Appendix C
Heat Capacities and Property
Changes of Formation
Table C.l Heat Capacities of Gases in the Ideal-Gas State
Table C.2 Heat Capacities of Solids
Table C.3 Heat Capacities of Liquids
Table C.4 Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation at 298.15 K (25°C)
Table C.l Heat Capacities of Gases in the Ideal-Gas State?
Constants in equation C;IR = A + BT + CT' + DT-2 T (kelvins) from 298.15 to T,,
Chemical species
- -
- - - -
Tmax ~ 2I R " ~ A - -
1 0 3 ~
~ --
106c IO-'D
- -
Paraffins:
Methane CH4 1500 4.217 1.702 9.081 -2.164
Ethane C2H6 1500 6.369 1.131 19.225 -5.561
Propane C3H8 1500 9.001 1.213 28.785 -8.824
n-Butane C4H10 1500 11.928 1.935 36.915 -11.402
iso-Butane C4H10 1500 11.901 1.677 37.853 -11.945
n-Pentane C5HI2 1500 14.731 2.464 45.351 -14.111
n-Hexane C6H14 1500 17.550 3.025 53.722 -16.791
n-Heptane C7H16 1500 20.361 3.570 62.127 -19.486
n-Octane C8H18 1500 23.174 4.108 70.567 -22.208
1-Alkenes:
Ethylene c2H4 1500 5.325 1.424 14.394 -4.392
Propylene C3H6 1500 7.792 1.637 22.706 -6.915
1-Butene C4Hs 1500 10.520 1.967 31.630 -9.873
1-Pentene CsHlo 1500 13.437 2.691 39.753 -12.447
1-Hexene C6H12 1500 16.240 3.220 48.189 -15.157
1-Heptene C7H14 1500 19.053 3.768 56.588 -17.847
1-Octene C ~ H I ~1500 21.868 4.324 64.960 -20.521
Miscellaneous organics:
Acetaldehyde C2H40 1000 6.506 1.693 17.978 -6.158
Acetylene C2H2 1500 5.253 6.132 1.952 ...... -1.299
Benzene C6H6 1500 10.259 -0.206 39.064 -13.301
1,3-Butadiene C4H6 1500 10.720 2.734 26.786 -8.882
Cyclohexane C6H12 1500 13.121 -3.876 63.249 -20.928
Ethanol CzH6O 1500 8.948 3.518 20.001 -6.002
Ethylbenzene CsHlo 1500 15.993 1.124 55.380 -18.476
Ethylene oxide CzH40 1000 5.784 -0.385 23.463 -9.296
Formaldehyde CH20 1500 4.191 2.264 7.022 -1.877
Methanol Cki40 1500 5.547 2.211 12.216 -3.450
Styrene CsHs 1500 15.534 2.050 50.192 -16.662
Toluene C7Hs 1500 12.922 0.290 47.052 -15.716
Miscellaneous inorganics:
Air 2000 3.509 3.355 0.575 .. . ... -0.016
Ammonia NH3 1800 4.269 3.578 3.020 ...... -0.186
Bromine Brz 3000 4.337 4.493 0.056 ...... -0.154
Carbon monoxide CO 2500 3.507 3.376 0.557 .. . . . . -0.031
Carbon dioxide COz 2000 4.467 5.457 1.045 .. . .. . -1.157
Carbon disulfide CS2 1800 5.532 6.311 0.805 . . . ... -0.906
Chlorine cl2 3000 4.082 4.442 0.089 . . . ... -0.344
Hydrogen Hz 3000 3.468 3.249 0.422 . . . ... 0.083
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 2300 4.114 3.931 1.490 ...... -0.232
Hydrogen chloride HC1 2000 3.512 3.156 0.623 ...... 0.151
Hydrogen cyanide HCN 2500 4.326 4.736 1.359 ...... -0.725
Nitrogen N2 2000 3.502 3.280 0.593 ...... 0.040
Nitrous oxide NzO 2000 4.646 5.328 1.214 . . . - .. -0.928
Nitric oxide NO 2000 3.590 3.387 0.629 . . ... . 0.014
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 2000 4.447 4.982 1.195 . . ... . -0.792
Dinitrogen tetroxide Nz04 2000 9.198 11.660 2.257 ...... -2.787
Oxygen 0 2 2000 3.535 3.639 0.506 . . ... . -0.227
Sulfur dioxide SO2 2000 4.796 5.699 0.801 .... . . -1.015
Sulfur trioxide SO3 2000 6.094 8.060 1.056 .... . . -2.028
Water Hz0 2000 4.038 3.470 1.450 ...... 0.121
+selected from H. M. Spencer, Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 40, pp. 2152-2154, 1948; K. K. Kelley,
U.S.Bul: Mines Bull. 584, 1960; L. B. Pankratz, U.S. Bul: Mines Bull. 672, 1982.
636 APPENDIX C. Heat Capacities and Property Changes of Formation
Table C.2 Heat Capacities of Solidst
Constants for the equation C p / R = A + BT + D T - ~T (kelvins) from 298.15 K to T,,
Chemical species T,, C~298lR A lo3 B lo4 D
CaO
CaC03
Ca(OH12
CaC2
CaC12
C (graphite)
Cu
cuo
Fe (u)
Fez03
Fe304
FeS
I2
LiCl
NH4C1
Na
NaCl
NaOH
NaHC03
S (rhombic)
Si02 (quartz)
iselected from K. K. Kelley, U.S. Bul: Mines Bull. 584, 1960;
L. B. Pankratz, U.S. Bur Mines Bull. 672, 1982.
Table C.3 Heat Capacities of Liquidst
Constants for the equation C p / R = A + BT + CT' T from 273.15 to 373.15 K
Chemical species C498 lR A lo3 B lo6 C
Ammonia
Aniline
Benzene
1,3-Butadiene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Ethanol
Ethylene oxide
Methanol
n-Propanol
Sulfur trioxide
Toluene
Water
- -
t ~ a s e don correlations presented by J. W. Miller, Jr., G. R. Schon; and
C. L. Yaws, Chem. E~zg.,vol. 83(23), p. 129, 1976.
Table C.4 Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation at
298.15 K (25"C)t
Joules per mole of the substance formed
State A H?298 AG?298
Chemical species (Note 2) (Note 1) (Note 1)
Paraffins:
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
1-Pentene
1-Hexene
1-Heptene
Miscellaneous organics:
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzene
1,3-Butadiene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
1,2-Ethanediol
Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Methanol
Methanol
Methylcyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Styrene
Toluene
Toluene
638 APPENDIX C. Heat Capacities and Property Changes of Formation
Table C.4 (Continued)
State A H?298 AG>298
Chemical species (Note 2) (Note 1) (Note 1)
Miscellaneous inorganics:
Ammonia NH3 (g) -46 110 -16 450
Ammonia NH3 ( 4 -26 500
Calcium carbide CaC2 ($1 -59 800 -64 900
Calcium carbonate CaC03 (s) -1206 920 -1128 790
Calcium chloride CaC12 (s) -795 800 -748 100
Calcium chloride CaC12 (a91 -8101900
Calcium chloride CaClz .6Hz0 (8) -2607 900
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (s) -986 090 -898 490
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)z (a91 -868 070
Calcium oxide CaO (s) -635 090 -604 030
Carbon dioxide coz (8) -393 509 -394 359
Carbon monoxide CO (8) -110525 -137 169
Hydrochloric acid HC1 (g) -92 307 -95 299
Hydrogen cyanide HCN (8) 135 100 124 700
Hydrogen sulfide Hz S (8) -20 630 -33 560
Iron oxide FeO (s) -272 000
Iron oxide (hematite) Fez03 (s) -824 200 -742 200
Iron oxide (magnetite) Fe304 (s) -1118400 -1015 400
Iron sulfide (pyrite) FeSz ($1 -178 200 - 166 900
Lithium chloride LiCl (s) -408 610
Lithium chloride LiCl.Hz0 (s) -712 580
Lithium chloride LiC1.2H20 (s) -1012 650
Lithium chloride LiC1-3Hz0 ($1 -1311 300
Nitric acid HN03 (1) -174 100 -80 710
Nitric acid HN03 (a91 -111 250
Nitrogen oxides NO (g) 90 250 86 550
NO2 (g) 33 180 51 310
NzO (8) 82 050 104 200
N204 (g) 9 160 97 540
Sodium carbonate Na2C03 (s) -1 130 680 -1044 440
Sodium carbonate Na2C03.10H20 (s) -4081 320
Sodium chloride NaCl (s) -411 153 -384 138
Sodium chloride NaCl (ad -393 133
Sodium hydroxide NaOH (s) -425 609 -379 494
Sodium hydroxide NaOH (ad -419 150
Sulfur dioxide so2 (g) -296 830 -300 194
Sulfur trioxide so3 (g) -395 720 -371 060
Sulfur trioxide so3 (1) -441 040
Sulfuric acid HzS04 (1) -813 989 -690 003
Sulfuric acid HzS04 (ad -744 530
Water Hz0 (g) -241 818 -228 572
Water H20 (1) -285 830 -237 129
t~rom TRC ThermodynamicTables-Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A &
M Univ. System, College Station, TX; "The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties,"
J. Phys. and Chem. Reference Data, vol. 11, supp. 2, 1982.
Notes
1. The standard property changes of formation AH& and AG>29x are the changes occurring when
1 mol of the listed compound is formed from its elements with each substance in its standard
state at 298.15 K (25°C).
2. Standard states: ( a )Gases (g): pure ideal gas at 1 bar and 298.15 K (25OC). (b) Liquids ( I ) and
solids (s): pure substance at 1 bar and 298.15 K (25°C). (c) Solutes in aqueous solution (aq):
Hypothetical ideal 1-molal solution of solute in water at 1 bar and 298.15 K (25°C).
