GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology (JET) Vol.3 No.
3, October 2015
DOI 10.7603/s40707-014-0022-2
The Acoustical Performances of Oyster Shell
Waste Based Green Concrete Materials
Erni Setyowati and Gagoek Hardiman
Received 10 Aug 2015 Accepted 23 Sep 2015
Abstract— Research on green materials are continuously This research focus on green materials made from
carried out by researchers, starting with research on waste of shells. The content of oyster shells is dominated
middle-low income housing near the airport suffered by by CaO (Calcium Oxide) and Carbon. At least the
airport noise [1]. The orientation of housing facing the elements of Silica results in material cannot be used as an
runway will have the biggest sound levels [2,3]. Efforts to element of the structure, but the content of CaO shall be
control noise at middle-low housing annoyed by the noise
such a good adhesive in mortar of white cement. The use
will be more effective if housing uses a material that can
absorb the sound. Therefore, this research is a part of a of shells is replacing the white cement, so that the shells
whole mapping research on housings noise control solution can reduce CO2 emissions in the construction world [6].
as a material which needs to be layered by another absorber In contrast to previous research, the novelty of this
material. Oyster shells in this research have function as
cement substitution and provide aesthetic value on concrete
research is the application of shell waste on composite
materials. Types of shells observed in this research are: material of concrete which is capable in giving aesthetics
green mussels (Perna viridis Linn), blood clams (Anadara and artistic finishing and to be low cost material for low
granosa Linn) and scallops (Placuna placenta Linn). All cost housing because it is a waste material.
three shells were selected as samples in this study because it
has a beautiful shell colors as well as having an acoustic
performances. II. GREEN CONCRETE MATERIAL
A. Previous Research
Keywords-component; green material; oyster shell waste;
acoustic performances Previous research found out that polymer and
styrofoam waste could be recycled to be polymer mortar
and styro-mortar [4,5]. In the study, styro-mortar is lighter
I. INTRODUCTION than normal concrete mortar. Because of difficulties to be
destroyed by the environment, so the polymer and
World construction contributed to CO2 emissions styrofoam waste should be recycled as other useful
significantly. To minimize damage to the environment material such as building material. The polymer waste is
caused by CO2 emissions, then the concept of green classified as a plastic waste [7]. The benefits of polymer
building and green architecture should be applied. The mortar are lightened the weight of construction, reduce
green movement is not only intended to protect natural plastic waste and decrease the building budget due to
resources, but also aims to reduce CO2 emissions and to construction load become lighter. The compressive
save energy. One effort that can be conducted is to create strength of polymer mortar is 133.33– 166.00 kg/cm2,
a green material that aims at reducing cement and while it has 0.35– 0.80 in absorption coefficient and 52
replacing it with other materials. In previous research, a dB in Sound Transmission Loss [5]. Another previous
part of cement was substituted by baggase ash. [4,5]. This research observed the benefits of oyster shell waste to be
research aims to create building materials made of oyster green mortars in building material [8].
shells waste. Oyster Shells are pounded coarse and fine.
Coarse scouring substitutes coarse aggregate while fine B. Research on Material made of Oyster Shell Waste
scouring substitute partially cement. The substitution is Indonesia is marine country and rich of sea
aimed to reduce CO2 emission [6]. Moreover, by using a resources, such as oyster and fish. Oyster and fish become
fine powder shells, then the resulting mortar will look culinary consumption by coastal societies in Indonesia. As
more beautiful than baggase ash material. it is the second longest coastline in the world after
DOI: 10.5176/2251-3701_3.3.139
©The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access by the GSTF
31
GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology (JET) Vol.3 No.3, October 2015
Canada, Indonesia become the largest producer of marine
resources in the world. In the previous oyster shell
research, it was found out that the oyster shell mortar has
compressive strength of 160.00– 220.90 kg/ cm2[8].
This research will focus on the acoustical
characteristics of oyster shell waste mortar that consist of
three type of oyster shell, green mussels (Perna viridis (a) (b)
Linn), blood clams (Anadara granosa Linn) and scallops Fig 1. (a) Green mussels ( Perna Viridis Linn); (b) coarse scouring of
green mussels
(Placuna placenta Linn).
B. Blood Mussel (Anadara Granosa Linn)
Blood clams are classified in the phylum of mollusca
III. OYSTER SHELL AS RECYCLED CONCRETE [11], class: Paelecypoda, family: arcidae. Like Anadara
AGGREGATE granosa Linn, Perna viridis Linn and Placuna placenta
Linn are very popular by the community. The contents of
Research conducted by A.S. Mufti et.al [9] found the element on the green mussels shells have been
that the addition of the composition of the shells as coarse observed at the Integrated Laboratory, University of
aggregate ranging from 17%, 31%, 44% and 55% make Diponegoro.
compressive strength of concrete were reduced as much as
35,32%. This causes that the green concrete with shells as The contents of blood clams are: carbon 27.19%;
coarse aggregate cannot be used as an element of the Na2O (natrium oxide) 0.68%; MgO (magnesium oxide)
structure in building. 1.92%, Al2O3 (alumunium oxide) 0.81%, SiO2 (silica
oxide) 2.03% and CaO (calcium oxide) 67.16%. The
Subsequent research is experimental research of content of Calcium Oxide and Silica that is high enough
manufacture of shells ash as an eco-cement. In this study a then the shells of blood can be used as an aggregate in
proportion of waste and shell ash has a compositions of concrete materials substitution or commonly called
49.1 49.1%:% is the best composition that approximates Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA).
the properties of portland cement. However, in this eco-
cemen, it has not formed compounds of Ca3SiO5 yet Here are the visualization of blood clams:
which is the main compounds of portland cement [10].
In contrast to the both of studies, this research uses
shells as either fine or coarse aggregate. And the
compressive strength test result described that the quality
of the resulting concrete is Q-200, it means that the
compressive strength of material is approximately 200
kg/cm2 This research will focus on the acoustic (a) (b)
Fig 2. (a) Blood clams (Anadara granosa Linn); (b) coarse scouring of
characteristics of the oyster shell mortar which will blood clams
compare three materials made of: green mussels (Perna
viridis L), blood clams (Anadara granosa L), dan scallops C. Scallops (Placuna placenta Linn)
(Placuna placenta L).
The last one is scallop shell. This kind of scallop is
A. Green Mussels (Perna Viridis Linn) very delicious, therefore this shellfish is a favorite
Green mussels is very popular as culinary culinary for community in coastal region. Here is the
consumption of coastal society. The content of the appearance of scallops:
element on the green mussels shells have been observed
at an Integrated Laboratory, University of Diponegoro.
The contents of green mussels shell are: Carbon
55.36%; Na2O (natrium oxide) 1.28%, MgO (magnesium
oxide) 1.32% and CaO (calcium oxide) 42.04%. Based
on the content of the element on the green shells where
the element of lime (CaO) is high enough, then the green
shells can be used as composite materials [8]. (a) (b)
Fig. 3. (a) Scallops (Placuna Placenta Linn); (b) coarse scouring of
scallops
©The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access by the GSTF
32
GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology (JET) Vol.3 No.3, October 2015
Based on the content of the element on the Placuna can be calculated using the equation as follows [15]:
placenta Linn, then this type of shells can be used as
concrete composite materials. The contents are: carbon 4
0
32.73%; Al2O3 14.13%; CaO 34.68%, CuO 9.22%, ZnO 1
n 2
5.08% and ZrO2 3.03% and MoO2 as much as 1,13%. n (3)
Whereas α0 is sound absorption coefficient (dB) and
IV. METHODS n is standing wave ratio.
Acoustic characteristics in this study consists of
absorption coefficient (α) and Sound Transmission Loss V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(STL).
Further, samples were tested with the new
A. Sound Transmission Loss (STL) performance parameters of Sound Transmission Loss
The Sound Transmission Loss test is quite different (STL) and the absorption coefficient (α) that was carried
with the absorption coefficient test. The Sound out in the laboratory of acoustics. Results of data
Transmission Loss (STL) Test used impedance tube tabulation are computerized and then analyzed using
equipped with 4 microphones that have sensitivity to high SPSS so that the resulting output is in the form of graphs,
frequency sound. Sound Transmission Loss/STL of a tables, descriptive analysis and the test of significance
partition is defined as the ratio of logarithmic between with its ranking.
the transmitted sound powers (Wt) and the sound power A. Sound Transmission Loss (STL)
of partition material which comes to the surface (Wi)
[12]. In general it can be formulated as: Sound Transmission Loss (STL) is the loss of sound
energy is in the process of transmission of sound through
Wt a kind of material [16]. Testing of STL aims to find out
TL 10 log
Wi (1) the ability of a material to reduce noise that is transmitted
to the outdoors.
1
TL 10 log
r (2)
Whereas r is the sound transmission coefficient of
such material, i.e. the ratio between the transmitted sound
power through partition of material against the coming
sound. Based on the ASTM E 413-2004, measurement of
(a) (b) (c)
Sound Transmission Loss in impedance tubes is carried
out using the frequency range of 125 Hz up to 4000 Hz Fig. 4. Sample of materials tested in acoustic laboratory (a) green
mussels, (b). Scallops, (c). Blood clams [8]
with 1/3 octave filter [13].
Either for absorption coefficient or Sound
B. Absorption Coefficients (α)
Trasnmission Loss, the tests were done at a frequency of
The absorption coefficient of material can be 500 Hz to 1000 Hz. Dimensions of samples tested has a
accurately calculated in the impedance tube. The sound diameter of 10 cm and 1.5 cm in thickness (see fig. 4).
absorption coefficient (α0) is calculated by measuring the The result of Transmission Loss is described in table and
sound pressure that fall on the surface material and graph below:
reflected by it. The absorption coefficient test refers to
the standard of JIS A 1405 1963 [14]. These coefficients
TABLE 1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC OF SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS
Std. 95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Min. Max.
Error Lower Bound Upper Bound
Anadara granosa 251 7.2953 1.05968 .06689 7.1636 7.4270 5.34 9.34
Verna viridis 251 7.2834 .91462 .05773 7.1697 7.3971 5.41 8.92
Placuna placenta 251 6.3931 1.06973 .06752 6.2602 6.5261 4.32 8.41
Total 753 6.9906 1.10027 .04010 6.9119 7.0693 4.32 9.34
©The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access by the GSTF
33
GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology (JET) Vol.3 No.3, October 2015
From the Data of table 1 as descriptive statistics of viridis and Placuna placenta tend to increase in line with
Sound Transmission Loss (STL), it can be known [8]: increasing of frequency. The STL praph curve of
materials made of Anadara granosa, Perna viridis and
The lowest STL of Anadara’s material is 5.34 in Placuna placenta may still increase at frequencies above
500 Hz and the highest is 9.34 on frequency of 950 1000 Hz.
Hz.
B. Absorption Coefficients (α)
The lowest STL of Perna viridis’ material is
5.41 in 500 Hz and the highest is 8.92 on frequency of The absorption coefficient is a measure of the rate of
914 Hz. decrease in intensity of sound as it passes through a given
substance;the fraction of incident radiant energy absorbed
The lowest STL of Placuna placenta’s material per unit mass orthickness of an absorber; "absorptance e
is 4.32 in 502 Hz and the highest is 8.41 on quals 1 minus transmittance”.
frequency of 960 Hz.
Here are the test data processed consist of the amount
of data, average, standard of deviation, standard of error,
confidence intervals, minimum and maximum values
From the data in tables and descriptive statistics, it
can be known :
The lowest absorption coefficient of Anadara
granosa is 0.03039 on a frequency of 520 Hz and
the highest is 0.05835 on a frequency of 950 Hz.
The lowest absorption coefficient of Perna viridis
is 0.03698 on frequency of 518 Hz and the highest
is 0.07350 on 1000 Hz.
The lowest absorption coefficient of Placuna
placenta is 0.03707 on frequency of 524 Hz and
Fig. 5. Graph of Sound Transmission Loss (STL)
the highest is 0.06080 on 990 Hz.
From the Fig 5, it can be seen that the STL value of
the green material made of Anadara granosa, Perna
TABLE 2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Min. Max.
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Anadara granosa 251 .03900 .008397 .000530 .03796 .04004 .03039 .05835
Perna viridis 251 .04734 .009188 .000580 .04620 .04848 .03698 .07350
Placuna placenta 251 .04422 .005984 .000378 .04348 .04497 .03707 .06080
Total 753 .04352 .008676 .000316 .04290 .04414 .03039 .07350
From the graph above, seen that the value of the
absorption coefficient of a material made from green
sample Anadara, Perna viridis and Placuna placenta
tend to increase in line with increasing frequency. The
graph is still increasing chances of mussels on
frequencies above 1000 Hz. Whereas the graph of ussels
and shellfish scallop showed a peak and decline in the
frequency of 980 Hz.
On the frequency of 554-566 Hz, the graph shows
fluctuations in the value of the absorption coefficient for
all samples. Fluctuation can occur due to the frequency
of the tube impedance used have a different sensitivity
Fig. 6. The absorption Coefficient Graph than other frequencies.
©The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access by the GSTF
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GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology (JET) Vol.3 No.3, October 2015
From the all chart and table analysis, acoustic REFERENCES
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©The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access by the GSTF
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GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology (JET) Vol.3 No.3, October 2015
AUTHORS’ PROFILE
Dr. B. Gagoek Hardiman was awarded the title of professor by
Diponegoro University in 2013. His started to study at Bachelor of
Dr. Erni Setyowati has become a Member of GSTF (Global Architecture, Diponegoro University in 1975. Then, he got his Ph.D
Science and Technology Forum), Singapore since March 2013. in Architecture and City Planning from Stuttgart University,
Erni finished her study of Architectural undergraduate degree at Germany in 1992.
University of Diponegoro, Indonesia in 1990. Then in the same
University, she finished her study for master degre in 2000 and His academic career began in 1983 as a Lecturer in Architecture
doctoral degree in 2011. The major field of study which she Department, Engineering Faculty, Diponegoro University,
concerns is Building Science and Technology. Indonesia. In 1993-1997 he was the Secretary of the Department.
Then in 1995-2000 he led the Master Program of Architecture
She works at Architecture Department, Engineering Faculty, Engineering having specialization in Tropical Architecture.
University of Diponegoro, Indonesia. She is a lecturer and has Currently, he leads Head of Doctor Program of Architecture and
become a Chief of Building Technology Laboratory since 2011. Urban Area in Diponegoro University, Indonesia.
The previous publications which she has written consisting “
Sustainable Master Plan Design in Residential Area Near the His research’s topic is Tropical Architecture with several
Airport”, presented and published in International Conference publications on the Journal of Applied Mechanics and Material as
Proceeding on the 1st ACE 2013, Singapore and “Housing well as on the Journal of Engineering and Science.
Orientation and Transportation Noise in Residential Area Near the
Airport, published in National Journal of Dinamika, Civil
Engineering, University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Vol.10, This article is distributed under the terms of the
No:3-September 2010, a National Journal Accredited by High Creative Commons Attribution License which
Education Directorat General, BAN DIKTI: 110/DIKTI/Kep/2009. permits any use, distribution, and reproduction
She also wrote the educational book in march 2013: “Thermal and in any medium, provided the original author(s)
Acoustics”, UNDIP Press Publisher. She has conducted research and the source are credited.
on Nano-material recently.
Dr. E. Setyowati has become memberships of AMER (Association
of Malaysian on Environmental Behaviour Researcher) since 2013,
Indonesian Architect Association (IAI) since 2005. She conducted
research on Nano material with her students and gained the best
five for Eco materials catagory on National Research Competition
in 2013.
©The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access by the GSTF
36
