi cefint te TH ot Lust om evaluat 5 cyto | cub othlot ou Not megette. Gu) -Ve somtcleptnite Ay cH jmoore evulod is 7 ul othet ovale Cn MoT positive. Ww) spn cleft Fe fy ow Ogun yullue fo Ve qj of fast etn rele fo “le. one oCaneu with Valnsca